Source identification and assessment of heavy metal contamination in urban soils based on cluster analysis and multiple pollution indices

Purpose

To identify the sources and levels of contamination with anthropogenically derived heavy metals (HMs) for appropriate pollution control. We quantified anthropogenic influences with respect to HM pollution in soil, based on multiple pollution indices and cluster analysis derived from the results of an annual nationwide survey conducted in Korea.

Methods

Contamination levels of HMs in soils were quantitatively evaluated using multiple pollution indices: contamination factor (CF), geo-accumulation index (I_geo), Nemerow’s integrated pollution index (NIPI), and pollution load index (PLI). Hierarchical cluster analysis was conducted to elucidate the correlations between HMs and contamination sources. A total of 2214 HM concentration data including six contamination sources were used to evaluate the pollution state of anthropogenic effects of HMs.

Results

The CFs for Zn and Cu revealed a broad enrichment of these HMs in all pollution sources. Scrap recycling sites (SRS) had the highest likelihood of pollutant distribution in soil surfaces. NIPI and PLI varied with the extent of anthropogenic activities or land use, especially in SRS, waste disposal sites (WDS), transport maintenance sites (TMS), and industrial sites (INS), and anthropogenic sources were divided into three discrete clusters: INS-TMS-LDS (land development sites), SRS-WDS, and vicinities of industrial sites (VIS).

Conclusion

Our results confirmed that soil pollution indices combined with cluster analysis were useful to identify sources of anthropogenic HMs in urban soil, as well as to assess the levels of HM contamination.

     

A multivariate approach for anomaly separation of potentially toxic trace elements in urban and peri-urban soils: an application in a southern Italy area

Purpose

Geogenic soil enrichment and anthropogenic pollution by potentially toxic trace elements (PTEs) are two processes acting together. Although it is often difficult, it is necessary to separate the two processes for risk assessment and understanding the environmental implications. The aim of this study was to analyse the soil concentrations of various PTEs in a southern Italy area in order to: (1) determine their different correlation structure to isolate sources of variation acting at different spatial scales and (2) to define potential anomalies based on the correlation structure.

Materials and methods

In the urban and peri-urban area of Cosenza-Rende, 149 topsoil samples were collected (0.10 m) and analysed for different elements by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Principal component analysis and factorial kriging analysis were used to map the spatial distribution of PTEs in topsoil and to identify the main factors influencing their spatial variability.

Results and discussion

Two groups of PTEs were identified: the first group included As, Pb and Zn; and the second one Al, Co, Cr, Fe, La, Nb, Ni, Ti and V. The first group was related to anthropogenic causes, while the second one was more related to parent rock composition. The regionalized factors at different scales of variability allowed to aggregate and summarize the joint variability in the PTEs and consider the probable causes of soil pollution.

Conclusions

The study allowed analysing and quantifying the sources (environmental or anthropogenic) of variation of PTEs acting at different spatial scale and defining the spatial anomalies based on the correlation structure associated at the different spatial scales.     

Lead content and isotopic composition in submound and recent soils of the Volga Upland

Literature data on the historical reconstructions of the atmospheric lead deposition in Europe and the isotopic composition of the ores that are potential sources of the anthropogenic lead in the atmospheric deposition in the lower Volga steppes during different time periods have been compiled. The effect of the increasing anthropogenic lead deposition recorded since the Bronze Age on the level of soil contamination has been investigated. For the first time paleosol buried under a burial mound of the Bronze Age has been used as a reference point to assess of the current contamination level. The contents and isotopic compositions of the mobile and total lead have been determined in submound paleosols of different ages and their recent remote and roadside analogues. An increase in the content and fraction of the mobile lead and a shift of its isotopic composition toward less radiogenic values (typical for lead from the recent anthropogenic sources) has been revealed when going from a Bronze-Age paleosol to a recent soil. In the Bronze-Age soil, the isotopic composition of the mobile lead is inherited from the parent rock to a greater extent than in the modern soils, where the lead is enriched with the less radiogenic component. The effect of the anthropogenic component is traced in the analysis of the mobile lead, but it is barely visible for the total lead. An exception is provided by the recent roadside soils characterized by increased contents and the significantly less radiogenic isotopic composition of the mobile and total lead.     

Spatial variability of the chemical characteristics of a trace-element-contaminated soil before and after remediation

This study addresses the spatial and temporal variability of soil properties before and after the application of organic and inorganic amendments in a trace-element-polluted soil using statistics and geostatistical methods. The experiment took place in a plot (20×50 m) affected by the acid toxic pyritic sludge from the Aznalcóllar mine (Seville, Spain) in April 1998. Soil samples from 0- to 15-cm depth were collected within 48 locations, on a 14×45 m grid in 2002 and 2003, respectively. The samples were analysed for pH, total organic carbon, total sulphur and total, available and soluble As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations. Classic statistical and geostatistical methods were used to assess variability in contamination levels.All soil properties determined in the plot showed a large variability with high coefficients of variation. In both years, mean values of total concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were higher than the background values in the area. In general, amendment application increased soil pH and total organic carbon content and decreased heavy metal solubility, however it did not have a clear effect on total and available trace-element contents. Experimental semivariograms were developed to determine the spatial dependence of soil properties and were adjusted to spherical and linear models with nugget effect. Then, the spatial distribution of the different variables was estimated by kriging to design contour maps. These contour maps can help to identify the pollution patterns and delineate the range of contamination. A spatial similarity pattern among total As and Pb (the lesser mobile elements) and total S content was found in both samplings revealing a correspondence between the contamination and spots of residual sludge. Levels of metal pollution were influenced by soil pH. Despite those clean-up efforts the soil still presents significant levels of pollution related to the presence of remaining sludge in the soil.The kriging-interpolated maps were a very valuable tool in studying pollution and monitoring soil parameters after amendment application at field scale.     

Identification of the sources of metals and arsenic in river sediments by multivariate analysis and geochemical approaches

Purpose

Frequent mining activities and higher background values in soil have led to the contamination of the sediments of some rivers in southwest China by several metals and arsenic (As). This study combined multivariate analysis with geochemical approaches to differentiate mining activity from other sources, which may aid to evaluate the effectiveness of reducing mining release.

Materials and methods

Sixteen sediment samples were collected along the Yuan River, China. The total concentrations of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), and As were measured by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). The Pb isotopic composition was measured using a thermal ionization mass spectrometer (TIMES). Both geochemical approaches and multivariate statistical analysis were used to identify the sources of these metals. The fractionation of Pb was determined through a Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure to aid the identification of the sources.

Results and discussion

The concentrations and enrichment factors (EFs) of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, and As in the middle reach of the river were higher than those at the other sites, indicating anthropogenic sources. The factor analysis (FA) extracted “mining and smelting,” “mixture of anthropogenic and natural,” and “natural” factors. The Pb isotope composition of metal ores was similar (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb?<?1.190 and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb?>?2.023) to that found in the sediments in the middle reach, indicating anthropogenic sources of mining activities. Compared with the narrow ranges of the δ³⁴S ratios in the bedrock (+8.5 to +9.3?‰) and the metal ores (?1.4 to +1.9?‰), the sediment samples presented a relatively wide range of δ³⁴S ratios from ?2.6 to +9.2?‰ with a mean of +2.6?‰, which suggests a mixed composition. The BCR sequential extraction procedure revealed that the proportion of the extractable fraction in the sediments in the middle reach was higher than that in other sites, suggesting anthropogenic sources as the cause of contamination in the study area.

Conclusions

Lead, Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Hg, and As are mainly derived from natural materials in the upstream region. In the middle reach, these elements are the result of anthropogenic activities, particularly activities associated with the mining industry. In the downstream region, the origin of these elements is considered to be a mixture of anthropogenic and natural sources. In addition to geochemical approaches and multivariate statistical analysis, the BCR sequential extraction method is an effective procedure for the identification of the anthropogenic sources of sediment-associated metals.     

山东省沂源县土壤重金属来源分布及风险评价

为建设高标准农田及保证食品安全,对土壤重金属污染状况进行精确评估极为关键。选取山东省山地丘陵区典型区域—沂源县为研究区,系统采集427个表层土壤样品(0~20 cm),测定了As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Hg和Zn共10种重金属含量;采用多元统计分析和地统计分析方法,揭示了土壤重金属的主要来源;进一步分析得出研究区重金属的空间分布以及与成土母质、工业排放和农业生产污染之间的关系。研究表明:1)沂源县表层土壤中10种重金属元素的平均含量值均高于土壤背景值但未超过国家二级土壤元素限定值,存在一定程度的重金属富集。2)经主成分分析和单因素方差分析后将研究区重金属的来源主要分为3类:As、Co、Cu和Mn主要来源于成土母质,属自然源因子;Hg、Cd、Zn和Pb受到母质和工农业污染双重控制,属于混合来源;Cr和Ni主要是成土母质影响下的自然来源。3)自然来源重金属含量的高值区主要与石灰岩成土母质类型分布相一致,Hg、Cd、Zn和Pb元素含量的高值区与工业区分布基本一致。4)通过潜在生态风险评价,沂源县表层土壤目前处于中度潜在生态风险等级,其中Hg和Cd潜在生态风险最强,达到中度生态危害,其他元素具有轻微的潜在生态危害。研究中通过多元统计-地统计模拟分析法有效的揭示了土壤重金属污染源汇特征,可作为评估该区土壤污染现状和对土壤重金属污染进行风险评价的重要依据。     

伊朗中部伊斯法罕地区土地利用对石灰性土壤磁性质和重金属的空间分布的影响

Anthropogenic activities have caused the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil environment. Pollution of the soils significantly reduces environmental quality and affects human health. In many recent studies, magnetic susceptibility measurements have been used for pollution monitoring. The objective of this research was to determine the spatial variability of magnetic properties and selected heavy metals and the effects of land use on their variability in the surface soils of the Isfahan region, Central Iran. A total of 158 composite surface (0-5 cm) samples of calcareous soils were collected from an area of about 700 km2, located along a cross-border transect from Isfahan City to a steel plant, covering urban, industrial, agricultural and uncultivated land uses. Concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), and cobalt (Co) and magnetic parameters, magnetic susceptibility at low frequency (χlf), natural remanent magnetization (NRM), saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM), and isothermal remanent magnetization at the field of 100 mT (IRM100mT) and the backfield of 100 mT (IRM-100mT), were measured in all the soil samples. Results showed that magnetic susceptibility in the urban and industrial land topsoils (0--5 cm) samples was significantly higher than that in the agricultural and uncultivated land soils in the study area. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Mn, and Fe were positively correlated with magnetic properties (χlf, IRM100mT, SIRM, IRM-100mT, and NRM), which could be attributed to their inputs from traffic emissions and industrial activities at the study sites. Ni and Cr concentrations showed significant negative correlations with magnetic properties. No significant correlation was found between Co concentration and magnetic parameters. The Tomlinson pollution load index (PLI) showed significant correlation with the magnetic properties (χlf, IRM100mT, SIRM, IRM-100mT, and NRM). The spatial distribution of the selected heavy metals and χlf in the study area suggested that activities at the urban and industrial land sites caused greater pollution as compared to that at the study sites of other land uses. The concentrations of Cu and Zn seemed to have been affected by anthropogenic sources, whereas Ni, Cr, and Co were mainly controlled by natural sources in the study area. Moreover, the concentrations of soil Pb and Fe in the study area could be affected by both lithologic and anthropogenic sources. The magnetic parameters appeared to be a proxy measure for the degree of heavy metal contamination and could be a potential method for the detection and mapping of contaminated soils.     

Soil contamination by organic and inorganic pollutants at the regional scale: the case of Piedmont,Italy

Background, aim, and scope  

Diffuse soil contamination has often been neglected in scientific literature, as most studies focus on contaminants from point-sources (either of industrial or agricultural origin). However, soil pollution from diffuse sources is recognized as one of the major soil threats by the EU Soil Thematic Strategy. In fact, some pollutants are nowadays ubiquitarious in the soil system, and they have to be considered for the implementation of environmental legislation, the definition of clean-up values in remediation activities and, more generally, for a sustainable management of rural areas. In the literature large scale studies on diffuse contamination are few and scattered and often do not consider a wide range of contaminants, the effect of land use, the vertical variability and the potential natural contribution. Aim of this work was to provide an overview of the diffuse soil contamination on a regional scale for a large set of contaminants. Soil inorganic (Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cu, Zn) and organic contaminants (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins(PCDD), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as well as other soil general parameters were investigated on a 18 × 18 km grid covering a whole Italian region heavily industrialized and intensively cultivated. Soils were sampled at different depths both for natural–undisturbed soil and for agricultural–plow soil. Differences in the trends of investigated contaminants, as a consequence of land use, vertical variability, natural or geogenic origin, relationships among contaminants, and with main soil properties, were explored by means of enrichment factors, bi- and multi-variate statistics.     

新疆奎屯垦区土壤重金属风险评价

采用网格法采样,对新疆奎屯垦区3个团场土壤中As、Pb、Cu、Cd、Cr和Ni含量进行了测定,系统分析了该地区土壤重金属的含量水平、潜在生态风险程度、主要污染因子和污染来源。结果表明:奎屯垦区土壤重金属As、Pb、Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni的平均值分别为20.21 mg kg-1、35.91 mg kg-1、0.40 mg kg-1、27.18 mg kg-1、77.02 mg kg-1、39.31 mg kg-1,均没有超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准,但As、Cd有个别样点超标。各元素平均含量值均超过新疆土壤背景值,其中Cd、As、Pb最为显著,呈现出累积趋势。各重金属潜在生态风险由高至低顺序为Cd>As>Pb>Ni>Cu>Cr,其中Cd为主要潜在生态风险因子。进一步相关分析和因子分析结果显示,各元素的来源可分为两类,Cd、Pb和As为一类,来源主要受各种人为活动影响,Cu、Cr、Ni为一类,来源主要与成土母质有关。     

北京地区表层土壤中饱和烃类化合物分布特征及污染源分析

对北京地区具代表性的环境功能区表层土壤饱和烃的组成与分布特征进行分析,并讨论了饱和烃污染物的来源。研究结果表明,在不同环境功能区表层土壤样品中均检测到了正构烷烃、类异戊间二烯烷烃、烷基环己烷和甾、萜烷烃等饱和烃化合物,其中正构烷烃和类异戊间二烯烷烃占优势。不同环境功能区和土壤类型的表层土壤样品中饱和烃的组成、分布特征和来源均存在明显差异,其中城区土壤受人为污染最为严重。表层土中饱和烃类化合物的来源比较复杂,既有人为污染源,又有天然来源。其中,中-低碳数正构烷烃主要是人为来源,高碳数正构烷烃主要为生物来源;类异戊间二烯烷烃、烷基环己烷和甾、萜类化合物则主要来源于矿物油、化石燃料和生物质不完全燃烧的产物等。     

Mine waste contamination limits soil respiration rates: a case study using quantile regression

We present an application of a statistical approach, quantile regression (QR), which identifies trends in soil processes otherwise masked by spatial and temporal variability. QR identifies limits on processes and changes in the variance of a response along an environmental gradient. We quantified in situ soil respiration, pH, and heavy metal concentrations across a mine waste contamination gradient that spanned greater than an order of magnitude of metal concentrations. Respiration values were monitored at study sites over 2 years. We used QR to show that soil respiration was limited with respect to both heavy metals and pH, and that both increased metals and increased acidity constrained variation in soil respiration values. Maximum respiration values declined by 48% over the Metals Contamination Index (MCI) range and by 72% over the pH range. The use of QR avoided the necessity of discriminating between multiple sources of variation in a spatially and temporally variable system. It is often unrealistic or too time consuming and expensive to attempt to measure all of the relevant predictor variables in the field. The simpler approach offered by QR is to explore factors that limit a process, recognizing that not all of the factors contributing to a soil function will be measured. An application of this approach to the evaluation of a mine waste remediation procedure is discussed.     

天山北坡土壤重金属含量的分布特征及其来源解释

以天山北坡巴里坤 伊吾、新源 巴音布鲁克和昭苏 特克斯3个区段为研究区域, 利用新疆土壤背景值、土壤环境质量二级标准(GB15618-1995)、单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对不同区段土壤重金属含量进行污染评价, 应用多元统计分析方法对不同区段之间的土壤重金属含量及其污染指数进行定量比较, 分析并阐明不同区段土壤重金属含量的分布特征及其污染来源。结果表明: 天山北坡巴里坤 伊吾区段各重金属(Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn)含量的平均值及其单因子污染指数和综合污染指数比新源 巴音布鲁克区段、昭苏 特克斯区段高, 新源 巴音布鲁克区段的比昭苏 特克斯区段高。巴里坤 伊吾区段土壤重金属污染程度比新源 巴音布鲁克区段、昭苏 特克斯区段高, 新源 巴音布鲁克区段的比昭苏 特克斯区段高。巴里坤 伊吾区段重金属污染除了受成土母质的影响之外, 还受人为因子(交通、工业和农业、旅游业)的影响, 其中PC1方差贡献率为91.22%; 新源 巴音布鲁克区段土壤重金属污染除了受成土母质的影响之外, 还受人为因子(交通和工业)的影响, 其中PC1方差贡献率为67.58%, PC2贡献率为22.47%; 昭苏 特克斯区段土壤重金属污染主要受成土母质的影响, 此外该区段的农业对其也有一定影响, 其中PC1方差贡献率为47.93%, PC2方差贡献率为29.84%。     

Geochemical assessment,distribution, and dynamics of trace elements in urban agricultural soils under long‐term wastewater irrigation in Kano,northern Nigeria

A study was conducted to evaluate the distribution and origin of trace elements (Ti, Fe, Nb, Pb, Rb, Sr, Y, and Zr) in five representative long‐term wastewater‐irrigated urban vegetable gardens of Kano, Nigeria. Surface‐soil concentrations (0–15 cm) of Ti (4600–14 300 mg kg^–1), Fe (4000–31 800 mg kg^–1), Pb (96–355 mg kg^–1), and Y (33–98 mg kg^–1) were high compared to mean concentrations in comparable soils elsewhere. However, soil‐pollution assessment yielded no evidence of anthropogenic input of the trace elements studied. Indices such as the enrichment factor, the contamination factor, and the geoaccumulation index (I_geo) revealed little to no contamination with trace elements. The I_geo calculated for these metals varied across locations between 0.00 and 0.12 with Nb having the highest I_geo value. Similarly, the contamination factor was low for all metals with the exception of Fe reaching a contamination factor of 4.2 at one location. Geochemical‐balance evaluations showed depletion of all trace elements except for Fe which was 176% higher than in a natural uncultivated and unirrigated reference soil. Correlation and factor analyses showed that all determined trace elements likely originated from the same natural sources, which probably are the soil parent material and atmospheric depositions.     

An assessment of anthropogenic soil transformation of the arkhangelskoe museum estate based on the example of studying inclusions

The natural soil cover of a territory is transformed during the formation of landscape architecture objects. Natural soils are replaced by anthropogenically transformed soils and soil-like bodies. Due to technological features, either only surface horizons of natural soils or an entire range of horizons within a significant profile can be replaced. To determine the extent of transformation, the composition of inclusions of anthropogenically transformed and anthropogenic soils of the museum-estate Arkhangelskoe was studied. The study results were used to assess the extent of soil contamination and to determine the features of the composition of anthropogenic inclusions. A practical proposal on research on the coarse fraction inclusions of the soil was made.     

浙北环太湖平原耕地土壤重金属的空间变异特征及其风险评价研究

研究了浙北环太湖平原10个区县市耕地土壤Hg、Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、As六种重金属的空间变异特征及其环境风险。结果表明,土壤Hg和Cd含量在总体分布上显现出较强的各区县市空间异质性,且这种变异更多与外界人为因素的影响密切相关。鉴于Hg在研究区域超标率高达10.34%,为该区土壤环境质量的主要限制因子,对土壤Hg用超过国家规定的土壤环境质量二级标准(0.3 mg kg-1)的离析克里格法(Disjunc-tive kriging)进行了风险评价,结果表明超标区域主要集中在各区县市的城镇和工矿企业周边,说明其与人为活动造成的大量大气粉尘、工业固废和城市垃圾的长期累积密切相关。研究认为在加快城市化和工业、农业现代化的同时,还应该考虑土壤污染与农产品质量、生态安全和人体健康的关系。     

太原市污灌区土壤重金属污染现状评价

对太原市污灌区土壤重金属分布特征进行了分析评价,结果表明重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni、Mn、Cr、As、Hg、Cd含量均值均未超过土壤环境质量标准（GB15618—1995）,但其平均值均显著高于太原市土壤背景值。各重金属间的相关分析表明,Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni、Mn、Cr、As、Cd之间呈极显著相关,说明这8种元素污染源可能相同。Hg是本区表层土壤重金属污染的主要因子,重金属元素的污染程度依次为Hg〉Cd〉Pb〉As〉Cu〉Zn〉Cr〉Mn〉Ni。土壤重金属单项污染指数均值均大于1,综合污染指数为2.81,总体上,污染水平为中度及其以上。各种重金属单因子污染指数和综合指数在研究区有相似的空间分布格局,总体分布趋势为东南部小店地区和中南部晋源区相对较高,南部清徐县相对较小;通过因子分析并结合污灌区污染源调查,表明Hg除受污水灌溉的影响外,燃煤释放的Hg可能是重要来源之一,Cd、Zn、Pb和Cu可能来自污水灌溉和大气沉降,以污水灌溉的贡献为主,Ni、Mn、As、Cr来自污水灌溉。Hg、Cd是太原市污灌区土壤中需要优先控制的重金属。     

Application of Statistical Inference for Analysis of Heavy Metal Variability in Roadside Soil

Previous studies have found there are a variety of factors that influence heavy metal concentrations and Pb isotope ratios in roadside soil. One issue in assessing these factors is the need to distinguish between the natural sample variability at a single site and the variability between different sites. Data constraint often results in the lack of an adequate number of samples and hence is often a constraint on statistical reliability. Presented herein is a regionalisation approach that can be used to overcome the data constraint. This approach was used to analyse data collected at Miranda Park, Sydney, for assessment of the influence of rainfall, distance, depth and soil types. Application of the regionalisation approach enabled discrimination between natural sample variability and that from changes in the factors being considered. The regionalisation approach mitigates the data constraint and may assist researchers in their analysis of constrained data sets enabling more efficient monitoring of potential environmental issues. Additionally, it was found that the primary factors for heavy metal concentrations were rainfall, distance and soil types while depth was a secondary factor. A similar result was determined for the anthropogenic Pb component but not for the natural Pb component.     

基于APCS-MLR模型和地统计学相结合的矿区农田土壤砷源解析

为了研究矿区周边农田土壤As等重金属的污染特征和来源情况,在云南会泽铅锌矿区采集了42个农田土壤样品,测定了9种元素含量,利用绝对主成分得分–多元线性回归(APCS-MLR)受体模型定量解析了土壤中As的来源和贡献率,并结合地统计学方法揭示了As的不同来源及其贡献的空间分布状况.结果表明:①研究区土壤As的平均含量为7...     

田块尺度下农田重金属污染特征及其源汇关系响应解析

农田土壤作为保证粮食安全及人类发展的重要资源,近年来其受到的重金属污染备受关注。文章选取长三角发达地区某田块作为研究对象来分析同源情形下重金属的污染特征及主要影响因素。结果表明:该田块Cd平均质量分数为3.74 mg/kg,超出二级标准值达12.5倍,高值区主要分布在入水口及出水口附近。其余重金属元素(Pb,Cr,As,Co,Cu,Ni,Zn)均未超标。运用地累积指数、Hakanson潜在风险指数、内梅罗综合污染指数等多种污染评价方法均发现,Cd的严重超标导致该田块已达到重金属污染的最高等级。采用相关分析及通径分析方法,揭示了Cd污染的主要影响因素,Cd与土壤理化性质在0.01水平上均不存在显著相关,表明与持续的Cd外源输入相比,土壤对Cd的吸附能力极其有限。距入水口出水口的距离是影响Cd空间差异的最直接因素和决定性因素。减少外源Cd的持续输入及改良灌溉排水设施是解决田块Cd重污染的有效途径。     

基于HDXRF和ICP-MS的黔西北土壤重金属空间分布及影响因素研究

高精度X射线荧光光谱仪(HDXRF)是一种准确度较高的金属元素快速检测仪器。本研究将HDXRF法与电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法进行对比研究，探究HDXRF法在土壤重金属调查评估中的适用性。选取威宁县黑石头镇某地为研究区，基于地理探测器，以土壤理化性质(p H、有机质、CEC、黏粒、粉粒、砂粒)和地形因素(高程、坡度、坡向) 9个因子为自变量，重金属(Cd、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cu、Ni)含量为因变量，分析两种检测方法下耕地土壤重金属空间分布规律及其影响因素。结果表明：6种重金属的HDXRF法与ICP-MS法检测值均服从正态分布，两种方法检测得到的土壤重金属在耕层和剖面的分布规律基本一致，从数据统计上看，仅HDXRF法Cu的值比ICP-MS法高约16%，其他元素无显著差异。HDXRF法与ICP-MS法所测相同重金属间均存在极显著正相关关系(P<0.01)，与各影响因子间相关性分析结果基本一致，Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni与土壤理化性质，Cr与土壤理化性质、高程和坡向，Cu与CEC和高程间均存在极显著相关关系(P<0.01)。地理探测器交互探测结果显示，影响因子间交互作用均显...