茶尺蠖性信息素腺体部位的研究

在鳞翅目害虫性信息素的研究中,性信息素的提取方法主要有:①剪取雌蛾产卵器或腹部末端用溶剂萃取;②切取腺体用溶剂萃取;③用载体(porapakQ、Tenax、活性碳等)吸收气体等,一般后两种方法提取的粗提物杂质含量较少。为了摸索茶尺蠖(Ectropic oblqua)性信息素的腺体提取方法,通过形态学解剖观察、分段提取生物测定及电镜扫描等手段,首先对茶尺蠖雌蛾的性信息素腺体部位作了初步研究,现将研究结果报告如下。     

茶尺蠖性信息素的研究

“七五”期间,中国农科院茶叶研究所与南开大学元素所(主持单位)协作,开展了对茶尺蠖性信息素的研究。该所的主要研究内容是找出茶尺蠖雌蛾释放性信息素的腺体,利用腺体提取生物活性较     

温度对茶尺蠖繁殖力的影响

影响茶尺蠖种群消长动态的生态因子较多也较复杂,如气象、生物、耕作制度等等,其中,温度是一项十分重要的气象因子。温度对茶尺蠖幼虫、蛹生存的影响较小(除越冬代外),但对成虫交尾、产卵及卵的孵化,即对茶尺蠖繁殖力的影响很大。笔者于1992年就温度对茶尺蠖繁殖力的影响作了初步研究,现将结果报告如下。 材料与方法 1.正常雌蛾及其产卵量观察 在室内连续饲养各代(不同温度下)茶尺蠖,待成虫大量羽化时,取500mL广口玻璃瓶,瓶内放入一长10cm、宽2cm两层用订书机订合稍硬的纸条,每瓶接入雌、雄蛾一对,用纸和橡皮筋扎住瓶口饲养,雌蛾会将卵产在纸条的缝隙中。如雌蛾未产卵或产卵极少而雄蛾先死亡,则应再接入一头雄蛾。在不同的温度下每次饲养25～30对,待成虫全部死亡,从瓶内取出纸条,将两层纸分开,用小号毛笔将卵轻轻刷在培养皿中,在解剖镜下检查卵粒数。 正常的雌蛾即使不交尾也能产少量卵,因此,只要能产卵的均记为正常雌蛾。     

灰茶尺蠖性信息素诱杀效果试验

灰茶尺蠖为四川省宜宾市茶园主要害虫之一,对茶叶产量造成较大影响。2017年7—9月,在宜宾市翠屏区金秋湖茶叶生产基地开展了灰茶尺蠖性信息素诱杀试验。结果表明,灰茶尺蠖性信息素对灰茶尺蠖雄蛾的诱杀效果十分明显。     

14种植物精油对茶尺蠖行为的影响

为获得能够应用于茶园茶尺蠖Ectropis obliqua“推—拉”策略的行为调节剂,在室内测定了茶尺蠖成虫对14种植物精油的趋性反应,及植物精油对茶尺蠖雌虫产卵行为的干扰作用,并采用叶碟法测定了植物精油对茶尺蠖幼虫的拒食作用。结果表明,罗勒、迷迭香、肉桂、茴香及天竺葵5种植物精油对茶尺蠖成虫表现出一定的驱避活性,并且迷迭香油和天竺葵油还能显著干扰雌虫的产卵活动。在3个浓度处理下,茴香、罗勒和藿香植物精油对茶尺蠖3龄幼虫表现出显著的拒食活性。随着精油处理浓度的升高,茶尺蠖幼虫的拒食率升高,生长率随之下降。试验结果证明迷迭香、罗勒、茴香及天竺葵等植物精油对茶尺蠖具有显著的行为调控功能,具备作为茶尺蠖防控剂开发的潜力,值得进一步研究。     

茶尺蠖性行为习性初报

通过对茶尺蠖的性行为习性进行详细观察,掌握茶尺蠖性信息素释放规律。结果显示,雌雄成虫寿命分别为5．33、4．31天;羽化主要集中在18：00～凌晨2：00,而交尾时间在21：00～24：00,其中23：00左右是交尾高峰。结果表明,雌成虫有多次产卵现象,雄成虫具有多次交尾行为;采集性信息素的最佳时间在雌成虫羽化后第2天的22：30左右．     

高温及覆土逆境对茶尺蠖蛹羽化的影响

茶尺蠖是茶树重要害虫,为了全面了解环境对茶尺蠖蛹的影响,在室内通过5个温度（24、26、28、30、32℃）和4个（0、1、2、4 cm）覆土处理茶尺蠖蛹,观察茶尺蠖蛹羽化情况,探讨温度和覆土逆境环境对茶尺蠖蛹的影响。结果表明,在24～32℃温度范围内,随着温度的升高,蛹的发育历期明显缩短,同时也对羽化率产生显著影响,羽化率随着温度的升高呈现升高后降低的趋势;26℃羽化率最高为82．12％,26℃后处理温度越高,羽化率越低;高温使雌蛾蛹早于雄蛹羽化,雌雄比例上升。覆土对茶尺蠖蛹羽化有明显影响,随着覆土深度加深,茶尺蠖蛹的羽化率呈现升高后降低的趋势,在覆土深度4 cm 时,茶尺蠖羽化率最低,为33．33％,所以,可以在茶尺蠖化蛹高峰期采用深耕翻土方式,对减轻其为害具有一定的作用。覆土对茶尺蠖开始羽化的时间无显著影响。     

我国茶树害虫病毒的研究与应用（续）

二、茶树害虫病毒大田应用效果目前,在大田做过防治应用试验的有茶小卷叶蛾和茶卷叶蛾颗粒体病毒及扁刺蛾、茶毛虫、茶尺蠖、油桐尺蠖和云尺蠖等核型多角体病毒,其中,茶小卷叶蛾颗粒体病毒,扁刺蛾、茶毛虫、茶尺蠖、油桐尺蠖核型多角体病     

科研进展:茶尺蠖两近缘种间存在非对称交配行为

<正>本刊讯近期,中国农业科学院茶叶研究所茶树栽培创新团队研究揭示茶尺蠖两近缘种灰茶尺蛾Ectropis grisescens Warren和小茶尺蠖Ectropis obliqua Prout间存在非对称交配行为,相关研究结果近期在线发表在《昆虫学研究评论》(Bulletin of Entomological Research)上。近年来,该团队在研究明确了灰茶尺蛾和小茶尺蠖是     

松毛虫赤眼蜂对茶尺蠖田间控制作用的初步研究

松毛虫赤眼蜂是目前农林害虫种群生物防控中的主要天敌,但迄今为止能否寄生茶尺蠖未见报道。本研究采用米蛾卵繁殖松毛虫赤眼蜂,并将获得蜂种对茶尺蠖进行田间卵的寄生研究,结果表明,经杀胚处理的茶尺蠖卵被寄生后颜色由浅绿色变成黑色,寄生率平均达到27.27%±4.90%。     

豇豆荚螟雌雄蛾求偶交配行为及其影响因子研究

通过红外监控系统和野外观察实验研究豇豆荚螟雌雄蛾求偶交配规律及其影响因子.结果表明,豇豆荚螟交配时雌、雄蛾尾部交合在一起呈"一"字形,交配时间一般为75 min.雌雄蛾羽化24 h后性成熟,黄昏入夜时分开始活动,求偶交配大部分发生在夜间21:00～03:00时段内.雌雄蛾求偶高峰期出现在凌晨01:00～02:00时段内,次高峰期出现在22:00～23:00时段内;而交配高峰期出现在凌晨02:00～03:00时段内,次高峰期出现在23:00～00:00时段内.雌雄蛾求偶交配高峰的蛾龄期为4日龄.雌雄蛾求偶交配的最佳性比为1:1.其最适宜求偶交配温度为22℃,补充10%的蜂蜜水能明显促进雌雄蛾的求偶交配,豇豆花挥发物对雌雄蛾的求偶交配行为具有显著的促进作用.     

模拟信号在稻褐飞虱声诱集试验中的应用

用笔者研制的电子模拟系统人工合成的对雄虫有召唤力的模拟雌虫鸣声信号,对鸣声诱集效果进行了评价。试验结果表明,连续模拟信号对4～5日龄未交尾雄虫的平均诱集率为22.2%±3.4％,与重放雌虫长鸣声录音及鸣叫雌虫（对照）无显著差异;而间断模拟信号平均诱集率达44.8%±5.7%,明显高于模拟信号,雌虫长鸣声录音和对照。在模拟田间群体试验中,模拟信号的诱集效果稳定,在田间试验中,模拟信号也诱捕到雄虫。因此,模拟信号是一种很有希望的实用诱集信号源。     

灰茶尺蛾性信息素的初步研究

灰茶尺蛾是我国茶园中重要的食叶害虫。本研究对求偶高峰期的灰茶尺蛾雌虫,采用正己烷浸提腹部末端方法提取性信息素,利用气相色谱-触角电位联用仪(GC-EAD)筛选性信息素提取物中的活性成分,运用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对活性成分进行鉴定,最后将人工合成的性信息素进行田间诱捕试验。GC-EAD结果显示,灰茶尺蛾性信息素提取物中有两种成分可引起雄虫触角的电位反应。GC-MS分析结果确定两种活性成分分别为顺3,顺6,顺9-十八碳三烯(Z3,Z6,Z9-18:H)和顺3,顺9-6,7-环氧十八碳二烯(Z3,epo6,Z9-18:H)。田间引诱试验表明,不同比例性信息素在田间显示不同的引诱效果,当Z3,Z6,Z9-18:H和Z3,epo6,Z9-18:H以4∶6的比例配比,总剂量为1 mg时,田间引诱效果最佳。该研究结果为灰茶尺蛾性信息素的应用研究提供了理论基础。     

Effect of Pheromone Blend Components,Sex Ratio,and Population Size on the Mating of Cadra cautella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The almond moth Cadra cautella (Walker), a key pest of storage facilities, is difficult to manage using synthetic chemicals. Pheromone-based management methods remain a high priority due to advantages over conventional management practices, which typically use insecticides. Cadra cautella females release a blend of pheromone including (Z, E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (ZETA) and (Z)-9-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate (ZTA). The effect of these components on mating of C. cautella and how response varies with the population density and sex ratio remain unknown. In this study, the mating status of C. cautella was studied inside mating cages under different ratios of ZETA and ZTA diluted in hexane and at different population sizes either with equal or unequal sex ratio. The lowest percentage of mated females (highest mating disruption [MD] effects), corresponding to roughly 12.5%, was produced by a 5:1 and 3.3:1 ratio of ZETA:ZTA. Populations with equal sex ratio showed the lowest percentage of mated females, at 20% and 12.5% under lower and higher density, respectively. The next lowest percentage of mated females was produced when the sex ratio was set to 1: 2 and 2:1 male:female, with just 25% and 22.5% of moths mated, respectively. This study shows that mating status of C. cautella is influenced by ZETA:ZTA ratio, sex ratio, and population size. This current knowledge would have useful implications for mating disruption programs.     

Pheromone trap catches as a means of predicting damage by pink bollworm larvae in cotton

The male moth catches in gossyplure-baited traps were used to predict larval infestation of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), in cotton fields during 1988 and 1989. The mean moth catches per trap per night were positively correlated with percentage larval infestation. The moth counts in traps and larval infestation in green bolls increased with advance in reproductive stage of the cotton plants. A mean trap catch of 9–12 pink bollworm moths per night was associated with economically damaging infestation. It is, therefore, inferred that insecticidal sprays may be scheduled when 9–12 moths are captured per trap per night.     

Pheromone-mediated mating disruption in the millet stem borer, Coniesta ignefusalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The millet stem borer, Coniesta ignefusalis Hampson (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is a major pest of pearl millet in the Sahelian region of Africa. The female sex pheromone has been identified and synthesised, and previous research had shown that the synthetic pheromone could cause high levels of reproductive communication disruption in small plots when released at rates of 640 mg/ha/day, using PVC resin formulation renewed every seven days to maintain efficiency. In the present research, in experiments in farmers’ fields in Niger, 86.8% (SE = 2.6%) communication disruption was achieved when polyethylene vials loaded with 0.5 mg pheromone at 400 dispensers/ha were used and replaced every 21 days. Polyethylene vials loaded with 80 mg pheromone gave uniform, zero-order release at approximately 0.05 mg/day at 27 °C. Experiments carried out on replicated 0.5 ha plots in farmers’ fields in Niger using a single application of these dispensers at 400 dispensers/ha resulted in at least 99% suppression of pheromone trap catches of male C. ignefusalis moths in treated plots relative to numbers in untreated plots for up to 3 months. However, sampling the central portions of these plots before and after harvest showed no significant differences in infestation, damage or yield loss between plots treated with pheromone and untreated plots. This may have been because of small plot size and the immigration of mated female moths into the treated plots which negated any reduction of mating of females within the treated plots. Comparisons of numbers of male C. ignefusalis moths in traps baited with the standard 0.5 mg monitoring lures and those baited with the 80 mg disruption dispensers showed catches in the latter were only 10-20% of those in the former; indicating high level communication disruptions in traps with high dose dispensers. Implications of using insect synthetic pheromones in the development of integrated management of C. ignefusalis in pearl millet cropping systems in the Sahel are discussed.     

褐稻虱Nilaparvata lugens (Stal)和白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horvath)对异性鸣声的趋性

 为探求稻飞虱鸣声在预测预报和物理防治上应用的可能性,室内引诱试验结果表明:1)褐稻虱和白背飞虱的鸣声是性成熟个体用以识别、联络同种异性,刺激性兴奋,完成交尾的求偶信号,其沿固体介质(寄主植株)传播,试虫可感觉距离在60—80cm 以内,45cm 以内较为敏感。2)性成熟的雄性及未交尾的雌性个体均常主动鸣叫,在听到异性鸣声时,雄虫表现为兴奋、骚动并积极循鸣声寻觅雌虫;雌虫亦以鸣声相和但很少移动。3)求偶鸣声具有种的专一性,两种飞虱均只对同种异性鸣声敏感。4)以相应的鸣声录音代替活虫,其引诱效果无显著差异。     

外源茉莉酸甲酯诱导茶树挥发物对昆虫寄生选择行为的影响

研究了应用外源 MJA 喷雾法或暴露法处理茶树后诱导的挥发性有机化合物对单白绵绒茧蜂和茶尺蠖成虫的行为选择,以及对单白绵绒茧蜂对茶尺蠖幼虫寄生率影响的研究。结果表明,外源 MJA 喷雾法或暴露法处理茶树,其诱导挥发性有机化合物对单白绵绒茧蜂成虫具有很强的引诱作用,对茶尺蠖成虫引诱作用不明显,在茶园中,显著提高单白绵绒茧蜂对茶尺蠖幼虫的寄生率。     

褐稻虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)和白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horvath)对异性鸣声的趋性

为探求稻飞虱鸣声在预测预报和物理防治上应用的可能性,室内引诱试验结果表明:1)褐稻虱和白背飞虱的鸣声是性成熟个体用以识别、联络同种异性,刺激性兴奋,完成交尾的求偶信号,其沿固体介质(寄主植株)传播,试虫可感觉距离在60—80cm 以内,45cm 以内较为敏感。2)性成熟的雄性及未交尾的雌性个体均常主动鸣叫,在听到异性鸣声时,雄虫表现为兴奋、骚动并积极循鸣声寻觅雌虫;雌虫亦以鸣声相和但很少移动。3)求偶鸣声具有种的专一性,两种飞虱均只对同种异性鸣声敏感。4)以相应的鸣声录音代替活虫,其引诱效果无显著差异。