全株青贮玉米品种对其发酵品质及营养价值的影响

试验旨在比较不同品种青贮专用型玉米全株青贮发酵品质及营养价值的差异,以郑青贮1号、金岭青贮17号和京科青贮516为试验材料,于1/2~3/4乳线期刈割,使用聚乙烯发酵袋(50 cm×80 cm)在实验室条件下发酵60 d,开袋后进行感官评价,测定发酵品质,风干样粉碎后用于常规化学成分及消化率的测定。结果表明:不同品种感官评分等级均为良好级,其中,籽粒含量和总评分差异极显著(P<0.01),色泽及气味差异显著(P<0.05)。品种间各项发酵参数差异极显著(P<0.01),费氏评分≥110.00分,发酵品质均为优级。各品种青贮后干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、水溶性碳水化合物、淀粉、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤木质素、粗灰分含量及相对饲喂价值差异极显著(P<0.01),且相对饲喂价值>121.00。品种间青贮产量及能量价值均存在极显著差异(P<0.01),郑青贮1号的奶吨指数、总可消化养分及各项能值极显著高于其他品种(P<0.01),干物质产量及奶亩指数极显著低于其他品种(P<0.01),金岭青贮17号的干物质产量显著较高(P<0.01),奶吨指数、总可消化养分及各项能值均极显著高于京科青贮516(P<0.01),奶亩指数极显著高于其他品种(P<0.01)。各品种碳水化合物组分剖分及体外干物质、中性洗涤纤维消化率均存在极显著差异(P<0.01),金岭青贮17号的体外干物质及中性洗涤纤维消化率均极显著高于京科青贮516和郑青贮1号(P<0.01),京科青贮516的体外干物质消化率极显著高于郑青贮1号(P<0.01),郑青贮1号的体外中性洗涤纤维消化率极显著高于京科青贮516(P<0.01)。综上所述,金岭青贮17号为优异的青贮专用型玉米品种,其次为京科青贮516。     

不同乳酸菌添加剂对苦荬菜青贮品质的影响

为探究不同乳酸菌添加剂对苦荬菜(Lactuca indica)青贮品质的影响,本试验以‘蒙早’苦荬菜为原料,设置对照(CK组)、单独添加植物乳杆菌(LP组)、单独添加布氏乳杆菌(LB组)和混合添加植物乳杆菌和布氏乳杆菌(LP＋LB组)4个处理,青贮60天后,进行营养成分、发酵品质和微生物数量的测定。结果表明：不同乳酸菌添加剂对苦荬菜青贮饲料的粗蛋白质和可溶性碳水化合物含量有显著影响(P<0.05);加入乳酸菌添加剂后苦荬菜青贮饲料的pH值显著低于CK组(P<0.05),乳酸菌数量均有所增加(P<0.05);LB组的酵母菌数量最少(P<0.05);LP组和LP＋LB组的乳酸含量显著高于CK组和LB组(P<0.05);LB组的乙酸含量最高(P<0.05)。采用隶属函数法综合评价表明,LP组的青贮品质最好。综上所述,单独或混合添加不同发酵类型乳酸菌均能改善苦荬菜青贮饲料的发酵品质,其中植物乳杆菌更适宜用作添加剂调制苦荬菜青贮饲料。     

不同添加剂对全株玉米青贮的影响

为了评价3种不同类型添加剂对全株玉米青贮品质的影响,将化学添加剂(Chemical additives,CA)、淀粉酶(Amylase,AM)和布氏乳杆菌制剂(Lactobacillus buchneri,LB)添加于蜡熟期的全株玉米,并以空白为对照(CK),装填入聚乙烯袋中贮藏90 d后进行青贮品质的测定。结果发现:只有添加LB后,乙酸(AA)含量极显著高于其他处理(P0.01),氨态氮(AN)含量极显著低于其他处理(P0.01);各处理组的p H值、乳酸(LA)含量和丙酸(PA)含量均没有显著性差异(P0.05);各处理组养分含量也差异不显著(P0.05)。说明在对蜡熟期全株玉米青贮时,添加布氏乳杆菌可以很好地改善青贮饲料的品质,提高乙酸含量,从而增强全株玉米青贮饲料的有氧稳定性。     

不同发酵类型乳酸菌对玉米青贮发酵品质的影响

为探讨同型乳酸菌和异型乳酸菌对饲料专用玉米青贮发酵品质和体外消化率的改善效果,以饲料专用玉米为原料,植物乳杆菌和肠膜状明串株葡聚糖亚种为添加剂,分别设置无添加组(CK组)、添加植物乳杆菌组(LP组)和添加肠膜状明串珠菌聚糖亚种组(LD组),塑料罐密封青贮60 d后分析。结果表明:在添加乳酸菌的各组中,pH都明显降低,其中LP组产乳酸最多,LD组产乙酸和粗蛋白的量显著高于其他组(P0.05)。在各组中LP组产生乳酸菌最多,霉菌和酵母的数量最少。中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤木质素、半纤维素和灰分的含量LP组最高。LP作为青贮添加剂在处理饲用玉米时体外消化率最高。     

布氏乳杆菌和纤维素酶对青贮玉米秸秆品质影响研究

为研究布氏乳杆菌和纤维素酶对青贮玉米秸秆粗饲料发酵品质和有氧稳定性的影响,分别设置CK组(空白对照组)、LB组(布氏乳杆菌组)、ENZ组(纤维素酶组)及LB+ENZ组(布氏乳杆菌和纤维素酶共同处理组)的玉米秸秆青贮发酵试验.发酵45 d后取样进行青贮发酵品质感官综合评价,测定pH值、有机酸含量、微生物活菌数、水溶性碳水...     

植物乳杆菌、布氏乳杆菌对甘蔗尾青贮品质及有氧稳定性的影响

为了研究植物乳杆菌、布氏乳杆菌对甘蔗尾青贮品质及有氧稳定性的影响。试验共分为10组,A组为对照组,添加生理盐水;B、C、D组为植物乳杆菌添加组,分别在新鲜甘蔗尾中添加10、20和30 mL/kg植物乳杆菌液;E、F、G组为布氏乳杆菌添加组,在新鲜甘蔗尾中分别添加10、20和30 mL/kg布氏乳杆菌液;H、I、J组为植物乳杆菌、布氏乳杆菌联合添加组,在新鲜甘蔗尾中分别添加10、20和30 mL/kg布氏乳杆菌和植物乳杆菌等体积混合的菌液。每组3个重复。室温青贮40 d,结束后采样测定青贮发酵品质和有氧稳定性。结果显示：与对照组相比,添加植物乳杆菌组降低了甘蔗尾青贮pH,显著增加乳酸含量（P<0.05）,且随着植物乳杆菌添加量的升高而升高。与添加植物乳杆菌相比,添加布氏乳杆菌组甘蔗尾青贮中乳酸含量显著降低（P<0.05）,乙酸含量显著升高（P<0.05）,且均随着布氏乳杆菌添加量的提高效果更显著;添加布氏乳杆菌组甘蔗尾青贮有氧稳定性较对照组提高48 h。布氏乳杆菌和植物乳杆菌联合组甘蔗尾青贮中乳酸含量显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,且干物质损失较单独添加布氏乳杆菌组有所降低,且能够提高青贮可溶性碳水化合物（WSC）利用效率。综上所述,植物乳杆菌与布氏乳杆菌联合处理（添加量达到2×10⁶ CFU/g鲜重,I组）青贮甘蔗尾能够有效提高青贮品质和有氧稳定性。     

杂交构树青贮对湖羊瘤胃体外发酵的影响

试验旨在研究添加布氏乳杆菌对杂交构树青贮品质以及杂交构树青贮替代不同比例花生藤对湖羊瘤胃体外发酵参数的影响。杂交构树青贮试验设置2组,对照组为新鲜的构树枝叶经机械粉碎后添加玉米粉10%、糖蜜2%～4%、尿素0.5%,含水量约为60%;试验组在对照组的基础上添加5×109 CFU/g布氏乳杆菌,每组3个重复,发酵10～15 d。体外发酵试验设置4组,杂交构树青贮替代花生藤比例分为0 (G0组)、30%(GS30组)、60%(GS60组)、100%(GS100组),每组设10个重复。结果显示,试验组杂交构树青贮具有较强的酸味和芳香味,呈黄绿色,质地松散,感官品质为良好。与对照组相比,试验组杂交构树青贮的总能、pH值、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、丁酸含量均显著降低（P<0.05）,粗蛋白质含量显著提高（P<0.05）。体外发酵24 h,GS60组和GS100组产气量均显著高于G0组（P<0.05）。体外发酵24 h,GS60组干物质降解率显著高于G0组和GS30组（P<0.05）;各试验组中性洗涤纤维降解率、微生物蛋白含量显著高于G0组（P<0.05）;...     

添加剂和青贮密度对玉米穗和玉米芯青贮发酵品质的互作效应分析

试验旨在研究不同添加剂和青贮密度对玉米穗和玉米芯青贮饲料发酵品质的影响。以乳熟期玉米穗和玉米芯为原料,设置两个青贮密度,分别为1 000 kg/m~3和1 100 kg/m~3,并将这两个密度的玉米穗和玉米芯均设置四个不同的处理组:对照组(CK)、布氏乳杆菌组(LB)、双乙酸钠组(SD)、布氏乳杆菌+双乙酸钠组(LB+SD)。青贮45 d后,开罐分析,用榨汁液检测青贮样品的pH值、乳酸(LA)、乙酸(AA)、丙酸(PA)、丁酸(BA)含量。结果表明,添加SD显著提高了玉米穗和玉米芯青贮的AA含量(P0.05);添加LB时,提高青贮密度对玉米穗青贮的LA、AA含量有显著影响(P0.05);添加剂和密度对玉米芯青贮的AA、PA含量的互作效果没有显著影响(P0.05);BA在本试验中未检测到。从发酵产物来看,添加双乙酸钠可以显著提高乙酸含量;试验发现当青贮密度高于1 000 kg/m~3时,能够取得发酵品质较好的玉米穗和玉米芯青贮饲料。     

不同乳酸菌添加剂对谷子青贮品质及CNCPS组分的影响

试验探究了4种不同类型乳酸菌添加剂对谷子青贮品质和CNCPS组分的影响,设置了5个处理,分别为对照组、副干酪乳杆菌LP1 (Lactobacillus paracasei)组、植物乳杆菌LP2 (Lactobacillus plantarum)组、干酪乳杆菌LC (Lactobacillus casei)组和布氏乳杆菌LB (Lactobacillus buchneri)组,测定谷子青贮的发酵品质、营养成分和CNCPS组分。结果表明,与对照组相比,副干酪乳杆菌LP1组pH值和丁酸（BA）含量显著降低,乳酸（LA）含量显著上升（P<0.05）,副干酪乳杆菌LP1组的中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）含量低于其他处理（P<0.05）。与对照组和植物乳杆菌LP2组相比,其他添加剂处理组可溶性碳水化合物（WSC）含量显著降低（P<0.05）,淀粉（Starch）含量显著升高（P<0.05）;布氏乳杆菌LB组中速降解蛋白（PB2）含量显著高于其他处理组（P<0.05）,慢速降解蛋白（PB3）和非结构碳水化合物（NSC）含量显著低于其他处理组（P<0...     

通辽地区种植密度和添加剂对4个品种全株玉米青贮后发酵品质、营养成分和体外消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究品种、种植密度和添加剂对通辽地区全株玉米青贮发酵品质、营养成分和体外消化率的影响。以“大康205”、“高油958”、“中玉335”和“中农787”共4个品种的全株玉米为材料,设置6.75×104和8.25×104株/hm2共2个种植密度,收获后添加布氏乳杆菌（Lentilactobacillus buchneri）,制作全株玉米青贮,室温下发酵200 d后通过测定其发酵品质、常规营养成分以及体外消化率,并运用相关性分析的方法,进行青贮品质的综合评价。结果表明：1)4个品种的全株玉米青贮后pH都在4.0以下;“高油958”青贮的乙酸（AA）含量显著高于“大康205”青贮（P <0.05）,氨态氮（NH3-N）含量显著低于其他品种（P <0.05）。8.25×104株/hm2种植密度全株玉米青贮发酵品质优于6.75×104株/hm2种植密度。添加布氏乳杆菌的全株玉米青贮乳酸（LA）和AA含量高于无添加剂（P>0.05）。2）“大康205”青贮的干物质（“高油958”除外）和淀粉含量著高于其他品种（P<0.05）,中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（A...     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.