Size factors in strawberry fruit

Analysis of data relating to berries of 9 cultivars grown under different conditions indicates that the weight of ripe berries can be accounted for by the general equation

$\text{Berry fresh weight (g)}\text{=}\text{(}\text{Total no. of achenes}\text{? C)F}\text{(}\text{No. of achenes/cm}{}^2\text{of surface}\text{)}$

where C is a numerical adjustment probably due to the non-spherical shape of berries, and F is the weight in g per unit area of tissue which forms the berry, and both may be characteristic of each cultivar under normal conditions.The number of achenes on perfect berries, equal to the number of ovules initiated on the flowers, is closely related to the position of the flower on the inflorescence. Expressing Rank value on the scale 1 : $\text{1}\text{2}$ : $\text{1}\text{4}$ : $\text{1}\text{8}$ for Rank 1 : Rank 2 : Rank 3 : Rank 4, a general equation

$\text{Achene no.}\text{= (K ×}\text{Rank value}\text{) + D}$

can be applied to all cultivars, although K and D may vary between cultivars and to a less extent within a cultivar. If these size factors are in fact basically genetic, a grower may have little scope for influencing berry size except during berry development in the fruiting-season.     

苹果果实日烧研究Ⅲ.预测预报计算机模型

本模型是专为苹果果实日烧预测预报研制的。根据输入的气象预报资料 ,可以提供多至 7d的预报结果。本模型在试验的基础上 ,充分考虑了品种、果实发育期、树势、日极端温度、日照、风速、相对湿度和降雨时间对果实表面温度的影响。但由于气候变化的不确定性 ,当模型预报有日烧危险时 ,建议应于该日监测 17∶0 0以前气温和果温实际变化情况 ,以确定是否需要冷凉灌溉     

苹果精品果套袋技术

榆次区现有果树1．2万hm^2,其中苹果7133．3hm^2,梨2000hm^2,葡萄666．7hm^2,桃、杏、李等杂果2200hm^2。苹果面积占总面积的59．4％。目前,水果生产已经成为全区特别是丘陵山区农村的支柱性产业。随着人们消费水平的提高和供求关系的变化．消费者对果品品种和质量提出更高的要求,为适应市场需求,榆次区果树中心从1996年开始引进果实套袋技术,     

苹果果实日烧的控制

论述了苹果果实发生日烧的原因、规律及危害。指出气温是发生日烧的最主要因素,查明其临界值为30～32℃。同时介绍了防止苹果日烧的技术：园艺措施、喷雾冷却、果实套袋、使用遮阴布。     

苹果凹果类病毒(ADFVd)的检测与序列分析

采集新疆焉耆地区的老果园的苹果树枝条、叶片和韧皮部,利用自行设计的方法提取总RNA,根据GenBank中的X99487序列设计引物,利用RT-PCR技术扩增出苹果凹果类病毒(ADFVd)特异条带,通过回收克隆测序,结果表明,获得的7条序列,有5条同源性很高,均在98%以上,另外2条的同源性只有85%左右,这7条序列均已在GenBank中登录(登录号:EU031497_EU031503)。在此基础上利用插入ADFVd目的DNA的质粒为模板,成功合成了地高辛标记的cDNA探针,该探针能很好地用于ADFVd的检测。同时利用原位RT-PCR技术,做了进一步检测,证明苹果叶片中有苹果凹果类病毒存在,主要分布在叶肉细胞的细胞核中。     

苹果套袋中易出现的问题

套袋是苹果优质丰产的关键技术,可以促进苹果全面着色,色泽鲜艳、亮丽,果面细嫩、光滑、洁净;可以有效防治果实病虫害,减少用药次数,降低农药残留,     

秋季嫁接苹果花芽的技术

秋梢停长后至落叶前30天内应用切腹接法嫁接苹果的中、长果枝，成活率95％以上，且与未嫁接移植的花芽同期开花坐果。进行花芽嫁接移植可在高接换种的当年结果，使小年树增加产量，使幼旺树早结果，也可用来改造直立枝、徒长枝和补充授粉树的花量不足。     

陕西地区红富士苹果冠层果实品质差异及相关性分析

研究了陕西地区红富士苹果冠层果实品质的差异及其相关性大小,并探讨了通过单果质量和色度值对果实的内在指标进行预测的可行性。结果表明,红富士苹果品质变异系数从小到大依次为亮度(6.2027)、硬度(11.1427)、黄色度(16.0334)、可溶性固形物(17.2885)、可滴定酸(19.7055)、单果质量(31.7217)和红色度(49.9306)。果实的单果质量与硬度,红色度与亮度和黄色度呈极显著负相关;果皮红色度与可溶性固形物和单果质量,果实的可溶性固形物与可滴定酸呈极显著正相关。其中果皮红色度与果皮亮度之间的相关系数绝对值最大(-0.82063)。用单果质量和色度值预测果实硬度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸的误差值分别为6.64%、9.64%、14.43%。富士苹果的果皮红色度可作为了解富士苹果品质的重要指标,其品质差异可作为分级贮藏的重要依据。     

Botryosphaeria dothidea在苹果果实上的侵染过程(英文)

对Botryosphaeria dothidea通过皮孔侵入果实的过程进行了光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察,发现接种后2d分生孢子完成萌发和附着胞形成过程。接种后10d,菌丝体在皮孔表面缓慢生长。从20￣30d菌丝体加速扩展并形成几个分枝,通常从皮孔外围侵入果实,但仅限于皮孔表面组织。从40～50d,菌丝体扩展更为繁茂,一些菌丝开始突入皮孔的第2层组织。接种皮孔中可检测到多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG),但活性比对照高。皮孔有3层,第1层为含果胶的死组织,易被病菌侵染降解,底部的第3层非常坚固,是阻止病菌侵染的有效屏障。随果实发育,皮孔大小、数目和裂口均有规律地增加。我们的研究结果进一步证实了苹果轮纹病的潜伏侵染特性。     

液体授粉对苹果坐果率及果实的影响

苹果液体授粉试验结果表明:液体授粉的花朵坐果率较自然授粉提高61.41%,花序坐果率提高13.73%;偏斜果率较自然授粉降低19.6%,果实纵径较自然授粉增加6.43 mm,果实横径较自然授粉增加8.27 mm。     

苹果果锈的发生及防治

<正>果面光洁度是衡量苹果品质的重要因素之一。在苹果果实生长过程中,果实表面出现黄褐色的斑块,称之为果锈。果实出现果锈后,外观变差,品质变劣,商品性降低,轻则销售价格下滑,重则失去商品价值,严重影响生产效益。2021年在甘肃省白银市平川区呈严重发生态势,该区宝积乡吊沟村和大湾村133.33 hm²苹果生产基地,果锈发生率高达35%以上,     

苹果种质资源果实数量性状评价分析

<正>苹果属(Malus)植物世界上约有35个种,我国原产的有24个种。20世纪80年代,开始建立国家果树种质兴城苹果圃,在建立苹果种质资源圃的同时,自"七五"以来,在国家科技攻关项目的资助下,系统开展了苹果种质资源鉴定评价工作,积累了大量的资源评价数据资料,并结合我国实际,制定出苹果种质描述和评价标准。我们对国家果树种质兴城苹果圃数据库近20年来鉴定评价的果实数量性状进行了统计分析,以期进一步认识和评价苹果种质资源,并为筛选优异苹果种质提供依据。     

华冠苹果的芳香物质特征及其影响因素

为探明华冠苹果产生异香的原因,采用气相色谱法(GC)对不同采收时期和贮藏方式下的华冠果实在贮藏期间果实中芳香物质含量变化进行了分析。结果表明,华冠果实中醇类物质明显比同期的金冠、富士含量高,随贮藏时间的延长,果实内醇类含量逐步提高、后期稍有下降;果实在贮藏期间随丁醇含量的增加而逐步呈现出特殊的异香味。延迟采收和冷藏处理有利于减少华冠果实贮藏期内丁醇积累,可用以控制和降低华冠在贮藏期间果实异香味的产生。     

苹果果实日烧研究Ⅱ日烧与主要气象因子的关系

果实表面温度与主要气象因子间存在着复杂的互作关系。在所研究的 4个因子中 ,气温和日照是影响果实日烧临界温度的主要因子 ,而且二者在一定范围内对果实日烧临界温度可以互补。相对湿度和风速对果实温度也有一定影响 ,有时能成为制约日烧发生的关键因素。根据对诱导日烧发生的气象因子的全面分析 ,提出了预测日烧发生的 4个气象指标。在美国西北部地区 ,如果 16 :45之前气温超过 32℃预示着日烧很可能发生 ,如果超过 35℃ ,日烧将要发生     

苹果苦痘病和其他几种果实钙营养失调症

阐述了苹果果实钙营养失调症的发生、发展与研究状况。苹果果实钙营养失调表现在果实上的症状有苦痘病、痘斑病、皮孔膨大隆起、果皮开裂和木栓样斑等。这些症状表现均与钙素营养失调有关,但非惟一原因,还有其他因素。     

Cultivar variation in apple peel and whole fruit phenolic composition

The quali-quantitative distribution of phenolic compounds varies considerably between apple flesh and peel, but the concentration of phenolics is substantially higher in the peel than flesh. Because the peel comprises only a small percentage of the entire fruit weight, its significance as a donor of phenolics is disputable. We assessed the contribution of the peel to the total phenolic yield of 19 apple cultivars. Calculations were based on the weight of the whole fruit and the peel (which is frequently discarded) and the concentration of individual phenolic compounds. On average, 8, 24, 32, 50 and 66% of chlorogenic acid, (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, phloridzin, and rutin, respectively, were present in the peel, which constitutes about 6–8% of the whole apple weight. With the exception of chlorogenic acid, 50% or more, on average, of the above phenolics were present in the peel of ‘Granny Smith’, ‘Idared’, ‘Red Rome’, ‘Jonamac’ and ‘Gloster’ apples; the highest percentage was found in ‘Starking Delicious’ apple peel (82%). The lowest peel contribution to total phenolic content per whole apple ranged between 26 and 29% and was observed in ‘Pilot’, ‘McIntosh’ and ‘Prima’ apples. Presented results may be useful for further investigations of the relationship between phenolics and agronomical parameters or future selection of apple genotypes having improved nutritional quality when consumed as fresh or as processed apple products.     

苹果中氯氟氰菊酯残留降解研究

为了解苹果生产过程中氯氟氰菊酯的残留污染及其在苹果中的降解规律,用气相色谱法动态检测了大田苹果中氯氟氰菊酯残留量。结果表明,最后1次施药后苹果中氯氟氰菊酯的残留量顺序为:37.5g/hm2喷施3次>37.5g/hm2喷施2次≈18.8g/hm2喷施3次>18.8g/hm2喷施2次,喷药总量是影响农药残留的主要因素;施药后到采收前,果皮残留浓度是果肉的9～40倍,氯氟氰菊酯的降解为一级动力学模型,半衰期为17.6d,苹果果肉降解速率(T1/2=22.7d)比果皮(T1/2=16.9d)慢。以37.5g/hm2浓度喷3次,30d后苹果中氯氟氰菊酯残留量(<0.02mg/kg)远低于我国和欧盟等国家的最大残留限量要求。     

4个苹果品种果实品质的分析研究

对4个苹果品种富士、国光、金冠、红星的外观品种及营养成分进行比较分析,测定了其单果重、果形指数、硬度、糖酸含量、酚类物质含量等指标。结果表明,国光的酚类物质中绿原酸含量最高,酸度较高;红星的总多酚含量和原花青素含量最高,甜度高;富士和金冠的酚类物质含量较低。     

中国苹果出口俄罗斯的市场分析

随着俄罗斯近几年经济的发展,民众的物质生活水平有了很大的提高,水果消费量由2001年的人均60kg,上升到2006年的人均100 kg,其中苹果和梨消费量占人均水果消费量的一半.苹果营养价值高,耐贮藏,深受俄罗斯人的欢迎.以莫斯科为例,喜欢苹果的人达到40%.……     

Wood age and leaf area influence fruit size and mineral composition of apple fruit

Summary

The influence of wood age, fruiting position and leaf area within the tree canopy on fruit mineral content and quality for several apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars was investigated. Size and Ca, Mg and K content of individual fruit on one-year (lateral and terminal positions), two-year and older than three-year wood were compared for cvs Royal Gala, Braeburn, Granny Smith and Fuji. Fruit on two-year spurs and one-year terminals was generally larger at commercial harvest than that on one-year laterals and spurs older than three years. Flower receptacles at full bloom were larger and fruit growth rates were greater from 60 to 100 d after full bloom on two-year spurs than on one-year laterals. Fruit Ca and Mg concentrations and contents at commercial harvest were highest for terminal fruit, but there was no consistent difference between fruit from other positions. One-year terminals had the greatest primary and bourse leaf areas, two-year spurs were intermediate and one-year laterals had the lowest areas of both leaf types. Removal of 50% of primary leaves and/or removal of bourse shoots from clusters at bloom reduced fruit Ca content at commercial harvest for two-year spurs, one-year laterals and one-year terminals. Bourse shoot removal also reduced Mg content for all positions. However there was no effect of leaf removal on fruit size or K content. Ca content of individual fruit increased curvilinearly with increasing total spur leaf area for fruit on two-year spurs and one-year terminals but not for fruit on one-year lateral clusters. Terminal fruit with total spur leaf areas and fruit size similar to those on two-year spur fruit had higher Ca content.