棉蚜抗药性及其化学防治

棉蚜［Aphis gossypii（Glover）］属半翅目蚜科,是一种世界性的害虫,主要通过取食植物汁液和传播病毒给农业生产造成严重损失。长期以来,棉蚜的防治一直以化学防治为主,棉蚜对有机氯、有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯、新烟碱类等多种杀虫药剂已经产生了抗性。本文主要从棉蚜抗药性发展历史、抗药性机制以及棉蚜的化学防治等方面进行论述,期望能为农业生产上延缓棉蚜抗药性产生、有效治理棉蚜提供指导。     

Efficacy of dose-dependent indigenous microbial insecticides against cotton aphid,Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) at various temperature regimes

Strain selection based on temperature may be warranted when choosing an isolate for development as a microbial control agent. To this end, the effects of three temperature regimes, namely 20, 25 and 30°C, on the virulence of four Beauveria and two Metarhizium isolates against the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, were investigated under controlled conditions, 65–70% relative humidity, and a photoperiod of 12:12 (light: dark) hours. The isolates did vary significantly in their activities of efficacy over a range of temperatures. The highest mortality and lowest survival times were observed at 25°C for DLCO41 and at 30°C for DLCO87; while mortality decreased and survival time increased at temperatures of 20°C. Besides the tested fungal isolate DLCO87 had the lowest LC₅₀ value (6.84 × 10⁵ conidia mL^?1) at 30°C. The promising result of this study should enable us to conduct further studies to determine the potential use of the fungus as an agent against Aphis gossypii both in greenhouse and under field conditions.     

棉蚜抗药性现状及治理策略

棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover是农业生产上最重要的害虫之一。化学杀虫剂一直以来都是棉蚜综合防治体系中的重要组成部分, 但化学杀虫剂的不合理使用导致棉蚜对多种杀虫剂均产生了高水平抗性。现有研究表明, 靶标位点突变、解毒酶基因的过表达以及某些肠道共生菌丰度的变化是导致棉蚜对杀虫剂产生抗性的主要机制。针对棉蚜抗性发展现状及其抗药性机制, 制定科学合理的抗性治理策略, 是充分发挥化学防治的优势、实现棉蚜可持续治理的关键。本文主要从棉蚜的抗药性现状、抗性机制和抗性治理策略3个方面对近10多年的主要进展进行了综述, 旨在为棉蚜抗药性长效治理和科学施策提供理论依据。     

6种农药对瓜蚜的毒力测定及田间药效

为了筛选防治西瓜瓜蚜的有效药剂,用6种药剂进行了室内毒力测定和田间药效试验。结果表明,1.8%阿维菌素EC对瓜蚜的毒力最高,60g/L乙基多杀菌素SC毒力最低,48hLC50分别为0.38mg/L和2 225.63mg/L。6种药剂毒力大小依次为阿维菌素溴氰虫酰胺氟啶虫胺腈啶虫脒吡虫啉乙基多杀菌素。田间试验结果表明,1.8%阿维菌素EC 3 000倍、10%溴氰虫酰胺OD 2 000倍、22%氟啶虫胺腈SC 4 000倍对瓜蚜速效性及持效性均较好,3~14d防效均达到90%以上,防效差异不显著;20%啶虫脒WP 3 000倍和10%吡虫啉WP 3 000倍速效性及持效性均较差,1d防效分别为31.31%和6.66%,14d防效分别为57.39%和47.80%;60g/L乙基多杀菌素SC 1 000倍防效最差,药后14d的最高防效仅为34.70%。推荐田间轮换使用阿维菌素、溴氰虫酰胺、氟啶虫胺腈防治瓜蚜。     

棉花抗蚜性与可溶性糖含量的关系

为探讨可溶性糖含量与棉花抗蚜性的关系,在室内人工接蚜为害和田间自然蚜群两种条件下,测定不同抗蚜性棉花品种受棉蚜为害后叶片中可溶性糖含量及其对棉蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明:未受棉蚜为害时,抗性品种中可溶性糖含量高于感性品种,棉蚜为害胁迫后,抗蚜棉花品种可溶性糖含量升高,感蚜品种的可溶性糖含量降低。棉蚜的生长发育和繁殖与棉花叶片中可溶性糖含量呈显著的相关,可溶性糖与棉蚜若蚜历期呈正相关,与内禀增长率呈负相关。本研究说明可溶性糖含量对棉花的抗蚜性有一定的影响,转基因棉可溶性糖含量低于常规棉品种可能是导致非目标害虫棉蚜猖獗的原因之一。     

Susceptibility of standard clones and European field populations of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, and the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae), to the novel anthranilic diamide insecticide cyantraniliprole

BACKGROUND: Parthenogenetic clones of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, were tested with the anthranilic diamide insecticide cyantraniliprole (i.e. DuPont^? Cyazypyr^?) in systemic‐uptake bioassays to investigate potential for cross‐resistance conferred by mechanisms of insecticide resistance to organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids and, in the case of M. persicae, reduced sensitivity to neonicotinoids. These data were compared with the response of field samples of M. persicae and A. gossypii collected from around Europe. RESULTS: Cyantraniliprole was not cross‐resisted by any of the known insecticide resistance mechanisms present in M. persicae or A. gossypii. The compound was equally active against resistant and susceptible aphid strains. The responses of the M. persicae field samples were very consistent with a maximum response ratio of 2.9 compared with a standard laboratory clone. The responses of the A. gossypii field samples were more variable, although a majority of the responses were not statistically different. CONCLUSION: Cyantraniliprole is currently the only anthranilic diamide (IRAC MoA 28) insecticide targeting aphid species such as M. persicae and A. gossypii. There is no evidence to suggest that the performance of this compound is affected by commonly occurring mechanisms that confer resistance to other insecticide chemistries. Cyantraniliprole is therefore a valuable tool for managing insecticide resistance in these globally important pests. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

北疆地区棉蚜对不同杀虫剂敏感度水平测定

为了解北疆不同地区棉蚜种群对不同类型杀虫剂的敏感度水平,科学指导北疆地区棉蚜的化学防治,利用FAO推荐的叶片浸渍法(1980)测定北疆地区4个棉蚜田间种群对4类杀虫剂的敏感性.结果表明,新农大种群对杀虫剂的敏感水平最高,不同类型杀虫剂的毒力大小顺序为:新烟碱类＞有机磷类＞抗生素类＞拟除虫菊酯类.安宁渠种群较石河子种群更为敏感.石河子垦区内的两个不同种群对菊酯类处于相对敏感状态;对有机磷类产生了明显抗药性,147团种群对辛硫磷的相对抗性倍数为951.8倍,新湖农场种群更达到了1236.9倍;147团种群和新湖种群对啶虫脒亦产生了明显的抗药性,相对抗性倍数分别为134.4倍和270.0倍,但对吡虫啉的敏感度较高.石河子垦区应限制使用新烟碱类的啶虫脒和有机磷类杀虫剂,以减缓棉蚜抗性的发展.     

干旱胁迫对棉花上棉蚜种群增长影响的评价方法

为建立干旱胁迫对棉花害虫种群增长影响的评价方法,本研究设置1%、3%和5%聚乙二醇6000(PEG-6000)溶液处理4叶期棉花苗,分别模拟轻度、中度、重度干旱胁迫,系统测定并比较分析了棉花植株生理特性及棉蚜种群密度。结果显示：随着PEG-6000浓度增加,棉花地上部分生物量和叶片相对含水量逐渐降低,而棉花植株上的棉蚜种群增长能力和平均密度明显下降。分析表明,干旱胁迫不利于棉花植株生长,进而对棉蚜种群增长产生负面影响。本研究为后续系统研究干旱胁迫对棉花-害虫-天敌互作关系的长期影响及其机制奠定了重要基础。     

人工释放普通草蛉田间防治棉蚜效果研究

于2013年利用人工繁殖的普通草蛉对新疆哈密地区棉田的棉蚜进行生物防治,结果表明,棉田释放密度为30、40、50和60粒/株的普通草蛉卵5~13d后,与对照相比,各处理棉田的棉蚜数量均呈不断下降趋势,与对照相比校正防效不断升高。其中释放卵50和60粒/株10~13d后,校正防效可达69.88%~78.73%,取得了较好的防治效果。本研究通过小区试验研究人工繁殖的普通草蛉对棉田棉蚜的生物防治效果,为新疆棉田棉蚜的生物防治研究提供了理论基础和指导依据。     

Toxicities and sublethal effects of seven neonicotinoid insecticides on survival, growth and reproduction of imidacloprid-resistant cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii

BACKGROUND: Imidacloprid has been a major neonicotinoid insecticide for controlling Aphis gossypii (Glover) (Homoptera: Aphididae) and other piercing–sucking pests. However, the resistance to imidacloprid has been recorded in many target insects. At the same time, cross‐resistance of imidacloprid and other insecticides, especially neonicotinoid insecticides, has been detected. RESULTS: Results showed that the level of cross‐resistance was different between imidacloprid and tested neonicotinoid insecticides (no cross‐resistance: dinotefuran, thiamethoxam and clothianidin; a 3.68–5.79‐fold cross‐resistance: acetamiprid, nitenpyram and thiacloprid). In the study of sublethal effects, imidacloprid at LC₂₀ doses could suppress weight gain and honeydew excretion, but showed no significant effects on longevity and fecundity of the imidacloprid‐resistant cotton aphid, A. gossypii. However, other neonicotinoid insecticides showed significant adverse effects on biological characteristics (body weight, honeydew excretion, longevity and fecundity) in the order of dinotefuran > thiamethoxam and clothianidin > nitenpyram > thiacloprid and acetamiprid. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that dinotefuran is the most effective insecticide for use against imidacloprid‐resistant A. gossypii. To avoid further resistance development, the use of nitenpyram, acetamiprid and thiacloprid should be avoided on imidacloprid‐resistant populations of A. gossypii. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

棉蚜在棉田的空间分布型研究

棉蚜是为害棉花的重要害虫之一。近年来棉花蕾铃期的伏蚜为害加重,给棉花生产造成巨大损失。了解棉蚜在棉田的空间分布可以为防治棉蚜提供科学依据。为此本文进行了棉田棉蚜种群分布调查,并采用聚集度指标法、Iwao回归分析法、Taylor幂法测定。结果表明,棉蚜在棉田的空间分布是聚集型的。     

不同体色棉蚜的体色变化规律与繁殖特征

黄、绿两种体色棉蚜在不同温度下的体色变化规律表明,绿色干母的黄色后代在18℃和22℃下经1代分化后全部稳定产绿色个体,而在26℃下则分化为绿色和黄色两种个体。棉田采集的黄、绿个体在不同温度下的体色筛选表明,黄色个体在18℃和21℃下能分化出黄色和绿色两种个体,但在24℃和27℃下保持黄色不变;而绿色个体在18℃和21℃的低温下连续4代基本上保持绿色不变,24℃和27℃的高温下却全分化为黄色。棉蚜在棉株新叶上的绿色蚜比例明显高于老叶。田间黄、绿两种体色棉蚜在相同温度下的产仔前期、平均寿命无显著差异,但平均产仔量表现为绿色蚜高于黄色蚜,并在26℃下差异显著。     

大气CO2浓度升高对棉蚜生长繁殖及 体内主要代谢产物的影响

大气CO_2浓度逐步升高对于不同取食方式的植食性昆虫有着不同的影响。目前,大气CO_2浓度逐步升高对刺吸式口器昆虫连续世代的直接和间接影响未见系统研究。本试验研究了实验室条件下不同CO_2浓度(对照浓度360μL/L和处理浓度720μL/L)对连续3代棉蚜的繁殖和死亡及棉蚜体内主要代谢物质的直接和间接影响。结果显示:(1)直接影响:大气CO_2浓度升高对连续3代棉蚜的繁殖和死亡的直接影响不显著,但高浓度(720μL/L)CO_2环境中饲养的棉蚜体内总糖与总蛋白的含量显著高于对照(360μL/L)CO_2处理。(2)间接影响:取食720μL/L CO_2环境下生长的棉叶,每一个世代棉蚜的繁殖数都显著高于对照(取食360μL/L环境下生长的棉叶),但死亡率与对照相比无显著差异。棉蚜体内总糖的含量显著高于对照,但是总蛋白的含量显著低于对照。试验结果表明CO_2浓度升高对棉蚜无直接影响;主要通过改变寄主植物的营养物质而对棉蚜产生间接影响。CO_2浓度升高会导致棉蚜种群的增长。     

2种蚜虫取食诱导棉花对棉长管蚜与棉蚜取食行为的影响

为研究棉长管蚜Acyrthosiphon gossypii 与棉蚜 Aphis gossypii 对蚜虫取食诱导棉花的取食适应性, 揭示取食诱导下两种蚜虫的取食竞争机制, 采用刺探电位图谱技术(electrical penetration graph, EPG)测定在健康棉花、棉长管蚜或棉蚜诱导的棉花上取食6 h的棉长管蚜和棉蚜的16个重要参数, 比较两种蚜虫的取食行为。研究发现:1) 取食健康棉花时, 棉蚜在木质部(G波)的取食持续总时间长于棉长管蚜，棉蚜在木质部的取食能力大于棉长管蚜，但二者在韧皮部的取食能力相差不大。2) 取食棉长管蚜诱导的棉花时, 棉蚜取食韧皮部(E2波)持续的总时间为(2 531.33±60.86)s, 显著大于棉长管蚜E2波持续总时间［(2 196.00±98.91)s］;取食棉蚜诱导的棉花时, 棉蚜取食韧皮部、木质部持续的总时间显著长于棉长管蚜(P＜0.05), 说明棉蚜对于棉蚜诱导棉花的取食耐受性大于棉长管蚜。棉蚜对两种蚜虫取食诱导棉花的适应性更强, 更易在竞争中取得优势。棉长管蚜与棉蚜取食棉长管蚜或棉蚜诱导棉花的F波持续总时间长于健康棉花, 说明经取食诱导的棉花具有一定的抗虫性。     

5种药剂对枸杞棉蚜室内毒力及田间防效

为了明确5种药剂对枸杞棉蚜的适宜施药剂量,开展了室内毒力测定和田间药效试验.结果 表明,1％甲维盐EC对枸杞棉蚜的毒力最高,50％噻虫嗪WG毒力最低,24 h LC50分别为2.44 mg/L和1875.69 mg/L.5种药剂毒力大小依次为甲维盐＞啶虫脒＞吡蚜酮＞呋虫胺＞噻虫嗪.田间试验结果表明,随着施药时间的延长,...     

Efficacy of plant metabolites of imidacloprid against Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii (Homoptera: Aphididae)

The metabolism of the chloronicotinyl insecticide imidacloprid is strongly influenced by the method of application. Whilst in foliar application most of the residues on the leaf surface display unchanged parent compound, most of the imidacloprid administered to plants by soil application or seed treatment is metabolized more or less completely, depending on plant species and time. The present study revealed that certain metabolites of imidacloprid which have been described in crop plants are highly active against aphid pests in different types of bioassays. Some of these metabolites showed a high oral activity against the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae), and the cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii). The aphicidal potency of the metabolites investigated was weaker in aphid dip tests than in oral ingestion bioassays using artificial double membranes. The most active plant metabolite was the imidazoline derivative of imidacloprid. The LC₅₀ values of this metabolite for M. persicae and A. gossypii in oral ingestion bioassays were in the lower ppb-range, i.e. 0·0044 and 0·0068 mg litre^-1, respectively. Most of the other reported metabolites showed much weaker activity. Compared to imidacloprid, the imidazoline derivative showed superior affinity to housefly (Musca domestica) head nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, while all other metabolites were less specific than imidacloprid. It seems possible that, after seed treatment or soil application, a few of the biologically active metabolites arising are acting in concert with remaining levels of the parent compound imidacloprid, thus providing good control and long-lasting residual activity against plant-sucking pests in certain crops. © 1998 SCI.