黄土丘陵区不同坡度、土地利用类型与降水变化的水土流失分异

 为了确定不同坡度、土地利用类型及降水参数对水土流失的影响,通过黄土丘陵区坡耕地、草地的3个坡度(10°,15°和20°)小区连续14年的径流、侵蚀观测数据,分析不同坡度、土地利用模式和降水变化的水土流失分异。试验结果表明:1)坡耕地水土流失量随坡度的升高而增加,20°小区显著大于10°和15°小区;草坡地小区的年水土流失量也随坡度变化,不同坡度小区之间没有显著性差异。2)坡耕地与草地的水土流失量具有显著性差异,坡耕地年均径流量和侵蚀量分别为草地的1．8倍和13．9倍,与草地比较,坡耕地明显地增加水土流失风险。3)不同土地类型水土流失模数受年降水变化的影响效应不同。坡耕地水土流失量受少数强降水控制,年径流量、侵蚀量与年降水量、产流降水量之间无显著性相关;草地的年径流量、侵蚀量分别与年产流降水量、年降水量显著相关。4)坡耕地的水土流失受降水量(P)、最大30min降水强度(I30)和综合降水指数(PI30)的显著影响,但各因素的决定系数不同,影响系数次序为PI30>I30>P。草地的径流与降水变量关系与坡耕地一致,但次侵蚀量仅与I30变化的显著性影响,而与P、PI30无显著性相关。草地的水土流失量受坡度差异以及降水变化的影响较弱,表明草地能够有效地控制水土流失,对荒坡草地采取保护措施以促进植被、土壤的进展恢复。坡耕地水土流失变化与坡度、降水变量的关系更为直接,通过降低坡度、休耕和免耕等耕作模式,减少土壤扰动和增加地面植被盖度,可有效减少水土流失。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同土地利用方式下小流域侵蚀产沙特征

为进一步优化和合理配置水土保持措施,以黄土丘陵沟壑区3个不同土地利用方式下的坝控小流域为例,基于人工探槽取样、淤积层次甄别及与产流降雨事件的对应关系,结合1:10000早期地形图与全站仪测量,拟合库容曲线来估算淤地坝泥沙淤积量,进而反演坝控流域的产沙模数变化特征.结果表明:(1)延河马家沟3个不同土地利用方式下的洞儿沟...     

Magnitude of soil erosion on the northern slope of the Uluguru Mountains,Tanzania: Interrill and rill erosion

The magnitude of interrill and rill erosion was determined on the northern slopes of the Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania which is representative for larger areas of East African Arch Mountains, where population pressure is high and land degradation is severe. The aim of the study was to develop a database to support soil conservation in the area. The study was done on two distinct geomorphic units with respect to altitude and hence rainfall distribution pattern: mountain ridges with an altitude ranging from 1000 to 1500 masl and mean annual rainfall of 2300 mm and mountain foothills whose altitude and mean annual rainfall are 550 to 900 masl and 900 mm, respectively. Total soil loss was measured on 36 individual bounded plots measuring 1.2 m × 20 m using Gerlarch troughs on each day with rain from July 2000 to June 2001. The plots were located on six different geopedologic units, nine on mountain ridges and the rest on the mountain foothills. The slope gradient on the terrain ranged from 30% to 70%. The plots were put under maize cultivation as the main crop. Soil loss through rill erosion was estimated by volumetric measurements of rills on each soil erosion plot. The soil loss due to interrill erosion was obtained by subtracting soil loss through rill erosion from the total soil loss measured in the Gerlarch troughs. The results indicate that soil loss due to both interrill and rill erosion was very high with mean soil loss of 69 and 163 t/ha/year, respectively. Rill erosion accounted for about 58% of the total soil loss while interrill erosion contributed to the remaining 42%. Both interrill and rill erosion were higher in the mountain ridges with mean soil loss of 88 t/ha/year and 210 t/ha/year compared to 49 and 116 t/ha/year in the mountain foothills, respectively. Rill erosion was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.001) in all geopedologic units with slope gradient above 40% (mean soil loss ranged between 91 and 258 t/ha/year) compared to interrill erosion with mean soil loss varying from 41 to 115 t/ha/year. In geopedologic units with slope gradient above 60% both interrill and rill erosion were highly active while in geopedologic units with slope gradient below 40% the two processes were less active. The results demonstrate that rill erosion is more important than interrill erosion in the study area particularly where the slope gradient exceeds 40%. The results further show that the major part of the studied area has moderate interrill erosion (10–50 t/ha/year) and severe to very severe (> 100 t/ha/year) rill erosion. This study clarifies the magnitude of interrill and rill erosion which is important for designing soil conservation on agricultural fields.     

晋西王家沟小流域产流产沙分析

王家沟流域是晋西黄土丘陵沟壑区水土保持综合治理典型示范流域。流域产流产沙是降雨和流域下垫面相互作用的结果。降雨对土壤侵蚀的影响包括降雨量影响和降雨强度影响两个方面,流域在治理措施规模不大的初级治理阶段,输沙量只是随降雨的变化而变化。坡耕地、沟头Ｖ形沟、村庄道路、红土沟坡、沟道小流域、矿区是王家沟流域主要产沙源地。控制流域产流产沙,综合治理中须实行退耕还林还草。     

宁南黄土丘陵区旱作梯田水分利用率分析

依据在宁南黄土丘陵区半干旱气候地带梯田和坡地上进行的作物水分利用比较试验，分析了丰水年与欠水年和高肥与低肥条件下，作物的耗水量和水分利用率。结果表明，梯田丰水年与欠水年作物产量与水分利用率变化小，而坡地大。在高肥条件下，梯田作物耗水量为３２８．０ｍｍ，用水效率为０．２２７ｋｇ／ｍｍ；而坡地分别为２６２．２ｍｍ与０．２０８ｋｇ／ｍｍ。充分挖掘梯田增产潜力的出路在于增加投肥量。     

山丘区输电线路工程水土流失特征及治理技术对比研究

山丘区输电线路工程对原地貌扰动造成大量水土流失,直接影响周围环境安全及资源安全。为研究山丘区输电线路工程水土流失特征及治理技术,通过资料收集整理与野外实地调查,对不同侵蚀类型区典型山丘区输电线路工程水土流失及其治理措施进行了分析。结果表明：(1)输电线路工程塔基和施工便道占地类型复杂,黄土丘陵区占地类型最多(5种),以耕地和草地为主,分别为49%和28%;红壤丘陵区以林地为主,占比为69%;黑土低山丘陵区占地主要为耕地、林地,分别为42%,40%;青藏高原占地主要为草地,占比达78%;新疆山地则主要是以裸地为主,占比高达98%。(2)输电线路工程不同水土流失地貌单元水土流失量差异显著,表现为塔基区和施工便道水土流失量较大,其次是牵张场,跨越施工场地水土流失量最小;塔基区土壤侵蚀模数表现为黄土丘陵区最大,是红壤丘陵区的2倍,黑土低山和漫岗丘陵区的5倍。塔基边坡的修复应该依靠自然与人工相结合方式,施工便道注意排水沟布设,牵张场土地恢复过程中应先进行深松翻处理。(3)对山丘区输电工程形成的各侵蚀单元进行近自然的生态系统恢复和重建,采取临时措施、工程措施和植物措施等组合。综上,研究结果可为山丘...     

降水和土地利用变化对罗玉沟流域水沙关系的影响

为探讨降水和土地利用变化对流域水沙关系的影响,以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区罗玉沟流域为研究区域,利用流域25年(1986—2010年)的年降水量、年径流量和年输沙量以及土地利用变化资料,分析罗玉沟流域水沙演变规律和水沙关系变化。结果表明:在1986—2010年罗玉沟流域年降水量和汛期降水量基本保持平稳,无明显的增减趋势,而流域年径流量和年输沙量整体呈波动递减的变化趋势,降水与径流相关分析得出,汛期产流产沙对流域年径流量和年输沙量影响最显著。对不同时期流域水沙变化分析,土地利用方式改变,主要是梯田、林草等水土保持措施,对于流域减水减沙作用有限,梯田和林草面积的增加并未明显改变流域水沙关系,淤地坝等工程措施对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区流域减水减沙具有重要作用。研究结果可为黄土丘陵沟壑区水土流失治理及水土保持措施布设提供理论依据。     

基于作物需水与降雨径流调控的隔坡梯田结构优化

 针对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区坡地作物普遍存在的干旱缺水与水土流失问题,基于作物需水过程和降雨径流调控理念,利用WEPP模型对不同梯田模式下春玉米生育期的降雨、径流、入渗、蒸发、土壤水进行作物生育期需水耗水过程计算。结果表明:研究条件下,单一模式隔坡梯田不能完全解决春玉米需水与天然来水在时间上的错位问题,且一般情况下需要1∶6～1∶8平坡比收集降雨径流,土地资源浪费严重;结合水窖,不但能大量节约土地资源、满足作物需水,且隔坡梯田作物年产量、作物水分利用效率和降水利用效率较无隔坡条件均增加50%以上,基本实现作物增产和减少水土流失的双重目标;得出的典型模式隔坡梯田平坡比取值参考表可供黄土丘陵沟壑区隔坡梯田设计规划参考。在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区,隔坡梯田与水窖蓄水配合,不但可满足作物生长过程需水,而且又可防止水土流失,是适宜推广的坡地降雨径流调控方式,这对坡地水土资源高效利用具有实际指导意义。     

黄土高原中部地区土壤侵蚀人为影响因素的分析

黄土高原中部地区是典型的农业区，开荒扩种在本区表现突出，由于人为不合理的社会经济活动的影响，水土流失成为制约本区经济发展的突出问题。本文通过典型调查和总体分析相结合，对影响土壤侵蚀的人为因素进行了评价。认为土地利用结构不合理，人口的失控增长，森林植被的破坏以及工业化进程中对水土保持工作不十分重视等是人为加速土壤侵蚀的几个主要方面。     

内蒙古黄土丘陵区次降雨条件下坡面土壤侵蚀影响因子研究

通过对内蒙古宁城、和林、东胜三个试验站进行坡面径流泥沙试验,采用数据分析法,研究内蒙古黄土丘陵区坡耕地在一次降雨中各典型影响因子与土壤侵蚀量之间是否存在相关关系及相关程度问题。研究表明该区次降雨雨强、降雨前期土壤含水量、植被覆盖度、坡面坡度和土壤侵蚀量之间存在着密切的相关关系。     

西部黄土丘陵区降雨特征及其对坡地土壤侵蚀的影响

以甘肃省定西市安家沟流域的大型径流观测场为依托,以2009—2011年天然降雨在不同土地利用条件下产流产沙特征数据为依据,研究了黄土高原西部黄土丘陵区降雨特征及其对坡地土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明,在次降雨条件下不同处理径流过程分别经历了产流、峰值、稳定、消减4个表征时刻,土壤侵蚀过程分别经历了发生、峰值、消减3个表征时刻。次降雨条件下,不同处理其径流总量、侵蚀总量排序均为:15°春小麦10°春小麦10°油松林15°荒地15°沙棘林10°荒地15°油松林10°沙棘林。通过层次聚类分析得出,在10°,15°的坡度下,灌木林沙棘、乔木林油松分别具有明显的水土保持效应。所以结合试验地的气候和环境特点,10°坡面适宜种植沙棘林,15°坡面适宜退耕还林。     

凉城县黄土丘陵沟壑区水土保持生态经济林基础效益分析

凉城县黄土丘陵沟壑区营造的各种水土保持生态经济林 ,其水土保持基础效益十分显著 ,表现在延滞径流产生时间、减少径流量 ,涵养水源蓄存水量 ,缓冲雨强、减弱水力侵蚀强度 ,减少表土流失、控制土壤侵蚀 ,增加降水的有效性 ,培肥地力等方面 ,使生态环境得到较大改善 ,由此也收到较好的生态效益、社会效益和经济效益。对凉城县黄土丘陵沟壑区水土保持生态经济林的保水保土效益做出的客观分析论述 ,为该县进一步合理利用宜地林资源、促进生态环境建设提供依据 ,也为其它受水土流失危害的黄土地区提供借鉴。     

The effect of land cover/vegetation on soil water dynamic in the hilly area of the loess plateau,China

Severe soil and water loss has lead to widespread land degradation in China's loess plateau. During the past decades, a great deal of effort was made on vegetation restoration to reduce soil and water loss in the loess plateau. However, due to water shortage the efficiency of vegetation restoration was not as satisfactory as expected. As part of a vegetation restoration project, we conducted research aiming to understand the relationship between vegetation pattern and soil water dynamics. The goal was to find vegetation types appropriate for the loess plateau with scarce water resources. In 1986, fifteen plots of land were planted with five vegetation types: pine woodland, shrubland, sloping cropland, alfalfa and semi-natural grassland. Soil water content, runoff, soil erosion were measured for each plot. Environmental variables, such as rainfall, evaporation and temperature, were recorded simultaneously by an automated meteorological station. The relationship between land cover pattern and soil water dynamic was evaluated by using statistical models. We found that: (1) soil water loss occurred during the growing season, and it reached the maximum in the second half of July; (2) soil water was not fully replenished from rainfall during the rainy season; (3) pine woodland induced the largest water loss to surface runoff, followed by sloping cropland, alfalfa, semi-natural grassland and shrubland; the poor capability of pine woodland for water conservation may be attributed to soil compaction and poor ground coverage under the tree; (4) in most cases, soil water of the five vegetation types was low except for shrubland and semi-natural grassland where it was moderate-high during a few periods. These conditions inhibit sustainable vegetation growth in the semi-arid loess hilly area of the loess plateau, China.     

陕北丘陵沟壑区坡地不同耕作法综合效益研究

以在陕北丘陵沟壑区坡耕地不同耕作法试验7 a的资料为依据, 论述了不同耕作法的水分利用、土壤水分平衡及单位面积产量和水土保持等综合效益. 作物生长主要依赖生育期内自然降雨;作物耗水量与每年生育期降雨量及土壤供水量呈显著正相关,不同耕作法之间变化不大,作物主要利用0-120 cm土层内的水分.同一年内不同耕作法的综合效益从优到劣、由高到低的排列顺序为宽梯田＞窄梯田＞水平沟＞平播＞水平阶＞隔坡梯田.而水土保持效益排列顺序为:梯田＞水平沟＞隔坡梯田＞水平阶＞平播＞裸地. 认为坡耕地确实应尽快退耕还林还草,以加速陕北生态环境建设,推进农业结构的战略性调整.     

垦植方式对山地果园水土流失的影响

应用径流小区法,长期（1996-2006）定位研究福建中部尤溪县垦植方式对山地果园水土流失的影响,结果表明：1）该地区11年平均年降雨量1575.5mm,平均年蒸发量1461.1mm,5月、6月、8月是强降雨高发期,也是水土流失防治的关键期;2）在山地果园开发中,平台开垦的径流系数为0.0688,明显小于顺坡开垦（0.2865）;3）植草能使果园0-30cm土层的土壤含水量提高0.8％-0.9％;4）顺坡清耕区侵蚀模数为2388.2t／（km^2·a）,梯台清耕区土壤侵蚀量达10.3kg/m,土壤侵蚀主要源于台壁受冲刷,顺坡植草区、梯台植草区基本不发生土壤侵蚀。     

模拟降雨条件下豫西南山区农地径流污染物变化规律

坡耕地和梯田是丹江口水库水源区常见的农地类型,为了减少养分和水土流失、改进农作措施,采用人工模拟降雨方法,研究了不同雨强下这两种用地径流中养分变化规律。结果表明:(1)两种土壤径流中TN,TP,COD随降雨时间均呈波状变化,不同雨强下梯田径流中TN的含量为:3.36mg/L(0.5mm/min时),5.18mg/L(2.5mm/min时),4.27mg/L(3.0mm/min时),坡耕地中相应为2.66mg/L,4.56mg/L,4.18mg/L;不同雨强下梯田径流中TP的含量为:0.81mg/L(0.5mm/min时),0.92mg/L(2.0mm/min时),1.56mg/L(2.5mm/min时),2.53mg/L(3.0mm/min时),坡耕地中的值依次为0.59mg/L,1.03mg/L,0.62mg/L,2.04mg/L。说明梯田中TN,TP的含量要高于坡耕地。(2)不同雨强下梯田径流中COD含量为:303.56mg/L(1.0mm/min时),685.16mg/L(2.0mm/min时),617.66mg/L(3.0mm/min时),坡耕地中则为419.63mg/L,644.62mg/L,721.17mg/L,研究表明坡耕地更易发生有机质的流失。因此,对坡耕地进行梯田化治理可减少养分和水土流失、提高作物产量。     

Slope and rainfall effects on the volume of sediment yield by gully erosion in the Souar lithologic formation (Tunisia)

The Souar lithologic formation in semi-arid Tunisia is undergoing severe gully erosion which is threatening soil and water resources. Soil conservation strategies have focused more on terracing than on gully control techniques, since the contribution of gully sediment yield in the overall soil loss from watersheds is unknown. The paper reports investigations into the sediment yield provided by head-cut as well as sidewall–floor erosion of first order gullies on gentle and steep slope catchments underlined by the Souar lithologic formation. We measured mean field sediment volumes evacuated by different headward reaches of 10 and 9 gullies located on gentle and steep slope catchments, respectively. Two equations between the length of the gully head cutting and the corresponding volume of evacuated sediment were established. The treatment with a Geographic Information System (Arc View) of air photographs of six flights from 1952 to 2000 allowed the calculation of the volume of sediment provided both by head cutting and gully sidewalls–floor erosion through the following up of gully extension in eight catchments during the five periods separating the dates of these flights. Total gully erosion was on average 1.66 m³ ha^− 1 year^− 1 for the gentle slopes and 5.603 m³ ha^− 1 year^− 1 for the steep slopes. Sidewalls–floor contribution in total erosion was on average 81.5% for the gentle slopes and 77.8% for the steep slopes. We found out that the mean annual rainfall resulting from 40 mm daily rainfall threshold explained better the variation of annual head cutting sediment yield for these five periods than any other annual rainfall resulting from lower daily rainfall thresholds. Two equations between these two variables were established both for gentle and steep slope catchments.     

黄土和红壤丘陵区输变电线路工程水土流失影响因素及特征

为顺应国家电网公司高质量绿色发展的内在需求,防治输电线工程施工过程中造成的严重水土流失。以黄土丘陵区和红壤丘陵区为研究对象,通过野外调查和文献查阅,选取区域内两条典型线路,就气候、地形、土壤和植被等自然因素对输电线路工程水土流失特征的影响进行研究。结果表明:(1)黄土丘陵区相较于红壤丘陵区侵蚀营力除水力之外还有风力。(2)黄土丘陵区土壤渗透性强、土层深厚,而红壤丘陵区质地粘重、遇水易板结、入渗能力差。(3)黄土丘陵区植被自我恢复能力较差,施工过程中需要随时进行补植,而红壤区植被遭受破坏后恢复能力强,即使施工中植被遭受破坏,在短期内也可自然恢复。(4)黄土丘陵区输电线路工程在施工期土壤侵蚀模数是自然恢复期的1～10倍。黄土丘陵区输电线路各区域的土壤侵蚀模数是红壤丘陵区的2.5～31.25倍。(5)黄土丘陵区侵蚀模数在换流站站区、电机电缆区和榆林市线路工程塔基区的侵蚀模数取最大值,换流站站区和线路工程塔基区新增水土流失量最大; 而红壤丘陵区输电线路工程侵蚀模数在宜昌市线路工程塔基区取最大值,塔基区的新增水土流失量亦为最大。塔基区是水土流失防治和监测的重点区域。因此,根据当地自然因素差异,分区域设计工程措施,有利于减少水土流失。     

基于AnnAGNPS模型的黄土高原小流域土壤侵蚀定量评价

以位于黄土丘陵沟壑区的砖窑沟流域为试点，利用AnnAGNPS模型进行土壤侵蚀定量评价。采用流域8次径流事件监测数据进行模型检验，径流量和沉积物量的相对误差分别为10%和-10%，AnnAGNPS模型能够比较理想地模拟流域长期的径流量和沉积物量，并可应用于黄土丘陵沟壑区的径流流失和土壤侵蚀定量评价。采用2004年土地利用状况模拟分析了流域土壤侵蚀量及其空间分布，结果表明：该流域平均片蚀和细沟侵蚀强度为3508 t/(km²·a)，属中度侵蚀等级，黄土沟壑地的平均侵蚀强度最大，属极强度侵蚀等级；严重的沟道侵蚀显著增加了运移到流域出口的泥沙。