控制大豆孢囊线虫生物种农剂的研制及沈阳田间小区防效的初步试验

以“辽豆15”为材料,采用田间小区试验,探讨了自行研制的生物种衣剂对大豆孢囊线虫数量的影响。试验结果表明：2007年在沈阳汪家的试验中,处理4（复配菌株F1024,B482,A4+微量元素组合3+助剂）对大豆根外孢囊的抑制率达65.66%,与对照有显著差异。2008年对处理4进行了精细的试验设计,并在2个不同地点布置试验,结果处理5（复配菌株F1024,B482,A4+元素组合+助剂）在汪家和康平2个试验点的根外孢囊数量及根内线虫数量都与对照差异达到显著水平,2个试验点的根外孢囊抑制率分别为 62.13%和46.45%,根内线虫抑制率分别为62.50%和81.78%。     

防治草地贪夜蛾玉米种衣剂配方的筛选研究

采用砂磨法, 研制了8种不同成分的种衣剂, 通过种子包衣验证其对玉米出苗的安全性及对草地贪夜蛾的防效和持效期, 并在安徽池州?云南保山?海南儋州进行了田间验证?结果表明, 选用的不同组分种衣剂药种比1∶100可以有效地提高玉米发芽势?发芽率?鲜重?干重等指标, 田间试验表明20%溴氰·氯虫FSC?22%戊·溴氰·氯虫FSC?24%噻呋·戊·氯虫FSC对草地贪夜蛾显示了较好的效果, 相比于其他药剂组合, 更适合种子包衣用于防治草地贪夜蛾?     

4种药剂拌种对白背飞虱的防治效果

白背飞虱是水稻上的重要害虫,而且是近年来发生严重的南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒的唯一传播介体。为有效降低白背飞虱自身的危害及其传播的南方水稻黑条矮缩病的发生,在云南德宏开展了4种拌种剂防治白背飞虱的田间药效试验。在25%吡蚜酮WP、60%吡虫啉FSC、35%丁硫克百威DS及70%噻虫嗪WS中,35%丁硫克百威DS在拌种后31d对白背飞虱种群的防效仍高达93.6%,其他3种拌种剂的防效分别为75.0%、55.0%及49.3%。因此35%丁硫克百威DS是适合于当地防治白背飞虱的水稻拌种剂。     

种衣剂对玉米田双斑长跗萤叶甲的防效评价

为评价种衣剂防治玉米田双斑长跗萤叶甲的可行性,通过选用内吸性强、持效期长的种衣剂,设置常规剂量对玉米种子进行包衣处理,采取田间罩网小区试验,明确种衣剂对双斑长跗萤叶甲的防效及对玉米出苗、生长的安全性。结果表明,30%噻虫嗪FS、10%氟虫腈FSC、38%噻虫胺FSC、40%噻虫嗪·溴氰虫酰胺FS、30%噻虫嗪·氟虫腈FSC、30%噻虫胺·氟虫腈FSC、20%噻虫胺·氟啶虫酰胺FSC等7种种衣剂对玉米出苗、生长均安全;38%噻虫胺FSC有效成分用量7.6 g/kg种子处理对双斑长跗萤叶甲的防治效果为70.6%～78.5%,防效最好,显著高于除30%噻虫胺·氟虫腈FSC 7.5 g/kg处理外的其他种衣剂处理(P<0.05),并且可使双斑长跗萤叶甲成虫羽化出土始现期、出土高峰期推迟5～10 d,可以使成虫高峰期避开玉米吐丝期。玉米田双斑长跗萤叶甲防控前移推荐使用38%噻虫胺FSC,有效成分剂量为7.6 g/kg种子。     

噻虫嗪种衣剂对草地贪夜蛾生命参数的影响

为明确噻虫嗪种衣剂对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda生长发育和繁殖能力的影响,通过室内种群生命表方法分析不同浓度0.5、1、2、4 mL/kg噻虫嗪处理下草地贪夜蛾种群的生命参数。结果表明:草地贪夜蛾幼虫历期和世代周期随着噻虫嗪浓度的增加而延长,1 mL/kg浓度处理下雄成虫寿命为15.40 d,平均单雌产卵量为888.04粒,均显著高于对照和其它浓度处理,而雌成虫产卵前期为3.88 d,显著短于对照和其它浓度处理。噻虫嗪浓度对草地贪夜蛾蛹期和雌成虫寿命无显著影响,但对蛹重有一定影响,0.5、1 mL/kg浓度处理的蛹重与对照无显著差异,2、4 mL/kg浓度处理的蛹重随浓度增加而显著降低;幼虫存活率、化蛹率和羽化率随着噻虫嗪浓度的增加而降低。0.5、1 mL/kg浓度处理后雌成虫繁殖力和最高繁殖值较对照偏高,2、4 mL/kg浓度处理则相反。0.5、1 mL/kg浓度处理的草地贪夜蛾平均世代周期、净增殖率、内禀增长率、周限增长率均与对照无显著差异;2、4 mL/kg浓度处理的平均世代周期随着噻虫嗪浓度的增加而显著增加,净增殖率、内禀增长率、周限增长率则随着浓度的增加而显著下降。表明噻虫嗪种衣剂处理在较高浓度时对当代草地贪夜蛾种群有一定的抑制作用,随着药剂在植株体内的降解,这种抑制作用逐渐降低,低浓度处理对成虫生殖能力具有一定的促进作用。     

三唑酮种子包衣对冬小麦种子萌发和幼芽抗逆因子的影响

为评价三唑酮种子包衣对冬小麦种子萌发的安全性,以苯醚甲环唑为对照药剂,研究了不同包衣剂量三唑酮对周麦22和铭贤169小麦种子发芽及周麦22抗逆相关生化因子的影响。结果表明:周麦22和铭贤169小麦种子发芽指数、种子活力指数和发芽率均与三唑酮包衣剂量呈负相关,且符合指数方程Y=A+B×e(-x/k),但铭贤169种子发芽指数、种子活力指数和发芽率对三唑酮剂量变化更敏感;三唑酮种子包衣能引起小麦幼芽体内赤霉素(gibberellins,GAs)含量降低和脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)含量升高,且GAs含量下降程度和ABA水平升高程度均随三唑酮包衣剂量的增加而增加,从理论上解释了三唑酮可对小麦种子萌发产生抑制作用且抑制作用与包衣剂量相关的原因。但通过对幼芽相关抗逆因子的研究表明,三唑酮包衣有利于新长成幼芽中叶绿素含量、根系呼吸速率、可溶性蛋白质含量和α-淀粉酶活性的增加以及细胞膜通透性降低,说明三唑酮包衣在一定程度上有助于新长出幼芽抗逆性的增加。相比之下,苯醚甲环唑对小麦种子萌发的抑制作用比三唑酮小,且更有利于幼芽抗逆性增加。     

芽胞杆菌种衣剂对玉米茎基腐病的防治效果及对玉米的促生作用

为明确玉米内生细菌YY4和YG2菌株的生防应用潜力,采用滤纸片法测定两者对禾谷镰孢菌Fusarium graminearum和拟轮枝镰孢菌F. verticillioides的抑制作用,结合形态学特征、16S r DNA及gyrA基因序列分析对其进行鉴定,将菌株YY4与YG2的发酵液以体积比4∶1混合,再添加助剂制成生物种衣剂,设置3种药种质量比(1∶40、1∶50和1∶60)进行田间促生作用及防治效果的测定,并分析其对玉米产量的影响。结果表明,YY4菌株对禾谷镰孢菌和拟轮枝镰孢菌的抑制率分别为62.32%和59.83%,YG2菌株的抑制率则分别为63.40%和60.72%;YY4菌株被鉴定为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌Bacillus velezensis,YG2菌株被鉴定为耐盐芽胞杆菌B. halotolerans;这2株芽胞杆菌混合制成的生物种衣剂按药种质量比1∶50包衣处理后15 d,玉米的出苗率和株高分别为74.43%和5.16 cm,均显著高于空白对照和化学种衣剂50%克菌丹可湿性粉剂及15.5%福美双·克百威悬浮种衣剂包衣处理;且该处理对玉米茎基腐病的防治效果达68.89%,玉米产量分...     

50%噻虫嗪悬浮种衣剂的研制及其对棉花蚜虫的防治效果

为研制高含量的噻虫嗪悬浮种衣剂,提高其对棉花蚜虫的防治效果,分别采用流点法及因素轮选法等对润湿剂、分散剂、成膜剂和增稠剂等助剂进行筛选及优化,最终采用湿法砂磨超微粉碎法研制了50%噻虫嗪悬浮种衣剂,对其性能指标进行了测试,并测定了其对棉花种子发芽势和发芽率的影响以及对棉花蚜虫的田间防治效果。结果表明:以质量分数为50%的噻虫嗪为有效成分、3%的FD及1%的BC-10为润湿剂、2.5%的SP-2836及2.5%的SK-24为分散剂、1%的硅酸铝镁及0.05%的黄原胶为增稠剂和2.5%的BF308为成膜剂而研制的50%噻虫嗪悬浮种衣剂性状良好,悬浮率高,热贮稳定性好,对棉花种子的发芽势及发芽率的影响较清水对照差异显著。田间试验结果显示,在有效剂量为187.5 g/hm2时50%噻虫嗪悬浮种衣剂对棉花4、5叶期蚜虫的防效分别达83.94%和53.94%,适合田间应用。     

外源调节剂包衣对低温胁迫下棉花种子萌发及幼苗耐寒性的影响

为探讨外源调节剂包衣对低温胁迫棉花幼苗耐寒性的调控效应,通过室内砂培试验,研究了外源调节剂包衣处理对低温下棉花种子萌发的影响,分析了5℃低温胁迫下以及恢复常温后外源调节剂包衣对棉花幼苗耐寒性的生理响应。结果表明:低温胁迫下棉花种子的萌发和幼苗生长受到抑制,水杨酸以及外源调节剂复配包衣处理均能显著提高低温胁迫下棉花种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数,其中发芽指数和活力指数达到极显著水平,增幅分别为41.2%~44.4%和51.2%~63.9%;外源调节剂包衣处理叶片的相对电导率(REC)和MDA含量显著降低,可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖等渗透调节物质的含量显著提高,SOD、POD和CAT等抗氧化酶的活性也显著增强;5 mmol·L-1水杨酸+45 mmol·L-1氯化钙+60 mg·L-1亚硒酸钠复配包衣处理的叶片REC、MDA含量显著低于其它包衣处理,可溶性蛋白含量及其增幅显著高于其它包衣处理。说明水杨酸、氯化钙和亚硒酸钠三元复配包衣在缓解棉花幼苗低温逆境中具有协同效应,可以缓解低温胁迫对棉花种子萌发及幼苗生长的抑制作用,提高植物的耐寒性。     

7种包衣剂对菜薹及黄曲条跳甲的影响初报

为明确7种种衣剂对菜薹的安全性及对黄曲条跳甲的防控作用,为黄曲条跳甲的有效防控提供技术支持,采用田间试验研究了乙基多杀菌素、Bt、啶虫脒、唑虫酰胺、虫螨腈、高效氯氟氰菊酯+虫螨腈、高效氯氟氰菊酯+啶虫脒等7种药剂对菜薹出苗、株高、鲜重的影响及对黄曲条跳甲的防控作用。结果表明,7种种衣剂对菜薹安全。除高效氯氟氰菊酯+虫螨腈、高效氯氟氰菊酯+啶虫脒外,其他5种药剂对黄曲条跳甲均具有一定的防控效果,以唑虫酰胺防治效果最好,平均防效高于82%,植株受害率较低,小于5%。     

3种种衣剂防治党参种苗根腐病效果及经济效益比较

为明确3种复合型种衣剂对党参种苗根腐病的防治效果和经济效益,以‘渭党1号’为试材,采用田间小区试验,研究18%噻灵·咯·精甲FSC、8%氟环·咯菌腈FSC和62.5 g/L精甲·咯菌腈FSC对党参种苗根腐病、产苗量及等级的影响,分析其防治党参种苗根腐病的效果及经济效益,以期筛选出最佳种衣剂。结果表明,党参种苗根腐病中慢性黄腐型发病率明显高于急性青枯型,发病率分别为5.94%～29.98%、2.04%～4.69%。3种种衣剂对党参种苗根腐病防效分别为80.52%、58.27%、69.79%,以18%噻灵·咯·精甲FSC包衣处理防治党参种苗根腐病效果最佳。3种种衣剂处理对党参种苗根长、根粗、单根鲜重分别较对照增加22.20%～42.67%、30.87%～58.14%、15.89%～48.60%,明显提高了党参种苗产苗量和等级,以18%噻灵·咯·精甲FSC包衣处理效果最好,增产高达6 156.08 kg/hm~2,经济效益为36 936.50元/hm~2,投入产出比为1∶123.12,具有推广应用价值。     

4种种衣剂防治棉花苗期主要病虫害效果及经济效益比较

为明确4种复合型种衣剂对棉花苗期主要病虫害的防治效果和经济效益,以‘新陆早41号’为试材,采用田间小区试验,研究400 g/L福美双·萎锈灵种子处理悬浮剂(FS)、26%多菌灵·福美双·甲基立枯磷FS、25%噻虫嗪·咯菌腈·精甲霜灵FS和30%噻虫嗪·嘧菌酯·咪鲜胺FS对棉花出苗、苗期立枯病和红腐病、地下害虫、苗期蓟马、蚜虫和产量的影响,分析其防治病虫害的效果及经济效益,以期筛选出田间试验效果最佳的种衣剂。结果表明:播种10 d时4种种衣剂处理的出苗率显著优于对照,较对照增加6.64%~19.23%,播种30 d时4种种衣剂对苗期立枯病和红腐病防治效果分别为30.88%~50.74%和31.13%~59.15%,对棉花地下害虫和蓟马的防治效果分别为39.24%~69.62%和39.12%~63.04%。棉花上蚜虫发生时间推迟1~3 d。400 g/L福美双·萎锈灵FS防病效果最佳,25%噻虫嗪·咯菌腈·精甲霜灵FS防虫效果最佳。种衣剂处理收获株数较对照增加0.78%~1.11%,增产量为53.70~184.40 kg/hm 2,经济效益为322.20~1106.40元/hm 2,投入产出比为1∶5.65~1∶12.29。综合分析显示,25%噻虫嗪·咯菌腈·精甲霜灵FS防治苗期病虫害和增产效果较好,具有推广应用价值。     

吡虫啉悬浮种衣剂对麦无网长管蚜实验种群的影响

利用吡虫啉种子包衣技术防治麦蚜是我国小麦主产区一项重要的防控措施,目前对麦蚜的防控效果评价主要集中在自然混合种群上,对室内种群尤其是麦无网长管蚜的研究报道较少。为了明确吡虫啉种衣剂对单一蚜虫种类的影响,本文利用吡虫啉悬浮种衣剂处理的小麦苗接种4种蚜虫,分别于3、6和9 d后检查死亡率。并采用生命表方法评价种衣剂处理对麦无网长管生长发育、繁殖和种群生命参数的影响。结果表明:种衣剂处理小麦苗接种的4种蚜虫,3 d后死亡率大小依次为禾谷缢管蚜麦长管蚜麦二叉蚜麦无网长管蚜,6 d后禾谷缢管蚜和麦长管蚜全部死亡;9 d后麦二叉蚜全部死亡,但麦无网长管蚜死亡率仅为10.3%。生命表结果表明:麦无网长管蚜大部分个体在种衣剂处理麦苗上可以完成整个世代周期,但其生长发育延缓,存活率、寿命和繁殖力显著下降,内禀增长率(r_m)、周限增长率(λ)、净生殖率(R_0)显著降低,平均世代周期(T)显著延长。研究结果进一步证实吡虫啉包衣处理对麦长管蚜、禾谷缢管蚜、麦二叉蚜具有很好的防治效果,但对麦无网长管蚜防效较差。     

Movement and persistence of [14C]imidacloprid in sugar-beet plants following application to pelleted sugar-beet seed

[¹⁴C]Imidacloprid was applied to pelleted seeds of sugar beet which were then grown in pots of field soil. Leaves, roots and soil were analysed at intervals up to 97 days after planting and the distributions of parent compound and of several metabolites were quantified. At the first sampling, 21 days after application, parent imidacloprid was the main compound found in the leaves and its concentration averaged 15·2 μg g^-1 fresh weight. By the 25-leaf stage, 97 days after sowing, the concentration of parent compound in the leaves had fallen to an average of 0·5 μg g^-1; the metabolites and parent compound in the leaves then represented respectively 44·5% and 4·5% of the total applied radioactivity. In the root at 97 days, parent imidacloprid and its metabolites together accounted for only 0·1% of the applied activity, whilst in the soil there was 23% of parent compound and 4% as metabolites. The persistence of both parent imidacloprid and the olefinic metabolite, which has recently been shown to have higher aphicidal activity than the parent imidacloprid, explains the prolonged control of aphids observed with imidacloprid in both glasshouse and field trials. © 1998 SCI.     

Impacts of snow on seed germination are independent of seed traits and plant ecological characteristics in a temperate desert of Central Asia

Seed germination profoundly impacts plant community composition within the plant life cycle. Snow is an important source of water for seed germination in the temperate deserts of Central Asia. Understanding how seed germination responds to variations in snow cover in relation to seed traits and plant ecological characteristics can help predict plant community sustainability and stability in Central Asia under a scenario climate change. This study investigated the seed germination of 35 plant species common to the Gurbantunggut Desert in Central Asia under the three snow treatments: (1) snow addition; (2) ambient snow; and (3) snow removal. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were performed to assess interactions among the impacts of snow treatments, seed traits and plant ecological characteristics on seed germination. Phylogenetic generalized least-squares (PGLS) model was used to test the relationships between seed traits and seed germination. The results demonstrated that snow variations had no significant impacts on seed germination overall. Seed germination under the snow addition treatment was similar with that under the ambient snow treatment, irrespective of seed traits and plant ecological characteristics. Snow removal only had negative impacts on seed germination for certain groups of seed traits and plant ecological characteristics. Seed mass positively affected seed germination, showing a linear increase of arcsin square root-transformed seed germination with log-transformed seed mass. Seed shape also profoundly impacted seed germination, with a higher germination percentage for elongated and flat seeds. Seed germination differed under different plant life forms, with semi-shrub species showing a significantly higher germination percentage. Most importantly, although snow treatments, seed traits and plant ecological characteristics had no interactive effects on seed germination overall, some negative impacts from the snow removal treatment were detected when seeds were categorized on the basis of seed mass and shape. This result suggests that variations of snow cover may change plant community composition in this temperate desert due to their impacts on seed germination.     

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal symbiosis for control of Egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers.) in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) cultivation

The present study assessed the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers.) control to determine its effects on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) growth indices. This experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments included three strains of AMF (Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices and Glomuse hoe ) at three levels (100, 200 and 300 kg ha^?1). The control treatments (without mycorrhiza) were with and without broomrape (weed infest and weed free). The results showed that the use of G. intraradices and G. mosseae decreased broomrape seed germination, the number of nodules and the dry weight of the broomrape and increased root area and dry weight of the tomato plant when compared to G. hoe and the control treatments without broomrape. The tomato yield in G. intraradices 300 kg ha^?1 treatment increased by 10 and 205% than weed free and weed infest treatments, respectively. Finally, G. intraradices and G. mosseae at, respectively, 200 and 300 kg ha^?1 are recommended for land under tomato cultivation that has been contaminated with broomrape.     

Distribution of Megastigmus aculeatus (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) and the levels of seed predation of Rosa multiflora (Rosaceae)

Rosa multiflora Thunb. (Rosaceae), an invasive plant that currently infests millions of hectares in the eastern half of the USA, was planted initially in the 1940s as a “living fence”, cover for game animals and for erosion control. The larvae of Megastigmus aculeatus var. nigroflavus Hoffmeyer (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) feed on the developing R. multiflora seeds and have the potential to reduce the seed output of R. multiflora. Rosehips were collected from 49 sites across eastern and southern Iowa, USA, to determine the presence and distribution of M. aculeatus, the larvae of which were found in 266 of the 979 (27%) rosehips that were dissected and at 31 of the 49 sites (63%) that were sampled. The levels of M. aculeatus infestation over 2–3 years were determined at three selected sites and it was documented that more seeds were aborted than were viable or contained wasp larvae. A negative relationship was observed between the numbers of both the aborted and the viable seeds and the probability of a rosehip being attacked by M. aculeatus, indicating that M. aculeatus females are not preferentially selecting rosehips with higher numbers of viable or aborted seeds for oviposition. There is a significant reduction in both the viable seeds and the aborted seeds in hips that have been attacked by M. aculeatus. Detailed knowledge of R. multiflora demography is necessary to determine the level of seed predation that is required to reduce the recruitment of new individuals into the population.     

5种种衣剂防治小麦主要土传病害研究

研究了5种种衣剂对小麦土传病害纹枯病、全蚀病和根腐病的防治效果。结果表明,230g/L吡虫啉·苯醚·咯悬浮种衣剂综合防治效果优于其他药剂处理,对小麦纹枯病的防治效果为73.51%～95.05%,对小麦全蚀病的防治效果为73.01%～87.41%,对小麦根腐病的防治效果为65.51%～92. 09%。按药效其次依次是60g/L戊唑醇悬浮种衣剂、30g/L苯醚甲环唑悬浮种衣剂、25g/L咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂、15%多·福悬浮种衣剂。随着小麦的生长,各处理的防效逐渐降低,但直到枯白穗期还有一定防治效果。同时230g/L吡虫啉·苯醚·咯悬浮种衣剂对小麦增产作用明显。     

外源ATP对盐胁迫下油菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以‘陇油8号’油菜为试验材料,研究了不同浓度(1、10、25、50、100μmol·L^-1)外源ATP预处理对盐胁迫下油菜种子萌发及幼苗生物量、H₂O₂和·OH含量、抗氧化酶活性、膜损伤程度、渗透调节物质及相关基因表达的影响。结果表明,与对照(不用ATP或NaCl处理)相比,用不同浓度的外源ATP处理,可不同程度地提高油菜种子的发芽率和发芽势,25μmol·L^-1的ATP处理表现较为显著,发芽率和发芽势分别提高了26.9%和17.2%。25μmol·L^-1的ATP+NaCl处理相比较于单独NaCl胁迫处理,油菜种子的发芽率和发芽势分别提高了13.7%和15.0%,油菜幼苗的生物量(根长、株高、鲜重)、2种抗氧化酶活性(CAT、POD)、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量及相关基因(MAPK3和MAPK6、SOS1和NHX1)的表达量均显著增加,其中根长、株高、鲜重分别增加了23.6%、27.3%、28.6%,CAT、POD活性、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量分别增加了10.3%、27.0%、15.9%...