Ecophysiological factors contributing to the invasion of Panicum maximum into native Miscanthus sinensis grassland in Taiwan

Panicum maximum (guinea grass), a native grass of Africa, has invaded and displaced the native Miscanthus sinensis grassland at Dadu terrace in central Taiwan. The Dadu terrace has distinct wet and dry seasons and is prone to fire during the dry seasons. We compared photosynthesis and growth, as well as the growth response to two water treatments, between P. maximum and M. sinensis plants to understand ecophysiological factors contributing to the successful invasion of the grass. In comparison with M. sinensis, P. maximum had a significantly higher photosynthetic rate, larger specific leaf area and a higher leaf area/total biomass ratio, and thus grew faster and higher, and accumulated more biomass under well‐watered conditions. The growth of P. maximum was more susceptible than M. sinensis to drought stress. Faster growth of seedlings and more biomass accumulation of mature plants would give P. maximum a highly competitive advantage over M. sinensis for resource acquisition in the Dadu terrace during the wet season, which might contribute to the successful invasion of P. maximum into the grassland of M. sinensis.     

The phytophagous insects on lantana in brazil and their potential for biological control in Australia

Abstract

A ten‐year survey of phytophagous insects associated with Lantana spp. (chiefly L. tiliaefolia Cham, and L. glutinosa Poepp.) in Brazil, yielded 345 species from eight orders. Half of the total species collected were Coleoptera, with Chrysomelidae being the most important family. Other important families were the Curculionidae and, in the Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Arctiidae and Noctuidae. More than 90% of insect species fed on the vegetative parts of the plant, with almost two‐thirds of these chewing holes in leaves, and fewer than 10% attacking the flowers and fruits. Woody stem borers were rare, constituting only 2% of the total insect species collected. The present status of biological control of lantana in Australia is reviewed together with the prospects of importing further biological control candidates from Brazil.     

云南省六个国家级自然保护区外来入侵草本植物与本地植物的关系

为明确不同自然保护区外来入侵草本植物及其与本地植物多样性之间的关系,以我国生物多样性丰富的云南省为研究对象,于2014年对云南省6个国家级自然保护区的82个1 m2小样方(78个100 m2大样方)中外来入侵草本植物和本地植物物种丰富度和密度进行调查,并分析外来入侵草本植物物种丰富度与本地草本植物物种丰富度、外来入侵草本植物密度与本地草本植物密度的关系及对不同自然保护区外来入侵草本植物物种丰富度的差异进行分析。结果显示,共调查发现22种外来入侵草本植物,其中纳板河流域国家级自然保护区种类最多,达14种,金平分水岭国家级自然保护区仅有2种;6个国家级自然保护区本地草本植物的物种丰富度与外来入侵草本植物的物种丰富度之间、本地草本植物密度与外来入侵草本植物密度之间均呈现正、负2种相关关系,其中哀牢山国家级自然保护区本地草本植物的物种丰富度与外来入侵草本植物物种丰富度呈显著负相关,其它5个国家级自然保护区的相关性均不显著。简单回归分析表明自然保护区外来入侵草本植物物种丰富度与本地草本植物物种丰富度、本地草本植物盖度、本地乔灌木物种丰富度呈显著负相关,多元回归分析结果表明乔灌木物种丰富度和经纬度是造成不同自然保护区外来入侵草本植物物种多样性差异的主要原因。     

根茎类禾草发育特性的研究

本项研究结果表明 ,根茎类禾草的生育期普遍较长。一般情况是长根茎禾草的有性生殖期相对较短 ,而其无性生殖期相对较长 ;短根茎禾草则相反。不同根茎类型的禾草在生长发育过程中地上部和地下部的发育动态有不同的变化规律。地上部重量差异表现为短根茎 >中根茎 >长根茎 ,三者在地上部生长均呈现单峰曲线 ;地下部根系重表现为长根茎 >中根茎 >短根茎 ;根冠比的变化趋势三者均呈现由高—低 -高的“U”型曲线 ,根冠比大小表现为长根茎>中根茎 >短根茎。根茎类禾草中根茎的发育程度与种子的休眠程度有明显的关系 ,根茎越发达 ,其无性繁殖能力越强 ,种子的休眠程度越严重     

豆禾混播建植人工草地对牧草产量和草质的影响

以内蒙古锡林浩特内蒙古大学草地生态学研究基地为试验样地,通过对单播和混播情况下豆科牧草和禾本科牧草产量、竞争能力、牧草营养价值等测定分析,比较不同播种方式对牧草生长的影响。结果表明:豆禾混播情况下,牧草产量有较为明显的提高,尤其是第2年混播草地中禾本科牧草的产量较第1年有了提高。在豆禾播种比例1∶2的情况下,混播牧草在一定程度上避免了种间竞争,2 a内混播草地的相对产量总值均大于1,表明其生长较为协调,豆科和禾本科牧草双方均受益。豆禾混播时牧草的营养价值有所改变,豆禾混播草地粗蛋白含量增加,粗纤维含量下降,营养价值有所提高。因此,豆禾混播草地稳定性高,牧草产量和营养价值较高,有利于大面积推广,是建植人工草地的较好选择。     

农牧交错区草业助推技术体系研究——以宁南试区为例

退耕还草,发展草业,是我国北方农牧交错区生态建设的根本途径。为了推动北方农牧交错区草业的发展,在分析了该区发展草业所面临问题的基础上,提出了该区草业助推技术体系的概念。该技术体系包括旱作农田增产技术、农田保水保土耕作技术、农牧结构优化调整及苜蓿生产技术。并以宁南试区为例,介绍了该技术体系的应用效果。     

4种除草剂对麦田禾本科杂草药效比较

采用室内盆栽的方法,测定精嗯唑禾草灵6．9％水乳剂、甲基二磺隆3％油悬剂、炔草酸15％可湿性粉剂、氟唑磺隆70％水分散粒剂四种茎叶除草剂对山东发生的主要麦田禾本科杂草硬草、看麦娘、多花黑麦草、雀麦、节节麦、野燕麦、茼草的杀草谱．结果表明：精嗯唑禾草灵6．9％水乳剂对硬草、看麦娘、茼草、野燕麦有良好的防效,鲜重抑制率在88％以上：甲基二磺隆3％油悬剂对硬草、看麦娘、多花黑麦草、雀麦、节节麦、野燕麦防效良好。鲜重抑制率在87％以上;炔草酸15％可湿性粉剂对硬草、看麦娘、茼草、野燕麦防效良好,鲜重抑制率在94％以上：氟唑磺隆70％水分散粒剂对雀麦、硬草、看麦娘、多花黑麦草有良好的防效,鲜重抑制率在88％以上。     

气候变化对宁夏草地生态系统的影响分析

本文利用野外实测草地干物质产量资料与当地气象站观测资料进行回归分析,分别建立牧草地上部分干物质总产量、优势牧草地上部分干物质产量与气候因子的关系。采用插值分析技术,结合国内外科学家对未来气候变化的研究结论,推算出不同时间(当前、2020年、2050年)250m×250m分辨率的宁夏牧草主要生长季积温和降水量值,进而模拟不同时间牧草地上部分总干物质产量、优势牧草地上部分干物质产量,进一步分析了宁夏草场未来演变趋势。     

塔里木河中下游地区苏丹草生态适应性研究

针对干旱荒漠地区生态环境的特点 ,本文系统论述了苏丹草在塔里木河中下游干旱地区引种的生物学特性 ,并对其栽培与管理方法、各物候期的积温、日照、旬平均气温等环境因子进行了研究 ,分析了一年中的累积植株生长量和植株生长量与主导作用的气象因子的关系 ,突出苏丹草的物候期、生长规律、生物量和营养成份的变化 ,评价此物种在塔河中下游地区种植的适宜性和优质高产生产性能 ,试验结果表明苏丹草年产鲜草 91 369.85～ 1 47646.2kg/hm2 ,苏丹草的种子的耐盐性 ( >2 .0 % )明显高于苜蓿 ,具有很强的适宜性 ,具有相当高的生态、经济、社会效益。     

根茎禾草发育过程中糖含量与能值分配规律的研究

研究表明根茎类禾草含糖量和能值分配存在明显的发育时期、发育器官和植物根茎类型的差异。一般根茎类禾草含糖量在地上部呈单峰曲线 ,前营养期高于后营养期 ;地下部呈“S”型曲线 ,后营养期高于前营养期。根茎类禾草总含糖量和地上部含糖量是 :短根茎大于长根茎 ;地下部含糖量是 :长根茎大于短根茎 ;穗部是 :短根茎大于长根茎。根茎类禾草有性生殖器官的能值分配较低 ,一般在 5～ 1 0 %之间 ,短根茎高于长根茎 ;地上部的能值分配较高 ,一般在 40～ 80 %之间 ,短根茎明显高于长根茎 ,前营养期高于后营养期。地下部的能值分配一般在 1 0～ 50 %之间 ,短根茎明显低于长根茎 ,后营养期高于前营养期。根茎类禾草在生育期内 ,地上部与地下部的能值分配存在明显的互补性 ;在前营养期地上部营养器官与生殖器官的能值分配存在明显的一致性。糖含量与生长发育相关分析达极显著或显著正相关 ,这表明糖含量与根茎类禾草的生长发育有较高的一致性。     

海拔高度对羊草生物量和根茎形态可塑性的影响

内蒙古大青山地区羊草生物量和根茎形态可塑性随海拔高度(1000m-2000m)变化反应的研究结果表明,二者均具有显著可塑性。在生物量方面:羊草生物量、群落总生物量及两者比值随着海拔高度的升高均呈现出递增的趋势;根茎与须根的比值也是呈增加的趋势,这表明海拔高度影响其物质的分配比率,但根冠比却呈二次曲线的变化,即开始时下降随后又增加的趋势。在形态可塑性方面:根茎总长度、根茎节间长度随着海拔的升高,呈现出递增的趋势,而相邻分株间距没有表现出明显海拔差异。     

石羊河流域春秋不同播期人工牧草气候生产力分析

2003～2005年对石羊河流域春秋两种播期人工牧草紫花苜蓿(Medicago sative)、沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens)的生育期,地上、地下生物量,产量等进行了连续测定。结果表明:(1)紫花苜蓿、沙打旺生长第二年(2004年)干物重春播地均高于秋播地。分别增产3 505.0 kg/hm2、2 314.5 kg/hm2。(2)春播和秋播地牧草干物质积累增长关键期均出现在现蕾～开花期。此期紫花苜蓿、沙打旺干物质积累量分别占累积总量的70%和63%。(3)生长第二年(2004年)春播和秋播地青干比最小值出现在开花期,也是牧草刈割的最佳期。(4)春播牧草地下生物量高于秋播。春播紫花苜蓿、沙打旺根干重分别比秋播高2.5～2.6倍和0.5～1.0倍,春播有利于牧草根系生长。(5)春季日平均气温稳定通过5℃为牧草适宜返青温度。在灌溉条件下,牧草干重与热量因子呈显著正相关,生产力高低主要取决于热量的多寡,秋播地和晚熟品种对热量条件的需求更高。     

Growth performance of Vallisneria spiralis under oligotrophic conditions supports its potential invasiveness in mid‐elevation freshwaters

Under the influence of human‐driven impacts, inland aquatic habitats of intermediate to mid‐high elevations may provide new areas for the establishment of lowland macrophytes that usually act as opportunistic species. Vallisneria spiralis, an obligate lowland macrophyte with an altitudinal range not exceeding 300 m, is a typical component of the plant diversity in meso‐ to eutrophic water habitats. This species is an engineering species in ecosystems, being able to modify the colonised sediments promoting its self‐maintenance under eutrophic conditions. Vallisneria spiralis delivers large amounts of oxygen to roots promoting the loss of nitrogen via denitrification and reducing the internal nutrient load of colonised environments. However, the establishment of the species results in rapid sediment accumulation and the progressive loss of more sensitive macrophytes. Furthermore, V. spiralis is one of the most widespread alien aquatic weeds in Europe. In this study, we evaluated the growth performance of V. spiralis under oligotrophic conditions at the upper limit of its altitudinal distribution using two different techniques: harvesting and leaf‐marking. Vallisneria spiralis proved to be able to grow under oligotrophic conditions, even if at rates lower than those recorded under eutrophic conditions. Accordingly, V. spiralis represents a potential threat for oligotrophic aquatic habitats at moderate elevations. However, the high variability observed in the growth responses highlights the need of further investigation to evaluate the key factors involved in the establishment and survival of the species.     

灌溉和生草对猕猴桃园土壤质量的影响

为探明灌溉和生草对猕猴桃园土壤质量的影响,于2016—2017年在陕西省眉县猕猴桃园试验地分别布设地面灌溉+除草(Ⅰ)、地面灌溉+自然生草(Ⅱ)、滴灌+除草(Ⅲ)和滴灌+自然生草(Ⅳ)4种处理,对试验地0～50 cm土层的土壤机械组成、物理和化学性质进行了统计分析,并利用土壤质量综合指数对土壤质量进行了评价,结果表明:与其他处理相比,Ⅲ处理使0～30 cm土层土壤容重和砂粒质量分数分别降低了0.02～0.24g·cm~(-3)和0.36%～5.25%,使土壤孔隙度、田间持水量、黏粒质量分数和土壤粒径分形维数分别增大了0.17%～7.17%、0.59%～2.53%、0.99%～7.15%和0.01～0.13;Ⅳ处理在0～30 cm土层中的速效磷和碱解氮与Ⅰ、Ⅱ处理无差异,显著高于Ⅲ处理10.75～109.55 mg·kg~(-1)和20.74～78.91 mg·kg~(-1)(P0.05),可使0～50 cm土层的速效钾、速效磷和碱解氮分别达到猕猴桃施肥标准的丰富、中等及中等水平;与其他处理相比,Ⅳ处理可使0～50 cm土层土壤黏粒质量分数增加了1.21%～2.66%,土壤粉粒质量分数减少了0.81%～1.41%,使土壤分形维数显著增加(P0.05),土壤质量综合指数最大,达0.619。因此,滴灌+自然生草(Ⅳ)的管理方式是猕猴桃园土地可持续性利用的有效措施。     

Differential susceptibility of barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli) ecotypes to Exserohilum longirostratum

Ten barnyard grass ( Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli ) ecotypes collected from several locations in Malaysian and Indonesian granaries were tested for variation in their susceptibility to the leaf blight pathogen ( Exserohilum longirostratum ). Four phenological growth stages of the ecotypes were sprayed with E. longirostratum at the rate of 1 × 10⁷ conidia mL⁻¹ under glasshouse conditions. The results of the study showed that plants inoculated with 1 × 10⁷ conidia mL⁻¹ and exposed for 24 h dew periods were severely infected and the percentage dry weight reduction of all ecotypes significantly increased. The 1–2 and 2–3-leaf stage plants were completely killed within 6 days after inoculation. However, susceptibility reactions among the ecotypes were observed at the 4–5-leaf stage, while the 6–7-leaf stage was resistant. The ecotypes, K-02, PK-04, KN-02, CJ-01, and L-01, were the most susceptible ecotypes as indicated by a higher area under disease progress curve value. The apparent disease progress rates for these ecotypes were significantly faster compared to the other ecotypes. The dry weight reduction among the four growth stages was variable. These findings show that the 1–2 and 2–3-leaf stages are the most susceptible, while the 6–7-leaf stage was resistant. This study has confirmed that a variable response to the fungal pathogen occurred within an intraspecific barnyard grass collection.     

啶磺草胺等8种除草剂对小麦田8种禾本科杂草的生物活性

在温室内采用盆栽整株喷雾法研究了啶磺草胺等8种除草剂对雀麦、节节麦等8种禾本科杂草的生物活性,探讨各除草剂对这些禾本科杂草的防除谱及防除效果。结果表明：啶磺草胺、氟唑磺隆和甲基二磺隆对雀麦、日本看麦娘和看麦娘的防效均较好,田间推荐剂量下（14、22.5、9 g/hm2）防效为66.74%～100%;对硬草的防效略差;对野燕麦和节节麦的防效较差;对菵草、蜡烛草略有差异,氟唑磺隆对菵草防效较好,而啶磺草胺对蜡烛草防效较好。唑啉草酯、肟草酮、炔草酯、精恶唑禾草灵和异丙隆对日本看麦娘、看麦娘、蜡烛草、硬草、菵草和野燕麦防效均较好,田间推荐剂量下防效为71.73%～100%,对节节麦、雀麦防效较差或无效。     

Studies of the New Herbicide KIH-6127. Part II. Synthesis and Herbicidal Activity of 6-Acyl Pyrimidin-2-yl Salicylates and Analogues against Barnyard Grass

The method reported previously (Part I) was employed to prepare a variety of novel 6-acylsalicylates as key intermediates. 6-Acylpyrimidin-2-yl salicylates (2-acyl-6-[(4,6-disubstituted pyrimidin-2-yl)oxy]benzoate derivatives: Type 1), the closely related phthalide compounds (3-alkyl-7-[(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)oxy]phthalide derivatives: Type 2) and the ketal derivatives of 2-acyl-6-[(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)oxy]benzoates (Type 3) were synthesized and their herbicidal activities measured. Methyl 2-acetyl-6-[(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)oxy]benzoate gave excellent control of barnyard grass with a promising profile as a prototype rice herbicide.