以蛋壳为原料用水热法制备丙酸钙的工艺研究

首次验证了以蛋壳为原料用水热法制备丙酸钙的可行性。该试验采用单因素方法,考察了固液比、反应温度、反应时间等因素对丙酸钙产率的影响,并以正交试验研究了以蛋壳为原料用水热法制备丙酸钙的最佳条件。试验结果表明,最佳条件为:固液比1∶20,反应温度110℃,反应时间6h。在该最佳条件下的丙酸钙产率可达92.57%。     

乙酰氧肟酸合成工艺条件探讨

本文研究了盐酸羟胺与乙酸乙酯反应制备乙酰氧肟酸的合成工艺及反应的溶剂体系,确定了投料配比、反应时间、反应温度等工艺条件。试验结果表明:在碱性甲醇水溶液溶剂中,反应温度为27～31℃、反应时间为2h、盐酸羟胺∶乙酸乙酯为1∶1.1、溶剂用量为乙酸乙酯的2.3倍时有较高的产品产率和纯度。所得产品产率为84%,纯度为97%。     

N-乙酰基乙二胺的合成及表征

以乙酸乙酯和乙二胺为原料合成N-乙酰基乙二胺,比较了反应条件对目标产物产率的影响。确定了最佳的反应条件为:n(乙酸乙酯):n(乙二胺)=1:4,反应温度为110℃,反应时间为24小时,产率达80.8%。目标产物用IR、1HNMR、元素分析进行了表征。     

饲料添加剂柠檬酸亚铁的制备工艺研究

以硫酸亚铁为原料,固液相法合成出了柠檬酸亚铁,其组成为Fe(C6H6O7)·2H2O,用红外光谱(IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)法进行了表征.试验表明,反应的摩尔比、pH值、反应时间以及温度对产率有影响,较佳的反应条件为:n(C6H8O7):n(FeCO3)=1.1:1.0、pH值为7.0、时间60 min、温度80℃,产率86.5%.     

饲用葡萄糖三丁酸酯的设计与合成

以D-无水葡萄糖为原料,通过苯甲醛保护、酯化反应、脱去苯甲醛保护3步反应,制备葡萄糖三丁酸酯。结果表明,最佳条件反应条件为:以DMF为溶剂,DMAP为催化剂,在常温下与丁酸反应,化合物2的产率最高,为90.5%,所得中间产物及目标产物的化学结构均经核磁共振氢谱(~1H-NMR)和核磁共振碳谱(¹³C-NMR)确定。该反应具有催化剂廉价易得、反应条件温和、操作简单等优点,适合大量生产。     

选择产蛋量七个世代蛋壳及蛋品质的相关反应

以北京白鸡Ⅲ系七世代选择群和基础群为材料,估计选择产蛋量七个世代对蛋壳及蛋品质产生的相关反应.结果表明,经七个世代选择,产蛋量、蛋重、蛋白高度和哈夫单位都有所提高,而蛋壳厚度和蛋比重有一定程度下降.估计蛋壳厚度、蛋白高度和哈夫单位的遗传力分别是0.159 5、0.017 8和0.099 4.产蛋量与蛋白高度、哈夫单位和蛋壳厚度呈负遗传相关.选择产蛋量使蛋壳品质发生负向相关反应.     

3-甲基-2-[3-(2-呋喃基)丙烯甲酰]-喹喔啉- 1,4-二氮氧化物合成研究

为改善3-甲基-2-[3-(2-呋喃基)丙烯甲酰]-喹喔啉-1,4-二氮氧化物的制备工艺,寻找一种与喹烯酮结构相似,但药效更好、毒性更低的喹喔啉类兽药,参考喹烯酮的制备工艺,对苯并呋咱-N-氧化物环氧化反应条件,乙酰甲喹制备工艺,目标物制备条件进行了研究。试验用25%氨水作为催化剂,优化了催化剂用量,缩短了反应时间,提高了目标物产率,使目标物产率达到88.95%。合成的产物理化性质和光谱分析证明系为所合成的目标物。     

丙酮酸对生长肥育猪日增重和膘厚的影响

选择同一父本、体重相近的长白猪×苏太猪杂交猪24头,随机分成3个组,添加丙酮酸钙的剂量分别为0、0.5％、1％,每组8头。在猪体重60kg时开始试验,90kg时结束试验。试验结果表明,1％丙酮酸钙组膘厚较对照组降低29.6％,差异极显著(P<0.01);较0.5％丙酮酸钙组膘厚降低18.7％,差异不显著(P>0.05)。0.5％丙酮酸钙组膘厚较对照组降低13.9％,差异不显著(P>0.05)。0.5％丙酮酸钙组日增重、料肉比优于对照组和1％丙酮酸钙组,1％丙酮酸钙组日增重、料肉比低于对照组,但差异均不显著(P>0.05)。     

丙酮酸对生长肥育猪生产性能的影响

选择同一父本、体重相近的长白猪×苏太猪杂交猪24头,随机分成3组,添加丙酮酸钙的剂量分别为0%、0.5%、1%,每组8头。在猪体重60 kg时开始试验,90 kg时结束试验。试验结果表明,1%丙酮酸钙组膘厚较对照组降低29.6%,差异极显著(P<0.01),较0.5%丙酮酸钙组膘厚降低18.7%,差异不显著(P>0.05),0.5%丙酮酸钙组膘厚较对照组降低13.9%,差异不显著(P>0.05)。0.5%丙酮酸钙组日增重、料肉比优于对照组和1%丙酮酸钙组,1%丙酮酸钙组日增重、料肉比低于对照组,但差异均不显著(P>0.05)。     

摘要集锦

日本制成蛋壳超细钙粉 日本神奈川县工业研究试验所和一商贸公司,联合开发出用蛋壳制造超细钙粉的技术,该种钙粉可用作保健食品和食品添加剂的生产。用湿式球磨机进行连续试验,成功地将蛋壳粉碎至平均粒径为0.3微米的细末,制成0.3微米的蛋壳粒子,为制造用作食品补钙添加剂的钙粉创造了条件。 这种新钙粉天然钙的含量高达37％,而磷含量极低,仅为0.1左右,因此,使用这种钙粉可防止摄人过量的磷,同时,可增加钙的吸收。 据日本最近关于胃酸对蛋壳钙质的可溶解性的研究结果证实,这种钙质比碳酸钙更易于被人体吸收,因为蛋壳粉的结构疏松多孔,并且构成蛋壳基质的蛋白质与胃蛋白酶的反应能使蛋壳粉迅速分解。 摘自《农牧产品开发》99,(2) 鸡饲料中加木醋酸效果好     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -