Response of silicate weathering to monsoon changes on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Eolian deposits of loess on the Chinese Loess Plateau are investigated to decipher the influence of sequentially changed monsoon climate on silicate weathering process. Detailed hydrochloric acid dissolution experiments are applied to establish a sensitive proxy for silicate weathering. Combined elemental and mineralogical studies show that the minerals which are susceptible to incipient chemical weathering can be totally dissolved in hot hydrochloric acid (80°C, 3mol/L) after 4h, while other stable minerals are nearly unaffected. Thus, the hydrochloric acid dissolvable fractions (ADF) of loess and paleosol are more sensitive than bulk samples in the weathering reaction. Since Mg is tend to be leached out from the ADF while Al is conserved during the incongruent weathering, Mg/Al ratio of the ADF (Mg/Al_ADF) could indicate the weathering intensities of the Mg-bearing minerals, mainly chlorite. The Mg/Al_ADF of the modern soils on the Chinese Loess Plateau is closely correlated to the local precipitation amounts, suggests that the intensity of summer monsoon is a key factor in the weathering of Mg-silicate. The silicate weathering intensity of the loess-paleosol deposits of past 130Kyrs shows strong procession cycle of 23Kyrs coupled by glacial-interglacial variation. The 23Krys cycles are coherent to the variations of the intensity of summer monsoon, while the 100Kyrs glacial-interglacial variation may relates to the changes in winter monsoon. Phased intensification of East Asian summer monsoon, and thus enhanced silicate weathering and atmosphere CO₂ drawdown, in response to the uplift of Tibetan Plateau, may be another mechanism relating the late Cenozoic tectonics to global cooling.     

气候变化对关中地区粮食产量的影响及趋势分析

以增温为主的气候变化对粮食产量具有显著影响。本文利用关中地区1983—2016年的站点气象要素、粮食产量统计数据和跨部门影响模型比较计划(Intersectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project, ISIMIP)中4个全球气候模式2021—2050年降水、气温输出结果,采用突变分析、趋势分析和敏感性分析等方法,从粮食单产、气候产量和气候生产潜力等方面系统分析了我国主要粮食产地之一的陕西关中粮食产量对气候变化的响应特征。结果表明:1)1983—2016年,关中地区年平均气温呈显著上升趋势,升温速率为0.05℃·a~(-1)(P0.01),其中,最高气温的上升起主要作用;年降水量则以~(-1) mm·a~(-1)的速率呈下降趋势,但不显著。2)关中地区多年平均粮食单产为3 599 kg·hm~(-2),且逐年波动上升,速率为57.17kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)(P0.001)。关中多地的气候产量与气温呈正相关,气温的升高一定程度上促进了关中气候产量的增加,但并不显著(平均增加率为0.85 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1))。渭河关中地区多年以来的气候生产潜力为7 000～12 000kg·hm~(-2),受气温波动的影响,1995年后的平均气候生产潜力高于1995年之前,是整个研究时段气候生产潜力呈现增加趋势的主要时期。3)未来30年里(2021—2050年),关中地区在RCP2.6情景下的平均气候生产潜力略高于RCP6.0情景,但前者的生产潜力呈逐年下降趋势,后者则表现出逐年上升趋势。关中地区的作物对气候资源的利用空间还很大,且气候变化对关中粮食产量具有促进作用,但此正向作用并不是持续不变的。     

Effect of north and south exposure on weathering rates and clay mineral formation in Alpine soils

A comparison was made between two soil climosequences on north- and south-facing slopes in northern Italy to determine the influence of slope aspect on soil processes. The climosequences span an elevational gradient ranging from moderate (1200 m a.s.l.) to high alpine (2420 m a.s.l.) climate zones on surfaces having an age of about 15 000 years. The soils were investigated with respect to organic C, oxalate and dithionite extractable Fe, Al and Si, elemental losses (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Al, Si, Mn) and clay minerals. The stocks of soil org. C as well as of oxalate-extractable Fe and Al was greatest in the subalpine zone near the timberline. There are no clear differences in organic C content between the soils on north- and south-facing sites. Fe-oxalate and to a lesser extent Al_o-stocks were, however, greater on north-facing sites, indicating that weathering is greater there. Eluviation and illuviation of Al and Fe within the soil profile, typical for podzolisation, was more distinctly expressed on the N slopes. The probability of ITM (Imogolite-type-material) formation in the soil seemed to be greater on south-facing sites. On the north-facing sites, element leaching was most intense in the subalpine zone close to the timberline while on the south-facing sites this was only the case for the base cations. The N slopes exhibited higher leaching of elements which generally indicates a higher weathering intensity. On south-facing sites, typical podzolisation processes were measurable only above 2000 m a.s.l. The development of smectites is also a reflection of the weathering intensity; smectite was discernible in the surface horizon at all sites on N slopes but the highest amount was detected in the sub-alpine climate zone. For the south-facing sites only in the alpine climate zone could smectite be detected. Higher temperatures and an increased number of freeze-thaw cycles on south-facing slopes should theoretically enhance rates of chemical weathering. This could, however, not be confirmed with our measurements. The degree of chemical weathering increases from the south- to the north-facing sites that are characterised by lower temperatures, lower evapotranspiration and consequently by a higher humidity. Although precipitation in Alpine regions is abundant, the availability and flux of water through the soil is the prime factor in weathering intensity.     

河北平原气候变化对冬小麦产量的影响

根据河北平原多年降水、气温及冬小麦产量资料,利用回归分析、M-K突变检验、T检验、线性调和滑动平均等统计分析方法,分析了1951～2006年河北省气候变化特征及其对冬小麦气候产量的影响。结果表明:河北省春季气温近56年来线性升高倾向显著,平均每10年升高0.38℃,春季降水近56年无明显线性增减倾向。冬小麦气候产量与气温、降水显著相关,当气温距平在-1.2～1.2℃之间时,小麦气候产量为正值,温度过低或过高都会使小麦减产,高温使小麦减产更严重,降水量和小麦气候产量呈正相关。     

Differential weathering of granitic stocks and landscape effects in a Mediterranean climate,Southern Iberian Massif (Spain)

Mineralogical and structural features control the weathering processes and landform development of two different crystalline stocks in the Iberian Massif, Spain (the Santa Elena and Linares stocks). The Santa Elena stock shows irregular saprolite profiles and boulder landforms whereas the Linares stock develops broad and plain landscapes with uniform saprolites and less boulder forms. The Santa Elena stock is more closely jointed and fractured than the Linares body. The main secondary minerals are kaolinite, and illite; illite/smectite interstratification was only observed in deep samples from the Linares profile. The Linares profile is feldspar-enriched whereas in Santa Elena plagioclase is almost absent and clay mineral content, especially kaolinite, is higher. Feldspars show dissolution channels developed along cleavage planes filled by clay minerals. Biotite–kaolinite intergrowths have fanned-out textures of epitaxial disposition. Weathered materials are enriched in Al and H₂O and Fe, and depleted in Ca, Na, Mg, Ti, P. The Santa Elena weathered materials are richer in H₂O than those from Linares and have lower Si/Al ratios. Mineralogical and geochemical evidence indicate the Santa Elena materials are more intensely weathered. High fracturation and high Ca-richer plagioclase contents are key factors producing the pervasive Santa Elena stock weathering. Fluvial erosion removed the alteration products in incised tectonically controlled streams resulting in boulder accumulation.     

Diurnal and seasonal water variations of temperature,pH, redox potential and conductivity in gnammas (weathering pits): Implications for chemical weathering

A gnamma or weathering pit is a small-sized cavity sculpted into solid rock which refills with rainwater. This study describes the main hydrological processes in gnammas and the underlying chemical interactions with the environment. Four gnammas developed in a granite tor from central Spain were chosen for monitoring and studying the dynamics of the gnamma–water system. Parameters monitored were air and water temperature, pH, ORP (redox potential), and conductivity. These measurements describe the system dynamics, without the need for special sampling or other potential interferences under low water volumes. Additionally, chemical analyses were carried out to contrast the chemical properties with the chemical composition. As a consequence of water volumes less than 100 L, daily fluctuations tended to cause the largest amplitude changes. Photosynthesis and respiration/putrefaction processes in the gnamma are responsible for daily pH fluctuations up to 4 units, with pH values often greater than 9. ORP generally alternates from positive to negative values as the solution oscillates diurnally between basic and acidic conditions. Conductivity values ∼ 10 μS/cm occur most of the year, with only minor daily oscillations. During dry periods, conductivity increases significantly with maximum values > 400 μS/cm. These high conductivity values reflect atmospheric inputs by summer rainstorms after prolonged dry periods. Therefore, conductivity does not relate directly with chemical species dissolved from the host rock. Silica was the main weathering product of granite dissolution during the year, with highest concentrations (> 200 ppm) in the rainy season. Low Si values measured during the dry season are in accordance with observed precipitation of amorphous silica within the gnamma. Seasonal variations in concentration are also present in Al and Fe as a response to ORP variations and evaporative dynamics, causing mineral dissolution and new mineral precipitation during the year. Relations among the measured parameters are influenced by several factors, including biological processes, temperature effects and water level variations. Factors such as large pH oscillations, basic pH values, acids from biological activity, and alkali cations all increase silicate solubility, thus favoring granite dissolution. Overflow of water during the winter, when the water is chemically enriched, is an effective mechanism to remove weathering products.     

Impact of climate change on soil erosion, runoff, and wheat productivity in central Oklahoma

The potential for global climate changes to increase the risk of soil erosion is clear, but the actual damage is not. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the potential impacts of climate change on soil erosion, surface runoff, and wheat productivity in central Oklahoma. Monthly projections were used from the Hadley Centre's general circulation model, HadCM3, using scenarios A2a, B2a, and GGa1 for the periods of 1950–1999 and 2070–2099. Projected changes in monthly precipitation and temperature distributions between the two periods were incorporated into daily weather series by means of a stochastic weather generator (CLIGEN) with its input parameters adjusted to each scenario. The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model was run for four climate scenarios including a recent historical climate and three tillage systems (conventional tillage, conservation tillage, and no-till). HadCM3-projected mean annual precipitation during 2070–2099 at El Reno, Oklahoma decreased by 13.6%, 7.2%, and 6.2% for A2a, B2a, and GGa1, respectively; and mean annual temperature increased by 5.7, 4.0, and 4.7 °C, respectively. Predicted average annual soil loss in the tillage systems other than no-till, compared with historical climate (1950–1999), increased by 18–30% for A2a, remained similar for B2a, and increased by 67–82% for GGa1. Predicted soil loss in no-till did not increase in the three scenarios. Predicted mean annual runoff in all three tillage systems increased by 16–25% for A2a, remained similar for B2a, and increased by 6–19% for GGa1. The greater increases in soil loss and runoff in GGa1 were attributed to greater variability in monthly precipitation as projected by HadCM3. The increased variability led to increased frequency of large storms. Small changes in wheat yield, which ranged from a 5% decrease in B2a to a 5% increase in GGa1, were because the adverse effects of the temperature increase on winter wheat growth were largely offset by CO₂ rise as well as the bulky decrease in precipitation occurred outside the growing season. The overall results indicate that no-till and conservation tillage systems will be effective in combating soil erosion under projected climates in central Oklahoma.     

皖南第四纪红土伊利石结晶度值与风化强度的关系

对安徽宣城市宣州和郎溪两地第四纪红土黏土矿物组合和伊利石结晶度进行研究,探讨其对第四纪红土形成环境的指示意义。结果表明,两地第四纪红土黏土矿物的组合基本相似:剖面上部末次冰期下蜀黄土层(黄棕色土层)黏土矿物主要为伊利石、高岭石和2∶1型的蛭石;均质红土和网纹红土以伊利石和高岭石为主,无蛭石;网纹层下部出现伊利石-蒙脱石混层矿物。根据伊利石的X射线衍射(XRD)峰,获得伊利石结晶度(Illite crystallinity,IC)值,可以反映伊利石结晶程度。两地第四纪红土同类层次的IC值较接近。宣州和郎溪剖面黄棕色土的IC值平均为0.463,均质红土为0.599,网纹红土为0.726。全剖面样品IC值与风化强度指标呈显著负相关,充分说明红土IC值可有效地反映红土的风化强度。第四纪红土剖面从黄棕色土→均质红土→网纹红土,IC值升高,伊利石结晶变差,反映了红土风化强度增加,形成的气候环境更加湿热。     

Effect of fire on solute release from organic horizons under larch forest in Central Siberian permafrost terrain

To evaluate the effects of forest fire and post-fire stand recovery on the organic layer chemistry and solute release within mound and trough microrelief elements (termed earth hummock microtopography) that mainly distribute permafrost affected area, we chose five fire plots (larch forests burned in 1951, 1981, 1990, 1994 and 2005) paired with adjacent control plots in mature larch forests in Central Siberian permafrost terrain. We determined total carbon, nitrogen and ash content in solid organic soils, and analyzed total carbon, nitrogen, bases and major anions in water extracts. There was a significant correlation between water-extracted organic carbon (WEOC) and total carbon (kg m⁻²) in area basis, implying that the quantity of total carbon was a major factor in WEOC production. WEOC correlated negatively with pH, indicating strong control by organic horizons (organic solute leaching) on soil acidity and base cation dynamics. The sum of water extractable base cations was also correlated significantly to total carbon, indicating that cations can be released through organic matter decomposition. Organic horizons in troughs in burned plots released greater amounts of Ca, Mg and K than those in mounds, probably due to greater content of organic matter as a cation source. Anions including nitrate and phosphate and WEOC also accumulated in trough depressions, due probably to organic matter degradation. The contrasting distribution of solutes between mounds and troughs in burned plots seems to be controlled by organic horizon development via changes in microtopography after forest fires.     

气候变化对新疆红枣种植气候区划的影响

研究气候变化背景下新疆红枣气候区划的变化,对适应气候变化,充分合理地利用农业气候资源,科学制定新疆红枣种植和发展规划,促进新疆红枣产业的持续稳定发展具有重要意义。利用新疆101个气象站1961—2012年的历史气候资料,使用线性趋势分析、累积距平和t-检验以及基于ArcGIS的混合插值法,在对近52年新疆≥10℃积温、冬季极端最低气温和6—7月平均气温时空变化进行分析的基础上,结合红枣气候区划指标,对气候变化背景下新疆红枣种植气候区划的变化进行了分析。研究结果表明:1)新疆≥10℃积温、冬季极端最低气温和6—7月平均气温的空间分布总体呈现"南疆高、北疆低,平原和盆地高、山区低"的格局。2)近52年新疆≥10℃积温、冬季极端最低气温和6—7月平均气温分别以62.22℃·d·10a-1、0.551℃·10a-1和0.221℃·10a-1的倾向率呈显著上升趋势,并分别于1997年、1982年和1994年发生了突变。受其影响,1997年后新疆红枣适宜种植区面积增至5.05×105 km2,较之前增加1.20×105 km2,占新疆总面积比例增大7.3个百分点;而次适宜种植区面积缩小4.0×104 km2,占新疆总面积比例缩小2.4个百分点;不适宜种植区面积缩小8.01×104 km2,占新疆总面积比例缩小4.9个百分点。气候变化使新疆红枣适宜种植区面积明显扩大,次适宜和不适宜种植区面积有所减小,这种变化对促进新疆红枣产业的发展具有重要意义。     

气候变暖对甘肃省不同气候类型区主要作物需水量的影响

作物需水量是农田水分循环系统中最重要的因素之一。在未来温度上升1~4 ℃的情景下, 研究了气候变暖对我国甘肃省不同气候类型区主要作物需水量的影响。结果表明, 气候变暖对不同作物需水量的影响程度不同。其中对冬小麦需水量的影响最大, 对玉米和春小麦次之。当生长期内温度上升1~4 ℃时, 冬小麦需水量将增加3.05%~12.90%, 相当于13.2~81.2 mm; 玉米需水量将增加2.49%~10.80%, 相当于9.9~60.6 mm;春小麦需水量将增加2.74%~11.69%, 相当于6.7~40.0 mm。气候变暖对作物需水量的影响存在一定地域性差异。对干旱区的作物需水量影响最大, 半干旱区次之, 其次是半湿润区, 对湿润区影响不大。根据甘肃省目前的种植结构, 据此估算, 当温度上升1~4 ℃时, 将使甘肃省冬小麦的灌溉需水量增加12.43×10⁸ m³、13.02×10⁸ m³、13.74×10⁸ m³ 和14.65×10⁸ m³, 玉米的灌溉需水量增加7.94×10⁸ m³、8.32×10⁸ m³、8.78×10⁸ m³ 和9.30×10⁸ m³, 春小麦的灌溉需水量增加4.97×10⁸ m³、5.16×10⁸ m³、5.42×10⁸ m³ 和5.76×10⁸ m³。     

Adsorption of DNA on clay minerals and various colloidal particles from an Alfisol

Adsorption and desorption of salmon sperm DNA on four different colloidal fractions from Brown Soil and clay minerals were studied. The adsorption isotherms of DNA on the examined soil colloids and minerals conformed to the Langmuir equation. The amount of DNA adsorbed followed the order: montmorillonite?fine inorganic clay>fine organic clay>kaolinite>coarse inorganic clay>coarse organic clay. A marked decrease in the adsorption of DNA on organic clays and montmorillonite was observed with the increase of pH from 2.0 to 5.0. Negligible DNA was adsorbed by organic clays above pH 5.0. As for inorganic clays and kaolinite, a slow decrease in DNA adsorption was found with increasing pH from 2.0 to 9.0. The results implied that electrostatic interactions played a more important role in DNA adsorption on organic clays and montmorillonite. Magnesium ion was more efficient than sodium ion in promoting DNA adsorption on soil colloids and minerals. DNA molecules on soil colloids and minerals were desorbed by sequential washing with 10 mM Tris, 100 mM NaCl and 100 mM phosphate at pH 7.0. A percentage of 53.7-64.4% of adsorbed DNA on organic clays and montmorillonite was released, while only 10.7-15.2% of DNA on inorganic clays and kaolinite was desorbed by Tris and NaCl. The percent desorption of DNA from inorganic clays, organic clays, montmorillonite and kaolinite by phosphate was 39.7-42.2, 23.6-28.8, 29.7 and 11.4%, respectively. Data from this work indicated that fine clays dominate the amount of DNA adsorption and coarse clays play a more important role in the binding affinity of DNA in soil. Organic matter may not favor DNA adsorption in permanent-charge soil. The information obtained is of fundamental significance for the understanding of the ultimate fate of extracellular DNA in soil.     

气候变化对四川盆地主要粮食作物生产潜力的影响

基于四川盆地1961—2018年63个气象台站的逐日气象资料和1981—2018年46个农业气象观测站的主要粮食作物(水稻、玉米和冬小麦)生育期资料,利用逐级订正的方法计算作物气候生产潜力,分析太阳辐射、气温、降水及气候变化对四川盆地主要粮食作物气候生产潜力的影响,研究旨在为提高区域农业生产力并保障农业可持续发展提供科学依据。结果显示:1961—2018年四川盆地作物多年平均气候生产潜力的分布为水稻由西向东递增,玉米在盆地北部和西南偏高、其他地区偏低,冬小麦南北高、中部低。辐射量减小对3种作物气候生产潜力的影响为负效应;平均气温升高对作物气候生产潜力的影响为正效应;降水量变化是作物气候生产潜力变化出现空间差异的主要原因,降水量增加对作物气候生产潜力的影响为正效应,而降水量减少为负效应。气候变化对水稻气候生产潜力的影响在盆地西南部和北部的部分地区为正效应,其余地区为负效应;气候变化对玉米气候生产潜力的影响在盆地南部和东部的部分地区为正效应,其余地区为负效应;气候变化对冬小麦气候生产潜力的影响在盆地东北部的部分地区为负效应,其余大部地区为正效应。总体来看,气候变化对四川盆地冬小麦气候生产潜力的影响最大,为9.9kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),而对玉米和水稻的影响分别为-1.4 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)和0.5 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。为了适应气候变化,四川盆地应选育光合效率高和抗旱性强的作物品种,并加强农田管理,以提高农业生产水平并保障粮食安全。     

X-ray diffractometry and electron microscopy of DNA from Bacillus subtilis bound on clay minerals

DNA bound on clay minerals, sand, and humic acids has been shown, both in vitro and in situ, to be capable of transforming bacteria and to resist degradation by nucleases, which could result in the crypticity of genes in soil and other natural habitats. To determine where DNA is bound on clay minerals, which may help to explain how bound DNA becomes resistant to degradation by nucleases but retains the ability to transform competent cells, chromosomal DNA from Bacillus subtilis bound on montmorillonite (M) and kaolinite (K) was examined by X-ray diffractometry and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the basal spacings of M and K were not altered, indicating that this DNA did not significantly intercalate the clays. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that the binding of this DNA was primarily on the edges of M and K, although some binding was also apparent on the planar surfaces. Based on the results of these studies, it is postulated that:

Effect of snow amount on runoff,soil loss and suspended sediment during periods of snowmelt in southern West Siberia

Surface runoff, soil loss, suspended sediment concentration (SSC), texture of eroded soils and suspended sediment were determined on slightly eroded chernozems (mouldboard fall-ploughed) during years with different amounts of snow in three areas of southern West Siberia (Predsalairye, Priobye and Kuznetsk hollow). These areas have different geomorphological and climatic characteristics and soils. Observations were made from 1969 to 2007. The soil loss during very low-snow and low-snow years did not exceed 2 t ha^− 1. After winters with normal amounts of snow, the runoff led to slight soil loss (2–5 t ha^− 1). Soil losses in high-snow and very high-snow years varied from slight to severe (4.8–15.8 t ha^− 1) depending on studied area. The main sediment exported during intensive snowmelt and the 1 mm of runoff transported from 35 to 150 kg ha^− 1 of soil material. The removal of soil particles < 0.01 mm (especially clay) prevailed during the initial and final stages of snowmelt. Clay removal by meltwater from the ploughed layer in high-snow and very high-snow years varied from 3300 to 4200 kg ha^− 1 and, in the initial and final stages of snowmelt clay removal, accounted for 1260–1,500 kg ha^− 1. Among the three studied regions, Predsalairye had decreased soil erosion resistance and was the area with the greatest danger of erosion.     

Stratigraphy and sedimentology at Bir Sahara, Egypt: Environments, climate change and the Middle Paleolithic

Bir Sahara, situated in northeast Africa, contains a set of sedimentary sequences that imply episodic changes in climate and environment during the Middle and Late Pleistocene. Some of the stratigraphic contexts are associated with Middle Paleolithic artifact assemblages. The artifact assemblages are typically in sands that underlie deposits composed of high amounts of carbonate or fine clastics (muds) indicative of expanding lakes and wetter climates. The wetter climates may have provided landscapes that were periodically inhabitable by Pleistocene hominids.     

未来气候变化对四川盆地玉米生育期气候资源及生产潜力的影响

开展气候变化背景下四川盆地玉米生育期气候资源及生产潜力时空变化趋势的预估, 可对未来应对气候变化及玉米生产宏观决策提供重要的理论依据。利用区域气候模式PRECIS输出的未来A2和B2气候情景(2071-2100年)及基准气候条件(1961-1990年)气象要素资料, 分析了四川盆地玉米生育期内主要气候资源(日平均气温≥10 ℃积温、日照时数、降水量、参考作物蒸散量和缺水率)和玉米生产潜力(光合、光温和气候生产潜力)的时空变化特征。结果表明, 与基准气候条件相比, 在A2和B2两种气候情景下, 2071-2100年四川盆地玉米生育期内≥10 ℃积温、日照时数和参考作物蒸散量都呈增加趋势; 两种气候情景下, 日平均气温≥10 ℃积温的增量分别为460~641 ℃·d和376~492 ℃·d, 在盆地西部增量最大; 日照时数的增量分别为15~225 h和33~202 h, 雅安增加最多; 参考作物蒸散量的增量分别为76~144 mm和73~123 mm, 雅安增加最多。降水量在大部分地区呈减少趋势, 变幅分别为 87~56 mm和 73~47 mm, 雅安减少最多。玉米缺水率分别增加2%~18%和5%~16%, 雅安增幅最大, 未来四川盆地玉米受干旱灾害的风险可能加大。在A2和B2情景下, 2071-2100年玉米光合生产潜力分别增加228~3 277 kg·hm^-2和485~2 960 kg·hm^-2, 雅安和川北部分地区增量最大; 光温生产潜力也呈增加趋势, 分别增加2 923~5 874 kg·hm^-2和2 697~4 909 kg·hm^-2, 雅安的增量最大; 气候生产潜力同样呈增加趋势, 分别增加984~2 975 kg·hm^-2和293~2 090 kg·hm^-2, 盆地西部增加较多。未来四川盆地气候资源变化对玉米的生产有利, 产量存在提升空间。     

Dynamics of a declining amphibian metapopulation: Survival, dispersal and the impact of climate

Climate can interact with population dynamics in complex ways. In this study we describe how climatic factors influenced the dynamics of an amphibian metapopulation over 12 years through interactions with survival, recruitment and dispersal. Low annual survival of great crested newts (Triturus cristatus) was related to mild winters and heavy rainfall, which impacted the metapopulation at the regional level. Consequently, survival varied between years but not between subpopulations. Despite this regional effect, the four subpopulations were largely asynchronous in their dynamics. Three out of the four subpopulations suffered reproductive failure in most years, and recruitment to the metapopulation relied on one source. Variation in recruitment and juvenile dispersal was therefore probably driving asynchrony in population dynamics. At least one subpopulation went extinct over the 12 year period. These trends are consistent with simulations of the system, which predicted that two subpopulations had an extinction risk of >50% if adult survival fell below 30% in combination with low juvenile survival. Intermittent recruitment may therefore only result in population persistence if compensated for by relatively high adult survival. Mild winters may consequently reduce the viability of amphibian metapopulations. In the face of climate change, conservation actions may be needed at the local scale to compensate for reduced adult survival. These would need to include management to enhance recruitment, connectivity and dispersal.     

粘土矿物对土壤腐殖质化学性质的影响

Chemical characteristics of humic substances in soils with different mineralogical characteristics and under different utilization paterns in Zhangpu,Fujian Province,together with two pairs of cultivated soils in North China Plain were studied by chemical analysis,visible and IR spectroscopy and ^13C NMR spectrometry.For soils in Zhanpu the HA/FA ratio and both the aromaticity and the degree of humification of HA were higher in soils with montmorillonite as the predominant clay mineral than in those with kaolinite as the predominant clay mineral,provided these soils were under the same utilization pattern.While for each pair of soils with similar mineralogical characteristics the HA/FA ratio was higher and the C/H ratio and the contnet of carboxyl group of HA were lower in paddy soil than in upland soil.Among the upland soils(or paddy soils)studied the Ha/FA ratio of soil in Zhangpu with kaolinite as the predominant clay mineral was the lowest,and that of soil in Zhangpu with montmorillonite as the predominant clay mineral was the highest .the lowest.and that of soil in Zhangpu with montmorillonite as the predominant clay mineral was the highest It was concluded that the presence of montmorillonite favored the fromation and maturation of humic acid.     

1961—2010年气候变化对西南冬小麦潜在和 雨养产量影响的模拟分析

利用农业气象试验站作物资料及土壤资料,评价 APSIM-Wheat 模型在西南地区的适应性,应用该模型分析该地区1961—2010年冬小麦潜在和雨养产量的时空变化特征,通过逐步回归分析揭示小麦生长季主要气象因子对潜在产量和雨养产量的影响及相对贡献率。研究结果表明： APSIM 模型对该区5个常用小麦品种的模拟效果较好,模拟与实测生育期的均方根误差(RMSE)在7.0 d 以内,地上部分生物量和产量模拟值与实测值的归一化均方根误差(NRMSE)均低于25%,模型在西南地区具有较好的适应性。1961—2010年研究区域36%的站点冬小麦生长季总辐射显著降低,其中北部、东南部和南部中区最显著;68%的站点生长季≥0℃有效积温显著增加,西部增温显著;30%的站点生长季平均气温日较差显著减小,南部中区最显著;全区生长季总降水大面积减少但不显著,减少区主要位于最南端和东南部。模拟的冬小麦潜在产量在65%的站点呈显著减产趋势,南部中区和北部变化最明显;雨养产量在25%的站点显著降低,北部地区较明显,全区减产趋势较弱。减产显著的站点中,生长季辐射降低、温度升高、气温日较差减小对潜在产量降低的贡献率分别为45%、36%和2%,对雨养产量降低的贡献率分别为36%、39%和－8%,而降水减少对雨养产量降低的贡献率为7%。西南冬小麦生长季辐射降低、温度升高及降水减少共同导致了冬小麦潜在和雨养产量的显著下降,而气温日较差的降低对冬小麦潜在和雨养产量的影响分别表现为负作用和正作用,整体上辐射和温度的影响程度最大。