啶磺草胺等8种除草剂对小麦田8种禾本科杂草的生物活性

在温室内采用盆栽整株喷雾法研究了啶磺草胺等8种除草剂对雀麦、节节麦等8种禾本科杂草的生物活性,探讨各除草剂对这些禾本科杂草的防除谱及防除效果。结果表明：啶磺草胺、氟唑磺隆和甲基二磺隆对雀麦、日本看麦娘和看麦娘的防效均较好,田间推荐剂量下（14、22.5、9 g/hm2）防效为66.74%～100%;对硬草的防效略差;对野燕麦和节节麦的防效较差;对菵草、蜡烛草略有差异,氟唑磺隆对菵草防效较好,而啶磺草胺对蜡烛草防效较好。唑啉草酯、肟草酮、炔草酯、精恶唑禾草灵和异丙隆对日本看麦娘、看麦娘、蜡烛草、硬草、菵草和野燕麦防效均较好,田间推荐剂量下防效为71.73%～100%,对节节麦、雀麦防效较差或无效。     

不同除草剂对11种冬小麦田阔叶杂草的防除效果比较

小麦田除草剂的长期使用,造成麦田杂草群落发生变化。为建立不同区域优势杂草种类的化学防除技术,本研究采用室内盆栽法测定了14种除草剂对11种冬小麦田阔叶杂草的防除效果。结果表明,灭草松可以较好地防除冬小麦田野老鹳草、牛繁缕、大巢菜、紫堇、小藜、阿拉伯婆婆纳、播娘蒿、猪殃殃、麦家公等阔叶杂草;吡草醚对野老鹳草、牛繁缕、小藜、阿拉伯婆婆纳、播娘蒿、猪殃殃、麦家公、荠菜等8种杂草防效突出。辛酰溴苯腈可很好地防除牛繁缕、大巢菜、小藜、阿拉伯婆婆纳、播娘蒿、麦家公等6种阔叶杂草;唑草酮对野老鹳草、牛繁缕、阿拉伯婆婆纳、播娘蒿、猪殃殃等5种杂草防效突出。这4种除草剂及其适用浓度与其他供试药剂相比杀草谱更为广泛,对阔叶杂草防效较好。根据不同区域优势杂草种类,合理选用高效除草剂进行防除。     

杂草对激素类除草剂抗药性研究进展

农田杂草严重影响作物的产量和品质,对除草剂的过度依赖和长期使用,使杂草对除草剂的抗性问题日益突出。目前已有262种杂草(152种双子叶和110种单子叶)的512个生物型对23类中的167个除草剂产生抗性。激素类除草剂作为除草剂的重要成员,为禾谷类作物田的杂草防除提供了保障,然而在使用了几十年后,44种杂草对此类除草剂产生了抗药性。本文对激素类除草剂的分类应用、除草机理、抗性现状、抗性机理等进行了综述,以期为激素类除草剂的应用和抗激素类除草剂杂草的防除提供参考。     

Glutathione transferase activities toward herbicides used selectively in soybean

Using extracts from suspension-cultured cells of soybean (Glycine max cv. Mandarin) as a source of active enzymes, the activities of glutathione transferases (GSTs) catalysing the conjugation of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and selective herbicides were determined to be in the order CDNB≫ fomesafen>metolachlor=acifluorfen>chlorimuron-ethyl. GST activities showed a thiol dependence in a substrate-specific manner. Thus, GST activities toward acifluorfen and fomesafen were greater when homoglutathione (hGSH), the endogenously occurring thiol in soybean, was used as the co-substrate rather than glutathione (GSH). Compared with GSH, hGSH addition either reduced or had no effect on GST activities toward other substrates. In the absence of enzyme, the rates of hGSH conjugation with acifluorfen, chlorimuron-ethyl and fomesafen were negligible, suggesting that rapid hGSH conjugation in soybean must be catalysed by GSTs. GST activities were subsequently determined in 14-day-old plants of soybean and a number of annual grass and broadleaf weeds. GST activities of the plants were then related to observed sensitivities to post-emergence applications of the four herbicides. When enzyme activity was expressed on a mg^-1 protein basis, all grass weeds and Abutilon theophrasticontained considerably higher GST activity toward CDNB than soybean. With fomesafen as the substrate, GST activities were determined to be in the order soybean≫Echinochloa crus-galli>Digitaria sanguinalis>Sorghum halepense=Setaria faberi with none of the broadleaf weeds showing any activity. This order related well to the observed selectivity of fomesafen, with the exception of A. theophrasti, which was partially tolerant to the herbicide. Using metolachlor as the substrate the order of the GST activities was soybean>A. theophrasti≫S. halepense>Amaranthus retroflexus>Ipomoea hederacea, with the remaining species showing no activity. GST activities toward metolachlor correlated well with the selectivity of the herbicide toward the broadleaf weeds but not toward the grass weeds. Acifluorfen and chlorimuron-ethyl were selectively active on these species, but GST activities toward these herbicides could not be detected in crude extracts from whole plants. © 1997 SCI     

除草剂混配防除新疆南疆地区冬麦田杂草的药剂试验

10％苯磺隆WP 15 ～22.5 g a.i./hm2和5％唑啉草酯+炔草酸EC30 ～60 g a.i./hm2对冬小麦生长安全.其中,10％苯磺隆WP15 g a.i./hm2与5％唑啉草酯+炔草酸EC 45～ 60 g a.i./hm2对新疆南疆地区冬麦田阔叶杂草和禾本科杂草有较好的防除效果.采用二次稀释的方法,在冬小麦拔节前用药.     

植保无人机喷施对玉米田土壤处理除草剂的减量效应

在陇东旱塬条件下,以40%乙·莠SE为指示除草剂,测定了植保无人机喷施对玉米田土壤处理除草剂的减量效应。结果表明:通过植保无人机喷施,40%乙·莠SE的控草效果随施药量的减少呈逐渐降低的趋势,玉米果穗有效长度、果穗粗、穗粒数、百粒重、产量及纯收益均随施药量的减少呈先增后降的态势,当施用量降至2 400 mL/hm~2,即较推荐用量(4 500 mL/hm~2)减少用药46.67%时,对藜、狗尾草和总草的株防效仍分别高达93.31%、65.51%和86.40%,鲜重防效分别高达99.12%、78.61%和93.44%;对玉米穗部性状、产量及纯收益的影响程度亦降至较低或最低,其产量较人工除草和背负式喷雾器以药剂常用量喷施分别减产0.17%和增产5.61%,其纯收益较人工除草和背负式喷雾器以药剂常用量喷施分别增加652.08元/hm~2和1 076.85元/hm~2。可见,植保无人机喷施对玉米田土壤处理除草剂的减量效应显著,具有大面积推广应用的价值。     

4种芽前除草剂防除直播小白菜田杂草的效果及其安全性

采用田间试验方法研究了33%二甲戊灵乳油、96%精异丙甲草胺乳油、50%敌草胺水分散粒剂和90%禾草丹乳油4种芽前除草剂防除直播小白菜田杂草效果及其安全性,筛选出了适于直播小白菜田的芽前除草剂。结果表明,药后35d,33%二甲戊灵乳油有效用量371.25~742.5g/hm2、96%精异丙甲草胺乳油864~1 080g/hm2和90%禾草丹乳油1 687.5~2 025g/hm2处理无论是总草株防效还是鲜重防效均在94.27%以上,其次是50%敌草胺水分散粒剂750~1 500g/hm2处理,防效为85.62%~90.54%。33%二甲戊灵乳油各供试剂量虽对小白菜的出苗没有影响,但对小白菜的生长有一定影响,表现为地上部株高和鲜重受抑制;其他3个供试除草剂各剂量处理对小白菜出苗和生长安全。从除草效果和安全性两方面综合考虑,推荐96%精异丙甲草胺乳油864~1 080g/hm2和90%禾草丹乳油1 687.5~2 025g/hm2用于小白菜田芽前防除杂草。     

Perspective: root exudation of herbicides as a novel mode of herbicide resistance in weeds

The evolution of resistance to herbicides in weeds has become a great challenge for global agricultural production. Weeds have evolved resistance to herbicides through many different physiological mechanisms. Some weed species are known to secrete herbicide molecules from roots into the rhizosphere upon being treated. However, root exudation of herbicides as a mechanism of resistance has only recently been identified in two weed species. Root exudation pathways have been investigated in Arabidopsis, and this work suggested that ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporters play a role in the secretion of primary and secondary plant products from roots. We hypothesize that the mechanisms involved in root exudation of herbicides that result in resistance are mediated by overactive or overexpressed transporters, probably similar to those found for the exudation of primary and secondary compounds from roots. Elucidating the molecular and physiological basis of root exudation in herbicide‐resistant weeds would improve our understanding of the pathways involved in herbicide root secretion mediated by transporters in plants. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

Metabolism and selectivity of rice herbicides in plants

Chemical weed control with effective and highly active herbicides has been very useful and convenient means. It has contributed to stable crop production and is labor saving. Recent herbicides have had characteristics such as high effectiveness without causing environmental pollution or harmful effects, and appropriate herbicides having high activity, low toxicity, high selectivity and being non-persistent have been developed. The metabolism of rice herbicides used mainly in Japan, such as sulfonylurea, chloroacetamide, acylamide, urea, thiocarbamate, pyrazole, triazine, diphenyl ether, phthalimide, phenoxy, aryloxyphenoxypropionate, etc., is reviewed, and its involvement in selectivity is also discussed. The metabolism of herbicides is closely related to their activity and selectivity. Differential herbicide metabolism in plants is a contributing factor of selectivity between crops and weeds. Chemicals that are more detoxified in crops and/or more activated or less detoxified in weeds are considered as being effective and selective herbicides. The metabolism of various types of rice herbicides includes: oxidative reaction (ring and chain hydroxylation, O - and N -dealkylation), hydrolysis and subsequent glucose conjugation, and glutathione conjugation in rice. These detoxicative activities are much higher in rice than weeds in paddies, and this leads to the selectivity of herbicides. Enzymes, oxidase, P-450 mono-oxygenase, esterase, acylamidase, glucosyl transferase, glutathione transferase, etc., play important roles in herbicide metabolism and selectivity.     

杂草对9类常用不同作用机制除草剂的非靶标抗性机制研究进展

除草剂的应用为农业生产带来便利, 但长期、单一使用某一种或相同机制的除草剂也引发了杂草对除草剂的抗性问题。抗性杂草种类逐渐增加, 抗性形成机制复杂, 导致农田杂草的治理难度增加。杂草对除草剂的抗性机制主要分为两种, 一种是除草剂靶标位点基因的突变或过量表达导致的靶标抗性, 另一种是杂草对除草剂吸收、转运、固存和代谢等一个或多个生理过程发生变化导致的非靶标抗性。本文综述了杂草对9类不同作用方式除草剂的非靶标抗性机制的生理、生化和分子基础的研究进展, 以期为抗性杂草综合治理提供参考。     

不同除草剂对水稻水直播田杂草的防除效果及安全性评价

于2014年水稻生长季选择10种常用的水稻直播田除草剂在安徽省马鞍山市当涂县水稻田进行田间试验,研究不同时期施用不同除草剂对直播稻田杂草的防除效果及对水稻产量和安全性的影响。结果表明:水稻5叶1心时施用11%噁唑·五氟磺可分散油悬浮剂、水稻3叶1心时施用21%苄·五氟·氰氟草油悬浮剂和6%五氟·氰氟草可分散油悬浮剂均可高效防除直播稻田禾本科杂草、莎草科杂草和阔叶杂草,总草株防效和鲜重防效均在90%以上。测产结果表明,以上3种药剂对水稻的增产率较高,分别为22.4%、22.1%和21.7%。3种药剂在水稻生长期施用没有产生药害,起到了稳产、增收的作用。     

Historical review of rice herbicides in Japan

A historical review on rice herbicides in Japan was conducted. Rice cropping patterns (transplantation and flooded or dry‐direct seedings) are described, followed by a comparison of the economics of hand weeding and herbicide use. Changes of herbicide chemicals, formulations and application methods are also described. Weeds resistant even to herbicides designed for use with rice agriculture were found. Mode of action and selectivity mechanism of these herbicides are discussed from the standpoint of fish toxicity, which is especially important in rice culture. Finally, a view for the future is presented.     

Development of herbicides for paddy rice in Japan

The history of the development of herbicides for mechanized paddy rice production in Japan can be characterized by a combination of products with several ingredients, by large availability in formulation, and by application methods for labor saving in accordance with natural and social conditions of the country, for instance, around 40% of national land located in hilly and mountainous areas, small size paddy fields consolidated in approximately 0.3 ha on average and so on. As for combination products, one‐shot herbicides that can control both annual and perennial weeds, including grasses, sedges and broadleaved weeds, mainly with sulfonylureas have been a major means of rice production since the 1980s. One‐shot herbicides have been improved by using newly developed chemicals with excellent herbicidal efficacy, such as acetolactate synthase (ALS), 4‐hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (4‐HPPD), protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) and very‐long‐chain fatty acid elongase (VLCFAE) inhibitors, and by combining ingredients that are effective against sulfonylurea‐resistant (SU‐R) biotypes of lowland weeds. The latest type of one‐shot herbicides can control noxious species such as Eleocharis kuroguwai as well as other ordinal species. Regarding herbicide formulation, “1 kg granule,” “Jumbo,” “Flowable,” “Diffusion granule” and so on have been developed to save farmers the troubles of applying herbicides. As for application methods, “at‐transplanting application,” “at‐irrigation inlet application” and utilization of radio‐controlled helicopters or boats were put into practical use as labor‐saving technology. As a result, farmers were spared the severe hand‐weeding work under blazing heat during the summer season. Japan Association for Advancement of Phyto‐Regulators (JAPR) have promoted and contributed to the development of herbicides through collaboration with agrochemical companies and research organizations since it was founded in 1964. In this paper, I explain the development progress of herbicide using materials on the mode of action, the trend of one‐shot herbicides, the feature of a labor‐saving formulation and the working hours for weed management in rice production.     

The effect of weather factors on the performance of herbicides to control Alopecurus myosuroides in winter wheat

Summary The effect of weather factors before and after spraying on the activity of the herbicides isoproturon and clodinafop-propargyl was assessed in field experiments from 1997 to 2000. The herbicides were sprayed at four rates on eight to 15 occasions between October and April and efficacy was assessed as ED₅₀ for the surviving panicles of Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. The ED₅₀ values (N = normal dose) varied between 0.18 N and 1.16 N for isoproturon and 0.11 N and 1.51 N for clodinafop-propargyl. The effect of weather factors was investigated using multiple regression techniques for 1 to 14 days before and after spraying. These regressions were significant ( P  < 0.001) for each of the individual years. Between 86% and 97% of the total variation in response to both herbicides was accounted for, but the factors were not consistent from year to year. However, when the 3 years were combined for each herbicide the regression was also significant ( P  < 0.001) for isoproturon (78% variation accounted for) and for clodinafop-propargyl (72% variation accounted for). The current blanket advice, that the best control results from applications to small plants, was not always correct.     

杀虫剂和除草剂的植物修复研究进展

随着农药施用量的增加,农药污染土壤给生态环境造成了极大的危害,并引起了人们的普遍关注。传统的修复方法因其价格昂贵而不能普遍采用,植物修复是近年来兴起的一种利用植物积累、吸收、降解等去除土壤、水和沉积物中污染物的新方法。本文主要介绍了植物修复的机制和方式,对近年来杀虫剂和除草剂的植物修复研究进展进行综述,指出了植物修复的不足和今后的发展方向。     

The importance of genomics to the future of crop production

Genomics, and especially functional genomics, will prove to be one of the major keys in capturing the promising benefits of crop biotechnology. The world will need more food, and better quality food, than can be provided by the old crops of the 20th century. Genetic manipulation (alias plant breeding) has produced excellent results over the past 50 years. However, improvements have been linear and have often been limited to higher yields rather than improved nutritional quality. The use of new tools in crop breeding will allow more precise, more easily measured and more beneficial traits to be added to crops around the world. The application of genomics and use of transgenics must be regulated by sound scientific principles and not by amorphous ideological misinformation. Given a fair chance, genomics will improve crop production, crop protection and enhance the quality of life for billions of people. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

八种除草剂对小麦田三种抗精噁唑禾草灵杂草的生物活性

为筛选能有效防除抗精噁唑禾草灵杂草的除草剂,采用温室盆栽法测定菵草(敏感S_w、抗性R_w)、日本看麦娘(敏感S_r、抗性R_r)、耿氏硬草(敏感S_y、抗性R_y)对精噁唑禾草灵的抗性水平,并研究了8种除草剂对这3种抗性杂草的生物活性。结果显示,3种杂草抗性种群对精噁唑禾草灵的抗性指数均大于33.7,已达高抗水平。3种杂草抗性种群均对同类乙酰辅酶A羧化酶类抑制剂唑啉草酯和炔草酯产生了11.6~56.5倍不等的高水平抗性。对部分乙酰乳酸合成酶类抑制剂产生了2.0~4.8倍的低水平抗性,氟唑磺隆对3种杂草抗性种群防效较差,GR_(90)为67.31~114.39g(a.i.)/hm~2;啶磺草胺仅对Rr种群防效较好,GR_(90)为4.67 g(a.i.)/hm~2;甲基二磺隆对3种杂草抗性种群防效均较好,但对Rr种群存在抗性风险,已出现2.0倍低水平抗性;磺酰磺隆对Ry和Rr种群防效较好;丙苯磺隆对Rr种群防效好。细胞分裂抑制剂氟噻草胺对3种杂草抗性种群防效均最好,在田间推荐剂量120 g(a.i.)/hm~2下可达90%以上的防效。     

Application of bispyribac‐sodium provides effective weed control in direct‐planted rice on a sandy loam soil

An increasing water crisis, as well as the unavailability and high cost of labor, in Pakistan has forced rice‐growers to plant rice directly into the field. However, severe weed infestation causes disastrous effects on the productivity of this rice system. In this study, three herbicides (pendimethalin, penoxsulam and bispyribac‐sodium) were evaluated for weed control in direct‐planted rice on a sandy loam soil. Weedy check and weed‐free plots were established for comparison. Weed infestation decreased the rice yield by 75.2%. However, the application of herbicides suppressed the weed infestation, with a simultaneous increase in the rice yield. The postemergence application of bispyribac‐sodium was the most effective herbicide in reducing the total weed density and dry weight over the weedy check, followed by penoxsulam and pendimethalin, respectively. Bispyribac‐sodium increased the number of productive tillers, 1000‐grain weight, number of grains per panicle and grain yield over the control, as well as improved the water productivity and economic returns of direct‐planted rice. The weeds' proliferation increased the number of unproductive tillers and decreased the plant height. In conclusion, the postemergence application of bispyribac‐sodium can be used effectively to control weeds, increase water productivity and improve the economic returns and yield of direct‐planted rice on a sandy loam soil in Pakistan.     

常用除草剂对玉米的安全性评价

采用玉米幼苗水培法,测定了7种玉米田常用除草剂对农大108玉米幼苗的安全性差异。结果表明,不同药剂对玉米的安全性不同。农大108玉米芽长和芽重受药剂的影响较大,7种药剂按玉米芽长受抑制程度由高到低依次为:乙草胺>乙·莠、甲草·乙·莠、氟净·乙>甲草胺>氟草净、莠去津。但药剂处理对农大108玉米根长和根重的影响不明显。