世界苹果产业发展趋势分析

主要分析了国内外苹果产业科研、生产及贸易的发展形势。中国苹果产量占世界的35.4%,而发达国家占41.4%;世界年人均苹果消费量8.2kg,呈下降趋势;世界苹果贸易量保持在500万t左右,呈增加趋势,中国苹果出口的主要竞争对手是发达国家;中国2002-2003年度出口鲜苹果44万t,苹果浓缩汁41.7万t,实现了较大突破。世界苹果品种结构发生较大变化,富士苹果成为第一品种,占20.9%,其次是元帅系、金冠系、嘎拉、青苹和乔纳金。新品种育种已经成为引领苹果产业发展的动力并成长为一项产业。发达国家普遍推行IFP苹果生产综合管理体系,提高品质,注重食品安全,开发多样化产品是促进苹果消费的要点;标准化、组织化、市场化是发达国家完善苹果产业化必不可少的要素;科技创新是支撑苹果产业健康发展的动力。     

黄瓜苗期热害症状及其发生发展规律研究

为了确定黄瓜苗期热害程度,以耐热品种Poinsett97和热敏品种BoothbylsBlonde为试验材料,采用42℃高温处理黄瓜幼苗24h,观察子叶、幼叶、心叶、下胚轴及整株幼苗的热害症状,并记载热处理后不同时间热害症状的变化。提出了明确的黄瓜幼苗热害症状的分级标准,对于田间热害的诊断及黄瓜耐热性的鉴定与评价具有良好的实用价值。     

不同发育时期椰子叶片精油的提取与成分分析

为明确引诱椰心叶甲[Brontispa longissima(Gestro)]取食的化学信息物质,利用同时蒸馏萃取法分别提取椰子(Cocos nucifera L.)的心叶、半展叶、老熟叶的精油,并采用气相色谱-质谱联用法对3者化学成分进行种类和含量的比较分析.结果表明,不同发育时期椰子叶片精油的主要成分为:2,3-二...     

关于葫芦岛市苹果产业发展的思考

<正>1苹果产业的发展概况葫芦岛市是我国重要的苹果生产基地,栽植规模在省内领先,产量第二。全市现有苹果园4.6万hm2、2200万株,结果面积2.77万hm2、1910万株,幼树1.83万hm2、     

莲雾对低温胁迫的生理响应及抗寒性分析

【目的】探讨莲雾低温胁迫下的生理变化规律。【方法】以‘农科一号’莲雾为试材,测定了低温胁迫下叶片相对电导率(REC)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、束缚水(BW)、自由水(FW)、脯氨酸(Pro)及可溶性糖(WSS)含量的变化趋势。【结果】随着温度的下降及低温时间的延长,莲雾叶片相对电导率上升;MDA含量增加;SOD、CAT和POD分别在4℃处理3 h、1℃处理6 h和4℃处理9 h时活性最高,均在-5℃处理12 h时活性最低;束缚水含量在3 h、6 h和9 h处理中随温度降低而升高,而12 h处理的变化与之相反;脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量均随温度下降呈降-升-降变化。【结论】‘农科一号’莲雾的半致死温度(LT50)为-1.2℃,叶片在低温胁迫过程中细胞膜质过氧化加剧,MDA累积,电解质外渗,束缚水、脯氨酸、可溶性糖等渗透调节物质在胁迫的不同阶段起到不同程度的保护作用,主要保护酶为过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶。     

陕西宝鸡市苹果产业发展研究

文章主要分析宝鸡市苹果产业发展存在的问题,并提出相应的发展对策:(1)扩大基地规模,加快产业带建设;(2)实施优果工程,提高生产水平;(3)扶持龙头企业,推进产业化经营;(4)培育果业品牌,增强果品竞争力     

抗坏血酸对苹果组培苗耐热性的生理效应

用0.5 mmol/L抗坏血酸(ASA)处理苹果组培苗,在42℃的条件下进行不同时间高温胁迫处理,研究了ASA 处理对高温胁迫下苹果细胞膜相对透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶活性以及抗氧化剂含量的影响。结果表明, ASA处理可以有效地抑制抗氧化酶活性的下降,提高酶活性;同时还抑制ASA含量的下降,延缓了膜透性和丙二醛 含量的增加;但抑制了GSH含量的增加。这些结果说明,ASA处理可以增强苹果的耐热性。     

Physiological responses and relative tolerance by Chinese apple rootstocks to NaCl stress

The physiological responses and salt tolerance of apple rootstocks were evaluated under high salinity. Seedlings of 15 kinds of apple rootstocks were treated with 200 mM NaCl for 10 d to assess growth, biomass, and physiological responses. Under NaCl stress, their growth parameters decreased compared with the control, with the greatest changes in leaf number, plant height, and relative water content (RWC). In contrast, electrolyte leakage (EL) and activities of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) were increased. For most rootstocks, stress treatment decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) and soluble protein contents along with superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Their degree of salt tolerance was comprehensively evaluated based on salt injury index (SI), adversity resistance coefficients (ARC), and cluster analysis. Malus prunifolia Borkh cv. dongbeihuanghaitang, M. sieboldii Rehd cv. daguohongsanyehaitang, M. prunifolia Borkh cv. qiuzi, and M. xiaojinensis Cheng et Jia were salt-tolerant rootstocks, whereas M. prunifolia Borkh cv. yingyehaitang, M. micromalus Hemsl, and M. sieboldii Rehd cv. lushihongguo were salt-sensitive rootstocks. These differences in sensitivity were associated with variations in the activities of anti-oxidation enzymes and in the amount of organic osmotica.     

苹果综合利用前景

苹果色泽美丽,酸甜可口,香气宜人,营养丰富,长期食用对人体健康十分有益,是深受消费者喜爱的大宗水果,名列我国四大水果之首.2006年,我国苹果种植面积189.87万hm2,产量2600万t,均占世界苹果面积、产量的35%以上,居世界第一.全国近10个省区都把苹果产业作为当地的支柱产业来发展,规模化、产业化的格局逐渐形成[1].但大都作为鲜食水果销售,产品附加值低,易受到季节性消费限制.此外,占总产量20%左右的残次、落地果难以处理.……     

纵论辽宁省苹果产业的发展及对策

以辽宁省苹果产业发展态势为研究对象,分析了2003年以来辽宁省苹果栽培面积、产量和单产变化情况。结果表明,2003—2012年,辽宁省苹果栽培面积逐年稳步增加,占全国苹果总面积和辽宁省水果栽培总面积的11.67%和36.46%;辽宁省苹果总产量呈稳步上升态势,占全国苹果总产量和辽宁省水果总产量的6.12%和34.26%;辽宁省苹果单产水平呈逐年上升态势,十年间提高了61.01%,平均每年以6%以上的速度增长。     

山东省苹果产业发展现状调查

2008年采用座谈、问卷调查等方法考察了山东省苹果产业发展现状。结果表明,山东省苹果产业化程度和生产水平相对较高,全省和栖霞市每667m2产量超过2000kg的果园所占比率均超过84%;每667m2产值超过5000元的果园所占比率分别为84.82%和76.56%。分析了果园管理、经营、果农素质等产业要素,并根据考察结果,提出产业发展中需待解决的问题。     

不同中间砧对国光苹果树生长发育的影响

用15个类型苹果砧木资源作国光苹果品种的中间砧，表现为嫁接亲和性均较好，部分组合有轻微的大小脚现象，河南海棠等9个砧木资源具有不同程度的矮化作用。不同砧（中间砧）穗组合的早期丰产性差异较大。但对果实单果重和品质影响不大。     

Physiological disorders in tomato and some methods to avoid them

Tomato can be injured by two very important physiological disorders, namely blossom end rot (BER) and fruit cracking (FC). The purpose of this review is to describe these physiological disorders and to assess whether cultivar and cropping system can minimise their symptoms. Physiological Ca deficiency is usually related to the inability of the plant to translocate adequate Ca to the affected plant part, rather than to insufficient Ca levels in the growing medium. The first visible symptom of BER is a small darkened or water-soaked area around the blossom end of the fruit, appearing about the time the fruit begins to ripen. The spot darkens, enlarges, and becomes sunken as the fruit matures. Large lesions may show in concentric rings. FC is the splitting of the epidermis around the calyx or stem scar. FC is a physiological disorder, which mainly occurs when there is a rapid net influx of solutes and especially water into the fruit, while at the same time ripening or other factors reduce the strength and elasticity of the tomato skin. This review article gives an overview of the causes of BER and FC and summarizes growing methods aimed at reducing these physiological disorders of tomatoes.     

GA3对苹果生长发育的影响研究

在苹果盛花期、花后10 d、花后20 d叶面喷施50 mg*L-12～3次GA3,结果表明在苹果上使用植物生长调节物质GA3的最佳处理浓度为50～60 mg*L-1,它可以提高光合面积64%～121%,而且对于不同的品种效果差异较大,以小叶型品种的效果更明显.在促进苹果新梢的生长和枝类比方面的研究结果表明,不同时期喷施50 mg*L-1GA3可以提高新梢长度11.6%～39.9%,增加长枝比例9.6%～36%,使弱树复壮,盛果期树克服大小年结果更丰产,而且这种效应随叶面喷施的次数的减少和时间的推移效果减弱,同时也为不同的树势调节提供了一套切实可行技术方案,使弱树在短期内复壮、壮树更优质丰产,为实现苹果在我国优质丰产和集约化栽培奠定了理论基础.     

苹果产业社会化服务现状与发展建议

随着苹果产业劳动力、生产成本及种植模式等要素的发展变化,其社会化服务经历了从无到有、由少到多的演变过程,呈现出以龙头企业、专业合作组织、基层党组织、销售(物流)平台、互助团体或民间组织等主导型的多种供给模式共同发展的特点。对苹果社会化服务的发展背景进行了阐述,对其当前主要发展模式及特点进行了总结,并提出了发展建议。     

Early forcing of narcissus: The effects of lifting date and stage of floral development at the start of cooling

Early Narcissus flowers may be obtained if bulbs are lifted early from the field, warm-stored (35°C) and then cool-stored (9°C) before forcing in a glasshouse. The earliest satisfactory forcing was investigated, in ‘Carlton’ and ‘Fortune’, by lifting weekly from 27 May to 22 June, and storing at 17°C for 0–7 weeks between warm- and cool-storage. Storage at 17°C is usually intercalated to allow the completion of flower differentiation prior to the start of cool storage.After warm-storage, the bulbs lifted on 27 May and 22 June had reached Stages Sp and A2 of flower differentiation, respectively; 5–7 weeks of 17°C-storage were then needed to reach complete flower differentiation (Stage Pc). Cool storage was therefore begun with bulbs ranging from Stage Sp to Stage Pc. The earliest cooled bulbs had progressed only to Stage A2, and all others to Stage Pc, after 14–16 weeks of cool storage. No floral defects (e.g., split paracorolla) were noted in any treatment, but in ‘Carlton’, about half the bulbs lifted on 27 May and stored for 0 or 1 week at 17°C did not yield a flower, due to failure of the scape to elongate and death of the flower bud within the spathe.Duration of the glasshouse period was reduced by later lifting and by longer 17°C-storage, but following lifting on 15 or 22 June and 2 or more weeks at 17°C, differences were trivial. For flowering within 30 days in the glasshouse, 5 or 6 weeks' 17°C-storage was needed with 27 May lifting, reducing to 1 week at 17°C after 22 June lifting. Flowering within 21 glasshouse days was achieved only after 15 or 22 June lifts followed by 4–5 weeks at 17°C. The earliest flowers in ‘Fortune’ (7 November) were produced following 3–5 weeks at 17°C after lifting on 27 May or 1 June, or following 1–2 weeks at 17°C after later lifting. In ‘Carlton’, the earliest flowers (23 November) followed 2–3 weeks at 17°C after lifting between 1 and 15 June, or 0–1 weeks at 17°C after the last lifting date (22 June). Following the use of 3 weeks' 17°C-storage, flowering date was about equal, irrespective of lifting date. However, further extension of 17°C-storage resulted in a delay in flowering date. Scape length increased irregularly with longer storage at 17°C; scapes were taller following later lifting (8–22 June) than following earlier lifting. Differences in flower diameter between treatments were relatively small.     

套袋红富士苹果果皮发育进程研究

以红富士苹果为试材,使用国内红富士苹果生产上普遍使用的公认效果较好的小林袋和辽宁绥中地区红富士苹果生产上普遍使用的前卫袋作为处理,以不套袋为对照,研究了不同种纸袋内红富士苹果果皮发育进程。结果表明,套袋后果实发育前期,各处理角质层均平滑一致,角质层厚度无显著差异,表皮细胞排列紧密,形状规则,表皮细胞大小、机械组织厚度差异不显著;套袋后果实发育中后期,套前卫袋果实角质层厚度显著高于小林袋处理与对照,且套袋果实角质层不规则,套小林袋果实出现较浅"V"型凹陷,套前卫袋果实出现的"V"型凹陷极深,而对照果实角质层均匀一致,只出现极少较浅"V"型凹陷,表皮细胞排列疏松,出现大量空隙;表皮细胞大小也显著低于套袋处理;机械组织厚度则显著高于套袋处理,其他方面处理之间无显著差异。     

凌海市苹果产业发展现状及建议

2019年初以来,苹果价格一路高歌猛进,从最初的5.00~6.00元/kg,上涨至现在16.00~18.00元/kg,甚至超过20.00元/kg,人们不禁要问:“苹果怎么了,‘苹’什么”。苹果价格走高不仅是凌海地区,乃至全国都呈现这一趋势。苹果价格高的主要原因就是苹果供应量不足。苹果主产区,如陕西、甘肃等地,去年遭受冻害,导致减产,苹果上市量有所减少,导致苹果价格走高。     

Long-term storage of carnations cut at the green-bud stage

Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) cultivar ‘Scania 3C’ flowers were cut, either as tight buds or when coloured petals had begun to be visible as a “red cross”, and treated with various chemical solutions prior to storage for 14, 16, 20 or 24 weeks at 0–1°C.Pre-conditioning in a solution containing silver thiosulphate (STS) 550 mg/l and sucrose (S) 100 g/l improved the quality of flowers opened after 14 weeks of storage; flower diameters and vase-life were similar to those of fresh, non-stored flowers. Carnation buds were also successfully stored for up to 16 weeks when pre-conditioned with STS and sucrose, but the vase-life of opened flowers was shorter than that of freshly cut buds. The use of this preservative in conditioning, combined with dip treatment in a 0.1% solution of the potent fungicides Rovral or Sumilex before storage, improved the quality of flowers after 16–24 weeks of storage and allowed a vase-life of 7–8 days, respectively. Storage of carnation buds for 20 weeks at low pressure conditions (LPS) considerably improved the quality of flowers compared with 20 weeks of a standard air-storage technique. Carnation buds stored under LPS conditions all developed into fully opened flowers, irrespective of pre-conditioning, although acceptable quality and vase-life were only achieved by those which were pre-conditioned with STS+S prior to storage.     

Metabolism of endogenous nitric oxide during growth and development of apple fruit

Nitric oxide (NO) is a key signaling molecule in different physiological processes of plants. To study the metabolism of endogenous NO in growth and development of apple fruit under normal physiological conditions, the changes of several relative components of NO metabolism including the contents of NO, l-arginine, S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs) and nitrite plus nitrate, the activities of l-arginine-dependent nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and nitrate reductase (NR) were analyzed using vegetal ‘Gold Delicious’ and ‘Fuji’ apples as tested materials. The endogenous NO and l-arginine contents, as well as the l-arginine-dependent NOS activity in young fruit reached the highest value. The NOS activity was dependent on l-arginine and β-NADPH, and inhibited by a well known NOS inhibitor. The NR activity in apple fruit had not been detected. Endogenous NO production depended on l-arginine-dependent NOS but not NR. The content of RSNOs tended to peak in the fruit enlarging period and then declined. Similarly, the nitrate content increased in early stage of fruit growth, but in late stage, it undulated greatly. Compared to RSNOs and nitrate, the change of nitrite content was in accordance with that of endogenous NO. In general, RSNOs and nitrite could reflect the removal mechanism of NO relatively well.