中华松梢蚧生物学特性及其防治的研究

中华松梢蚧Sonsaucoccus sinensis(Chen)在福建仅为害马尾松。该虫雌雄异型,一年发生一代,以一龄寄生若虫越冬。各虫态出现期因气温变化而有差异,如闽南因气温回暖早,各虫态均比闽北早一个月出现。其传播方式通过风、雨和人为活动等途径。防治该虫的有利时机在初孵若虫期,因为此时虫体尚未盖满腊质层。采用有机磷农药如乐果,以530—1000倍液防治,效果可达80％以上。该虫有多种天敌,如松瘿蚊Lestodiposis sp.异色瓢虫Leis axyridis Pallas、大草蛉Chrysopa septem-puctata Wesmael、日本弓背蚁Camponotus japonicus Mayr,应加以保护。     

Propanil hydrolysis: inhibition in rice plants by insecticides

Hydrolysis of the herbicide propanil (3', 4'-dichloropropionanilide) by rice plants is inhibited by insecticides. The inhibitory activity of an organophosphate such as paraoxon in vivo and in vitro is significantly stronger than that of an organothiophosphate such as parathion. The injury to rice plants by insecticides sprayed on them with propanil seems to be caused by the inhibition of the propanil detoxifying enzyme.     

作物杂种优势预测方法及其在育种上的应用

本文概述了六十年代以来,农作物杂种优势在遗传、生理、生化方面形成的机制及其预测方法;综述了在作物育种上利用生理活性物质、线粒体互补、叶绿体互补,同工酶分析和遗传距离估算等研究和预测杂种优势的进展及其成果;评述了与上述内容有关的问题;提出了应用遗传距离等数量遗传估计的方法预测杂种优势是一种较为准确和较有实用价值的方法.     

Ethical issues in research with human subjects

It is obvious that many disciplines confront ethical problems in research in which situational details may vary, but in which the same ethical principles may prevail. I write not in order to propose a definitive set of rules but to demonstrate how situations posing ethical problems can be reduced and more readily resolved by rational analysis of underlying issues and principles; I hope to stimulate further analysis and dialogue. It might be particularly helpful if researchers in a wide range of disciplines contributed experiences permitting a sharpening of guidelines. Finally, it is conceivable that a code of ethics might eventually be promulgated by a supradisciplinary body such as the AAAS, and that such a code could then be adapted and adopted by other scientific bodies and professional organizations-even by specific agencies such as research institutes, clinics, institutions, and schools.     

种子休眠与休眠解除的研究进展

种子休眠是指有活力的种子在适宜的萌发条件下而不能萌发的现象.种子休眠主要有两种休眠类型即由种皮引起的休眠和由胚引起的休眠.然而实际中有些种子同时存在着这两种休眠类型,首先休眠受复杂的遗传特性的调控,其次休眠还受到环境因素的影响,如种子在母体植株上的发育、储藏期间以及萌发时的光照和温度等.依据种子产生休眠原因的复杂性,解除种子休眠的方法也因成因而异.主要有物理法、化学试剂法和综合法.物理方法包括机械处理、温度处理、低温层积、干藏和干热处理、射线、超声波处理和电场、磁场处理;化学处理包括激素处理、无机化学药剂处理和有机化学药物处理.对一些属综合休眠类型的植物种子,则采用综合法来解除休眠较单一方法效果显著.     

Food proteins: new sources from seeds. Fortified and processed seed proteins have a role in satisfying human protein needs

Adequate protein nutrition is possible at lower cost without the undermining of man's satisfaction with his food. This potential requires the upgrading of the proteins of cereals by supplementation with amino acids and the development of new protein foods from low-cost sources such as the oilseeds; infant malnutrition can be eliminated by such means. The more sophisticated new foods such as protein beverages and textured products are proving acceptable to man and will supplement meager supplies of animal protein.     

The quark-hadron transition in cosmology and astrophysics

A transition from normal hadronic matter (such as protons and neutrons) to quark-gluon matter is expected at both high temperatures and densities. In physical situations, this transition may occur in heavy ion collisions, the early universe, and in the cores of neutron stars. Astrophysics and cosmology can be greatly affected by such a phase transition. With regard to the early universe, big bang nucleosynthesis, the theory describing the primordial origin of the light elements, can be affected by inhomogeneities produced during the transition. A transition to quark matter in the interior by neutron stars further enhances our uncertainties regarding the equation of state of dense nuclear matter and neutron star properties such as the maximum mass and rotation frequencies.     

植物谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)及除草剂解毒剂的诱导作用

谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(Glutathione S-transferase,GSTs)是一个同工酶家族,由同源或异源二聚体组成,广泛分布于原核生物和真核生物(昆虫、哺乳动物和高等植物)中。其主要功能是催化某些内源性或外来有害物质的亲电子基团与还原型谷胱甘肽的巯基偶联,增加其疏水性使其易于穿越细胞膜,分解后排出体外,从而达到解毒的目的。GSTs可受多种因素的诱导,对一些有毒物质,包括农药、除草剂、致癌物和诱变剂等起到解毒的作用。文章介绍了植物谷胱甘肽转移酶的分类、命名、结构及典型底物,描述了除草剂和解毒剂对GSTs酶的诱导表达特性。     

Chromatid breakage: cytosine arabinoside-induced lesions inhibited by ultraviolet irradiation

Exposure to ultraviolet light can reduce the frequency of chromatid breaks induced by cytosine arabinoside in the DNA synthetic and post-DNA synthetic phases of the cell cycle. This effect can be correlated temporally with a decrease in the uptake of tritiated thymidine after ultraviolet treatment, implying that the genesis of such breakage is intimately related to DNA synthesis and that such synthesis is not confined to the DNA synthetic phase.     

作物杂种优势的利用和一些理论问题—建国三十年来关于作物杂种优势利用的成就及其前景

本文着重综述我国三十年来关于作物杂种优势利用的成就,以及进一步普及和提高问题。从生产观点出发,杂种优势的概念应该是:F_1或其后代超过其高亲本和当地的推广优良品种。根据不同作物的生物学和遗传学特点,作物杂种优势的利用可归纳为下列九种类型: 1、天然异交作物,如玉米、甜菜等。 2、雌雄异株作物,如菠菜、大麻等。 3、天然自交作物,如蕃茄、茄子、烟草等。 4、具有雄性不育系作物,如高粱、水稻、小麦、棉花、洋葱等。 5、具有自交不亲和性作物,如油菜、甘兰、白菜等。 6、无性繁殖作物,如马铃薯、甘薯、甘蔗以及多年生果树等。 7、双二倍体,如人工“小黑麦”等。 8、利用“无融合生殖”和“平衡致死”来维持“永久杂种”。 9、化学杀雄。     

Erratic display as a device against predators

Prey animals in many different taxonomic groups behave erratically when attacked by predators. This reaction is not accidental, but acts as a specific antipredator device. Observational data and theoretical considerations indicate that such protean displays function to confuse and disorient the predator and to increase its reaction time. Thus the survival of the prey is assisted, and the selective advntage whereby such erratic patterns of the prey animals may have evolved is created.     

不同遥感影像大气纠正算法在农作物种植面积提取中的对比

以海安县的LANDSAT5—TM影像为研究对象,用于农作物种植面积遥感提取,但由于大气辐射使卫星遥感数据引起畸变从而影响提取精度,为消除该影响,采用黑暗像元减法（DOS）、大气辐射传输模型法FLAASH、ATCOR2、6S等四种大气校正方法进行大气校正并对各种方法进行验证比较,从综合方面考虑得出最优大气校正方法。利用40个主要农作物的样本点的NDVI值与经过大气校正MODIS地表反射率的NDVI值比较,同时利用农作物的反射率值与标准值进行比较对比,以及结合各类主要农作物分类结果精度进行验证。实验结果表明,大气校正在一定程度上提高了农作物真实地表反射率,使得农作物的反射率更加精确,分类精度较原图像也有较大提高,因此提高了主要农作物各类面积提取的精度,综合计算效率和效果等指标得出在面向农作物面积遥感提取的大气方法中,采取FLAASH方法可以达到较好的效果。     

板栗枝枯病发生规律及防治

板栗枝枯病由真菌的半知菌类 :黑盘孢目、棒盘孢属栗棒盘孢侵染所致 ,主要为害枝干 ,还为害果苞及幼果 .病原菌在病株组织内越冬 ,翌年环境条件适宜时产生分生孢子 ,由昆虫、风雨传播 ,7～ 8月份为发病盛期 ;在湖北 ,发现稻绿蝽是该病的传媒昆虫 ;通过营林措施 ,选用抗病品种 ,防治稻绿蝽 ,喷洒福美胂 ,多菌灵 ,代森锌等杀菌剂 ,可有效控制病害的发生     

论被追诉人认罪认罚自愿性标准

认罪认罚从宽制度体现了保障人权、程序正义和司法效率等诉讼理念的要求,被追诉人认罪认罚的自愿性是该项制度适用的基本条件。被追诉人是否做到了自愿,不仅需要从明知和明智等方面加以判断,同时,还需要从被追诉人是否被强迫自证其罪,是否获得相关法律规定的告知与律师帮助,以及自愿性司法审查等程序上予以审定。针对我国关于被追诉人认罪认罚自愿性的立法不足,应当从完善认罪认罚告知机制、扩大被追诉人律师帮助以及健全司法审查程序等方面予以完善。     

Penalty of isolationism

Research on new antibiotics is engaged in at present throughout the world with such intensity that one must be able to compare cultures of organisms producing such antibiotics, as well as the isolated substances themselves, if one is to avoid needless duplication and great confusion. As long as no international center exists where such comparisons can be made, only close collaboration among scientific laboratories can make possible these essential comparisons. The repetitions and the frequently unjustified creation of "new species" of antibiotic-producing organisms and of "new antibiotics" can be avoided only by close collaboration among the scientific workers throughout the world. The creation of an International Antibiotics Board is also highly essential at the present time.     

多糖对水稻土中异化Fe(Ⅲ)还原过程的影响

本研究通过土壤泥浆厌氧培养的方法,在水稻土中添加不同质量浓度淀粉和纤维素,探讨多糖作为电子供体对异化Fe(Ⅲ)还原过程的影响。结果表明,在2种水稻土泥浆的厌氧培养过程中,淀粉、纤维素可以促进水稻土中的异化Fe(Ⅲ)还原,其质量浓度在0～20 g/L时,Fe(Ⅱ)最大累积量和速率常数随质量浓度增加而增大,其对土壤中Fe(Ⅲ)氧化物异化还原的促进作用与土壤pH、有机质和无定形铁含量有关。对培养过程中pH与异化铁还原动力学数据的比较发现,在微生物正常生长的pH范围内,较低的pH利于Fe(Ⅲ)的还原。     

一类旅行总费用最小路线模型及其求解策略

旅行总费用最小路线问题是生活实际中常见的一类问题,本文建立了该类问题的赋权多阶段有向图模型。多阶段有向图是应用中常见的一种有向图,有许多运输、工程、管理等的实际问题能转化为有向图最短路问题进行求解,尤其赋权多阶段有向图对解决该类实际问题更具有重要意义。研究了赋权多阶段有向图的最短路问题,从图上逆序标号法、表上作业法和动态规划法不同的角度对文中模型给出了赋权多阶段有向图最短路求解策略。     

应用脂肪酸特征指标鉴别掺伪鱼油

应用气相色谱技术分析研究了海产鱼油脂肪酸组成,并以鱼油脂肪酸特征指标为依据,鉴定鱼油真伪;利用鱼油和廉价动植物油脂之间脂肪酸组成的差异,排除筛选出掺伪用油;根据鱼油特征指标的脂肪酸组分C18∶2的偏离程度,确定掺伪程度。在油样品种和产地来源不明的情况下,能有效地鉴别掺伪鱼油,且适用于调制饲用鱼油的鉴定。     

Black soldier fly: A new vista for livestock and poultry manure management

The number of intensive livestock and poultry farms is expected to increase substantially in future because of consumer demand. Unfortunately, such demand also results in a great deal of manure being generated, which threatens the environment if it is not properly managed. Concurrent developments in biotransformation of these wastes with the black soldier fly(BSF), Hermetia illucens(L.)(Diptera: Stratiomydiae), demonstrates such concerns can be abated, while also producing products(e.g., protein, chitin, biodiesel, and fertilizer) of value. In this review, we analyzed the factors influencing black soldier fly larvae(BSFL) conversion processes, the role of microorganisms, and the mechanisms used by BSFL when converting livestock and poultry manure into these valuable products. The effects of BSFL conversion technology on reducing the hazards of such materials and their associated pathogens are reviewed, and the economics of livestock and poultry manure conversion by BSF larvae is discussed.     

成都平原土壤pH的时空分布特征及影响因素研究

在ArcGIS 9.0软件系统平台上,利用1982年172个样点和2002年的117个样点分析成都平原土壤pH值的时空变异特征。结果表明,成都平原样点间表层(0~20 cm)土壤pH值由1982年的6.95±0.90降低到2002年的6.70±0.78,平均降低了3.60%。但从全区来看,平原内仍有占研究区面积53.71%的土壤其pH值增加,仅46.29%的土壤其pH值减少;其中都江堰———彭州一线、邛崃和蒲江的交界处以及成都、龙泉驿和双流的接壤处土壤pH值增加;中部变幅较小;金堂、蒲江等局部地区土壤pH值急剧下降,局部地区下降幅度达1.0个单位。该区土壤pH值变化明显受成土母质、土地利用方式、施肥措施和工业发展的影响。