长江上游退化天然林恢复重建的生态对策

综述长江上游退化天然林的干扰体系、退化特征及恢复重建的研究现状,分析长江上游退化天然林恢复重建面临的主要问题,基于生态恢复重建的理论基础,阐述并拓展封山育林的传统概念.退化天然林恢复重建的基本对策是:依据自然演替的规律,仿拟天然老龄林的物种组成和群落结构,充分利用和启动自然调节机制,并根据自然演替的关键环节采用功能群替代或目的物种导入等辅助的人工措施,促进土壤和群落功能的修复,跨越或缩短某些演替阶段,加快恢复演替进程,尽可能利用乡土树种定向恢复以大径级、高经济价值林木为目标的森林群落.根据长江上游退化天然林的现状、类型及其特点,提出4种恢复重建的组合模式:1)封禁保护原始老龄林;2)封育重建严重退化生境;3)封育调整天然次生林群落结构与定向恢复调控;4)封育改造低效人工纯林.     

不同植被恢复模式土壤结构特征与健康评价

对湘西女儿寨流域不同植被恢复类型的土壤结构特征研究和健康评价的结果表明:荒草灌丛容重最高,人工林土壤容重高于天然林及混交林;对土壤孔隙状况的改善作用表现为林分类型优于荒草灌丛类型,天然林优于人工林,0~20 cm土层优于20~40 cm土层;土壤团聚体平均重量直径以油桐人工林、杜仲人工林最高,马尾松天然林、毛竹杉木混交林其次,而润楠次生林、荒草灌丛、杉木人工林较低;各层土壤团聚体分形维数值大小排序为:毛竹杉木混交林>马尾松天然林>荒草灌丛、润楠次生林>杜仲人工林>油桐人工林>杉木人工林;土壤结构健康综合评价的灰色关联分析结果表明,土壤结构以荒草灌丛最差,油桐人工林最好,其余类型介于两者之间.研究结果可为女儿寨流域及我国类似生态脆弱区的植被恢复与重建提供一定依据和参考.     

基于几种人工林土壤磷含量的南方林地经营管理改进措施

指出了土壤磷是热带和亚热带地区植被生产力最主要的限制性养分,森林生态系统中土壤磷主要由植物供应。南方林区大面积人工林都是在砍伐原有天然林之后建立的,因而将天然林转换成人工林之后,彻底改变了森林生态系统磷的循环过程,可能导致人工林磷肥的大幅降低和生产力的下降。以福建三明福建柏、木荷和楠木3种人工林土壤磷含量为研究对象,并对比了当地天然林土壤磷水平,比较了天然林和人工林土壤磷含量差异,并以此提出了人工林经营过程中的科学经营管理措施,以提高人工林土壤磷含量。     

华南3种典型生态恢复模式的生态水文效应

退化生态系统的恢复一直是广泛关注的热点问题,如何科学评价不同生态恢复模式的综合效益也是生态恢复研究的重点方向。对华南地区3种典型生态恢复模式,即自然恢复草坡、马尾松Pinus massoniana人工林、马占相思Acacia mangium人工林,进行了对比研究,以评价自然恢复与人工林恢复、针叶人工林与阔叶人工林、外来树种人工林与乡土树种人工林恢复模式的生态水文化效益。结果表明:人工林的保水、保湿效果好于自然恢复草坡;马尾松人工林的生态水文效益略好于马占相思人工林;马占相思人工林的土壤结构和保水潜力略好于马尾松人工林。在生态恢复过程中,利用人工林可加快生态恢复的速度,改善生境条件,恢复生态功能,从而为后续物种的定居和繁殖提供条件,但同时也必须通过各种措施,加快人工林向天然林的转变,提高生物多样性。     

间伐对祁连山青海云杉人工林土壤水分的影响

利用EM50土壤水分监测仪,在样地尺度上,测定了祁连山青海云杉天然林、无间伐和间伐强度为20%的人工林地生长季节的土壤水分,对比分析间伐对人工林土壤水分的影响。结果表明:未间伐人工林林地表层(10 cm)土壤含水量显著高于间伐强度为20%的人工林和天然林,间伐导致了人工林林地表层土壤水分下降;而对于深层土壤含水量而言,间伐措施又显著提高了深层60 cm处的土壤含水量。与天然林地土壤含水量相比,无间伐人工林深层60 cm和80 cm处的土壤体积含水量仅为天然林的49.7%和52.1%,深层土壤已经出现旱化现象,间伐措施能够减缓这种旱化现象。     

闽粤栲人促林的土壤肥力与涵养水源功能

为探讨闽粤栲人工促进天然更新林分的土壤肥力与涵养水源功能,以闽粤栲人工林和闽粤栲天然林为对照,对闽粤栲人促林土壤的理化性质和林分的地上部分与土壤层的固土保水能力进行分析。结果表明:采用人工促进天然更新措施的闽粤栲林分(人促林)的土壤结构、养分状况均得到改善;地上部分总持水能力,人促林与天然林分间差异极显著、与人工林间差异显著;各林分土壤各土层毛管持水量、田间持水量、最大持水量之间均差异显著,各林分的总持水量、初渗速度、稳渗速度大小为:人工林>人促林>天然林,表明闽粤栲人促林土壤具有良好的渗透性能和涵蓄水分的功能;各林分的地表径流系数、不同的降雨量对林分土壤的侵蚀量大小均为:人工林>人促林>天然林,表明与人工林相比闽粤栲人促林具有较强的固土功能。人工促进天然更新技术可应用于闽粤栲采伐迹地造林。     

森林经营管理对人工林土壤碳累积的影响

与天然林相比,人工林是处于人为控制下的森林生态系统,人工林的经营管理是影响人工林土壤碳累积的重要因素。文章对几种主要森林经营管理措施（整地、施肥、间伐、林地清理、采伐等）对人工林土壤碳累积的影响进行了综述,以期为增强人工林的土壤固碳潜力,发挥人工林在减缓气候变化方面的作用提供参考。     

云南热区4种林分土壤有机碳的比较研究

以普洱市思茅区清水河13年生西南桦人工林、高阿丁枫人工林、思茅松人工林及思茅松天然林为研究对象,对林分土层0～50 cm土壤有机碳含量及密度进行调查分析。结果表明:(1)土壤有机碳含量、可溶性有机碳含量和土壤微生物量碳含量在4种林分中均呈随土层深度增加而递减的变化趋势,0～50 cm土层土壤有机碳含量为高阿丁枫人工林>西南桦人工林>思茅松人工林>思茅松天然林,土壤可溶性碳含量为高阿丁枫人工林最大,西南桦人工林最小;土壤微生物量碳主要集中于土壤表层,西南桦人工林土壤微生物量碳含量最高。(2)土壤可溶性碳占土壤有机碳的比值范围为0.32%～1.25%,3种人工林土壤表层微生物量碳占土壤有机碳的比值均大于思茅松天然林,3种人工林均处于碳的积累阶段。(3)0～50 cm土层土壤有机碳密度以思茅松人工林最大,达到85.79 t/hm2;其次为西南桦人工林、高阿丁枫人工林,思茅松天然林最低,为61.36 t/hm2。(4)土壤可溶性碳、土壤微生物量碳与土壤有机碳含量成显著的正相关关系,土壤有机碳和可溶性碳与土壤容重成显著的负相关关系。     

桉树人工林与天然林土壤养分的对比研究

在野外调查取样和室内实验分析的基础上,对人工林与天然林的土壤养分进行比较分析,结果表明人工林土壤表层的有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量都明显低于天然林,反映了人工林对养分的旺盛需求和消耗,并且人工林还会造成土壤阳离子交换量的降低和土壤容重的增大。提出变炼山全垦为块状整地、轮栽并适当休闲养地、提高人工林生物多样性、建立复杂的人工林群落等措施,以实现桉树人工林土壤养分平衡与生态系统的良性循环。     

三峡库区云阳县三种类型马尾松林微生物区系及优势种群分析Ⅰ.林地土壤细菌、芽孢杆菌和真菌

为探讨马尾松不同类型林地土壤微生物区系及其季节变化,对三峡库区云阳县马尾松近熟龄天然林、中龄天然林和人工林林地土壤可培养细菌、芽孢杆菌(Bacillus spp.)和真菌进行了分析。结果表明,林地土壤微生物优势种群种类和数量因不同森林类型林地和季节有所差异。中龄天然林的细菌数量显著高于近熟龄天然林和人工林,其四季变化也最大,而近熟龄天然林和人工林则相对平缓。林地土壤细菌优势种群主要是芽孢杆菌(Bacillus spp.)和假单胞菌(Pseudomonas spp.),尤以蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)居多,在四季中冬季细菌的优势种群数量所占比例最高(近熟龄天然林＞人工林＞中龄天然林),优势种群近熟龄天然林为芽孢杆菌,占39.74%;人工林为假单胞菌,占37.26%;中龄天然林为蜡状芽孢杆菌,占24.91%。三种林地类型土壤的芽孢杆菌在不同季节都以蜡状芽孢杆菌(占20% - 49%)和芽孢杆菌科(Bacillaceae)一种(种名未定)为优势种群。三种林地类型土壤真菌优势种群在秋季所占比例最高,且人工林＞近熟龄天然林＞中龄天然林;优势种群数量及所占比例人工林为核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum),33.08%,近熟龄天然林为核盘菌, 31.7%,中龄天然林为瓦克青霉(Penicillium waksmanii), 25.15%。     

Structural quality of soil in plantation： a case study on the mixed plantation of Alnus cremastogyne and Cupressus funebris in upper reaches of Yangtze River

In process of ecological construction in typical region of upper reaches of Yangtze River, China, the mixed plantations at the ages of 10-20 present a trend to be pure forests and degeneration. Soil samples including stratified soil and total soil were taken from 4 typical profiles in the mixed plantation ofAlnus cremastogyne and Cupressus funebris in Yanting County in central Sichuan, China. Soil indices of the plantation were compared with those of natural forest in Gongga Mountain in the same region, The results revealed that structural quality of soil in plantation was significantly lower than that in natural forests. The degradation of structural quality of soil in plantation was one of key factors for plantation degeneration, The degradation causes of structural quality of soil were analyzed. Aanthtopogenic disturbance and absence of effective protection and scientific management are the main reason for degradation of structural quality of soil in plantation. The main countermeasures, e.g. foresl reservation, ecological rehabilitation, litter horizon rebuilding as well as organic fertilizer application, were proposed to improve the structural quality of soil in plantation.     

燕山北部华北落叶松人工林与杨桦天然次生林土壤碳密度的比较

为了了解人工造林过程对土壤碳储量的影响,对燕山西部山地常见的华北落叶松人工林和杨桦天然次生林土壤有机碳含量进行了研究。结果表明,华北落叶松人工林和杨桦天然次生林的土壤剖面平均有机碳含量分别为30.45g/kg和28.45g/kg,二者没有明显差异;2种林分的土壤有机碳含量均随着土层深度的增加而降低,下降幅度则随深度的增加逐渐减缓,表层土壤对土壤的碳存储贡献更大。总的来看,土壤有机碳含量在深层(30cm以下)相邻土层之间差异不显著,说明深层土壤中,有机碳含量变化较小。由以上结果可以得出结论,在造林措施适当、人为干扰较少的条件下,人工林同样可以维持与天然林相近的较高的土壤碳储量。     

天然次生阔叶林转变为杉木人工林对土壤微生物量的影响

在我国南方,天然次生阔叶林转变为杉木人工林是一种常见的管理措施。为研究森林利用方式转变对土壤微生物量的影响,我们在中国科学院会同森林生态实验站比较了天然次生阔叶林、第一代和第二代杉木人工林土壤理化性质和微生物量。杉木人工林土壤有机碳、全氮、铵态氮和微生物量碳氮含量明显低于天然次生阔叶林。第一代、二代杉木人工林土壤微生物量碳仅为天然次生阔叶林的53%和46%,微生物氮为97%和79%。杉木人工林土壤微生物量碳占有机碳的比例也低于天然次生阔叶林土壤,但微生物量氮则相反,为杉木人工林高于天然次生阔叶林。因此可以得出,天然次生阔叶林转变为杉木人工林以及杉木林连栽引起了土壤生物学特性和土壤质量降低。图2表3参36。     

Soil nitrogen status of larch plantations in comparison with secondary broad-leaved forest

IntroductionSoildegradationofsouthernChinesefir(CunnhaamialanceolaIe)pIantationshavebeenCon-tinuaIlyreiorted(ShenWeitongl992;Che11BingI1aol992;FangQil992).lnthenortI1eastforestregionsofChina,larch(LarirohensisandLa)`ixgInelinii)planta-tionsmade7opercentoftheman-madeforests,andthechangesinsoilpropertiesundertI1econiferouspIanta-tionshavealsodrawnmuchattentionofmanyforesters.OurobjectivewastoexaminethedifferenceinsoilnitrogenstatusbetweenLarchp1antatiol1sandsecon-darybroad-Ieavedforests(…     

浅论不同植被类型对土壤物理性质的影响——以会泽头塘小流域为例

随着社会经济的发展,人地矛盾日益尖锐,自然植被遭到严重破坏,土壤严重退化,因此,恢复植被及恢复土壤生态环境,提高森林或人工林生产力,促进森林尽快发挥其经济与生态功能势在必行。为此,本文以自然植被针叶混交林地为参照,同针叶人工纯林地、阔叶人工纯林地、针叶人工混交林地进行比较,探讨不同植被类型土壤物理性状的差异和动态过程,客观揭示土壤物理特性变化与人为干预影响之间的关系。     

Differences in bird species diversities between a natural mixed forest and a coniferous plantation

Bird species diversity and bird species richness were surveyed in a natural mixed forest (mature forest) and in a coniferous plantation (30–40 years old) monthly from 1990 to 1994. These forests were 20 km apart and had similar weather conditions and soil types. There were larch and cedar plantations, and hardwoods along streams in the coniferous plantation. In the natural mixed forest, 55 bird species were found, whereas 40 species were recorded in the coniferous plantation. The species diversity of bird communities was significantly higher in the natural mixed forest than in the coniferous plantation mixed with hardwood trees. This result indicates that the coniferous plantation mixed with hardwood trees, presumed to be a more simplified environment, is likely to be less inhabitable for many bird species than the natural mixed forest, suggesting a relationship between the diversity of the forest environment and the diversity of the bird community. A higher number of bird species was recorded in the small coniferous forest mixed with hardwood trees compared with those in the coniferous plantation. The mixing of broad-leaved trees in a coniferous plantation was suggested to be effective in increasing number of bird species. These tendencies were recorded all through the year during our study. In snow-covering periods, both the diversity and the bird species richness fell in all study sites every year. Snow cover would have greater effect on bird species diversity in the coniferous plantation than in other forest types probably due to diet shortages caused by the snow cover over the forest floor.     

商品人工林的环境管理策略

对于森林资源总量不足、质量不高的我国林业而言,大力发展人工林尤其是大力发展商品人工林,是保护稀缺的天然林资源和满足社会日益增大的林产品及服务需求的有效途径。商品人工林作为典型的人工生态系统,由于其系统多样性、物种多样性和遗传多样性的不完整,使商品人工林的经营具有病虫害多发、地力维持困难、生物多样性欠缺、生态系统不稳定的诸多生态环境问题,并对其预期经济目标的实现产生负面影响。树立商品人工林环境管理的思想,制定符合我国国情、林情的商品人工林环境管理策略,是实现商品人工林可持续经营的重要途径,亦是实现新世纪我国生态良好文明发展目标的重要保障。     

Microbial biomass in subtropical forest soils： effect of conversion of natural secondary broad-leaved forest to Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation

Conversion of natural secondary broad-leaved forest to Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation is a common management practice in subtropical China. In this study, we compared soil physico-chemical properties, microbial biomass in one natural secondary broad-leaved forest and two C. lanceolata plantation sites to estimate the effects of forest conversion on soil microbial biomass at the Huitong Experimental Station of Forestry Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Concentrations of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, NH4^＋-N and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were much lower under C. lanceolata plantations as compared to natural secondary broad-leaved forest. Soil microbial biomass C in the first and second rotation of C. lanceolata plantations was only 53%, 46% of that in natural secondary broad-leaved forest, and microbial biomass N was 97% and 79%, respectively. The contribution of microbial biomass C to soil organic C was also lower in the plantation sites. However, the contribution of microbial N to total nitrogen and NH4^＋-N was greater in the C. lanceolata plantation sites. Therefore, conversion of natural secondary broad-leaved forest to C. lanceolata plantation and continuous planting of C. lanceolata led to the decline in soil microbial biomass and the degradation of forest soil in subtropical China.