2008年绩溪县水稻“3414”肥料效应田间试验报告

通过"3414"回归最优设计原理设置的水稻肥效试验,获得了肥料效应函数方程,由此数学模型得出:理论N、P、K最佳施肥量为纯N 144.38 kg/hm2、P2O5 38.38 kg/hm2、K2O 67.02 kg/hm2,N∶P2O5∶K2O为1∶0.27∶0.46时,最佳经济产量为9146.63 kg/hm2.综合分析不同推荐施肥方法的推荐施肥量,结合当地实际,建议推荐施肥量分别为尿素(N,460 g/kg)总量322.34 kg/hm2、过磷酸钙(P2O5,120 g/kg)314.84 kg/hm2、氯化钾(K2O,600 g/kg)112.44 kg/hm2.     

施肥量对奶花芸豆产量效应和养分吸收的影响

用正交回归旋转组合设计,研究了密度及N、P(P2O5)、K(K2O)施用量对奶花芸豆产量的影响;通过田间试验测定参数,利用计算机技术对试验数据进行处理,建立了产量函数模型;经计算机模拟寻优,筛选出了产量的最佳田问施肥方案.在试验条件下,当奶花芸豆栽培密度为167000株/hm2,施N量300 kg/hm2,施P(P2O5)量200 kg/hm2,施K(K2O)量47 kg/hm2组合时,产量可达到3825kg/hm2.施肥能够提高奶花芸豆对N、P、K养分的吸收.     

高产夏玉米的种植密度和肥料效应研究

应用电子计算机和二次通用旋转组合设计法,以玉米种植密度和N、P、K施肥量为供试因子,玉米籽粒产量和经济效益为目标,得出了夏玉米产量分别为≥10500kg/hm2,11250kg/hm2和12000kg/hm2的高产高效益的种植密度和N、P、K施肥方案.种植密度为97200株/hm2,施纯N 332.4kg/hm2,施P2O5 111.8kg/hm2和K2O 150.0kg/hm2,籽粒产量≥10500 kg;种植密度105000株/hm2,施纯N 367.2kg/hm2,施P2O5 110.0kg/hm2和K2O 150kg/hm22,籽粒产量≥11250kg/hm2;种植密度105000株/hm2,施纯N 439.4kg/hm2,施P2O5 120.0kg/hm2和K2O 150kg/hm2,籽粒产量≥12000kg/hm2.籽粒产量从10500 kg/hm2增加到12000kg/hm2,扣除成本每hm2纯收益增加603.5元.     

应用最优混合设计研究氮磷钾不同配比对甘蔗产量和产糖量的效应

应用“311—A”最优混合设计进行田间试验,研究氮肥、磷肥、钾肥用量不同配比对甘蔗产量和产糖量的效应,通过运用统计分析软件对试验结果进行回归分析,建立多项式回归模型,寻求出甘蔗蔗茎产量及其产糖量的氮肥、磷肥、钾肥最佳组合范围及其最佳配比用量方案。在供试条件下,对于甘蔗产量的氮、磷、钾肥料用量最佳组合范围方案为:N=268.6~312.2kg/hm2,P2O5=130.7~141.3kg/hm2,K2O=322.4~344.8kg/hm2,N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.45~0.49∶1.10~1.20,最高产量预测值为112.7t/hm2;对于产糖量的最佳组合范围方案为:N=257.9~290.8kg/hm2,P2O5=139.0~158.0kg/hm2,K2O=325.3~350.6kg/hm2,N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.54∶1.20~1.26,最高产糖量预测值为16.3t/hm2。对于产量的经济最佳施肥量方案为:N=311.7kg/hm2,P2O5=140.8kg/hm2,K2O=344.4kg/hm2,N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.45∶1.10;对于产糖量的经济最佳施肥量方案为:N=290.6kg/hm2,P2O5=157.8kg/hm2,K2O=350.4kg/hm2,N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.54∶1.21。     

施肥对河西绿洲制种玉米各器官养分吸收及产量的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的配合施用对制种玉米氮、磷、钾的养分含量、吸收状况及产量的影响。结果表明,施肥对制种玉米干生物量的累积有明显的促进作用,增施氮、磷肥有利于提高制种玉米干物质的累积,当氮肥过量时,干生物量反而有所下降。合理配施氮肥、磷肥和钾肥,促进了养分比例的协调供给,明显增加了制种玉米各器官的养分含量、养分吸收量及养分收获指数。合理配施氮、磷肥能使制种玉米具有明显的增产效果。每生产100 kg玉米籽粒,最高产量氮素、磷素、钾素的吸收量分别为N:2.25 kg,P2O5:0.60 kg和K2O:2.40 kg,植株吸收养分适宜比例(N︰P2O5︰K2O)3.73︰1︰3.97。在制种玉米生产中推荐施肥量为N 360 kg/hm2,P2O5 180 kg/hm2,K2O 90 kg/hm2。     

胶东地区不同花生品种的养分吸收分配特性

【目的】我国花生种质资源丰富,高产优质的新品种更新速度较快,且栽培方式、栽培条件各异,不同类型花生对养分的吸收、分配特性存在较大差异。为明确花生种植面积较大的胶东地区不同花生品种的养分需求特性,本研究分析比较了5个花生品种对N、P2O5、K2O的吸收、分配特性,以期为该地区花生生产的科学施肥提供理论依据和技术指导。【方法】采用田间小区试验的方法,以鲁花11、丰花5、花育25、潍花10和青花6为试材,在平度市白埠镇良种繁殖场进行试验,并分别于花生播种后50 d(开花期)、90 d(荚果膨大期)和125 d(收获期)取样,同时测定花生根系(包括果针)、茎枝、叶片、荚果等器官的干鲜重及氮、磷、钾含量,收获时测定花生荚果产量、百果重、单株荚果数、饱果率等指标。【结果】丰花5和花育25的荚果产量较高,平均为5578 kg/hm2,显著高于其他品种;青花6和潍花10则相对较低,分别是丰花5的82.0%和84.5%。大粒丰花5及小粒青花6的饱果率显著高于其他品种。不同花生品种各养分的累积分配特征及养分利用效应存在显著差异,鲁花11和花育25的N、P2O5、K2O累积量均较高,潍花10的3种养分累积量显著低于其他品种;不同取样时期各花生品种对N、P2O5、K2O的吸收累积量均表现为NK2OP2O5。播后50 d,5个花生品种整株的养分需求量平均为N 28.29 kg/hm2、P2O56.03 kg/hm2和K2O 16.32 kg/hm2,分别占全生育期总需求量的13.0%、15.2%和19.9%;N、P2O5、K2O累积速率最快的时期是播种后50 90 d,3种养分需求量平均为N 134.02 kg/hm2、P2O528.17 kg/hm2和K2O 72.35kg/hm2,分别占总需求量的61.7%、71.0%和79.6%;播种后90 125 d,各品种对氮、磷、钾的需求量分别降低为54.77 kg/hm2、5.45 kg/hm2和-6.60 kg/hm2,各占总需求量的25.2%、13.8%和-8.04%;生育前期养分主要累积在地上部,后期则大部分集中在荚果中,且整株花生的K2O可能会出现负吸收现象;潍花10荚果的N、P2O5、K2O生产效率和干物质生产效率均较高。【结论】在本试验条件下,鲁花11和花育25为养分高效累积型品种,潍花10为养分生理利用高效率品种,丰花5为养分利用高效率品种;对于荚果养分分配系数较高的品种,尤其要重视营养生长期的养分供应。     

施肥对中长绒陆地棉产量和品质的影响

通过对供试棉田土壤主要养分限制因子及中长绒陆地棉最佳施肥量研究表明,氮素是供试土壤的第一养分限制因子,其次是磷素和钾素,对中长绒棉产量影响的养分限制因子顺序为氮>磷>钾。平衡施肥的N、P2O5、K2O施肥量分别为207、138、75 kg/hm2时能显著提高中长绒陆地棉的产量。不施肥CK处理相对OPT(氮磷钾最佳施肥处理)减产达33%。通过氮磷钾肥料效应方程得到N、P2O5、K2O最佳经济施肥量分别为203.3、141.7、46 kg/hm2,N∶P2O5∶K2O为1∶0.70∶0.23,最佳经济皮棉产量分别为1474、1550和1516 kg/hm2。     

氮、磷、钾肥对大葱商品性状及其产量的影响

应用311-A拟饱和最优回归设计,通过氮、磷、钾肥配比田间试验,建立大葱施用氮、磷、钾肥对大葱株高、葱白直径、产量及施肥利润的效应函数。结果表明,株高极大值氮、磷、钾优化施肥组合为:N 371.30、P2O5 157.50、K2O 309.58 kg/hm2,此时的株高为92.88 cm;葱白直径极大值氮、磷、钾优化施肥组合为:N 350.63、P2O5 157.50、K2O 225.00 kg/hm2,此时葱白的直径为1.769 cm;最高产量的氮、磷、钾优化施肥组合为:N 394.08、P2O5 193.62、K2O 225.00 kg/hm2,此时产量为55805.06 kg/hm2;最佳施肥利润的氮、磷、钾优化施肥组合为:N 391.35、P2O5 192.97、K2O 225.00 kg/hm2,其最佳施肥利润达136865.60元/hm2,经济产量达55802.74 kg/hm2。     

香蕉营养诊断的DRIS标准的初步研究

运用诊断与推荐综合系统(DRIS)标准建立的常规方法,通过比较香蕉低产组和高产组叶片N、P、K、Ca、Mg和S养分含量以及两元素间的养分比和养分积,初步筛选出P/N、N.K、N.Ca、N/Mg、N/S、P.K、P/Ca、P/Mg、P.S、Ca/K、K/Mg、K.S、Ca/Mg、Ca/S和S/Mg作为DRIS参项,并初步提出香蕉DRIS诊断标准。     

膜荚黄芪氮磷钾优化施肥模式研究

采用氮,磷,钾三因素二次D-饱和最优设计,通过田间试验,建立了氮磷钾的施肥量编码值与膜荚黄芪根产量、多糖含量的效应函数。结果表明,氮、磷、钾肥对膜荚黄芪根产量的增产作用大小依次为:氮肥＞钾肥＞磷肥;氮、磷、钾肥对黄芪多糖含量的作用大小依次为:钾肥＞磷肥＞氮肥,其中钾肥为负效应,氮肥、磷肥为正效应。寻优结果表明,膜荚黄芪目标产量在6000～7000 kg/hm2之间,95%置信区间的优化施肥量为:N 66.85～102.92 kg/hm2,P2O5 64.64～94.95 kg/hm2,K2O 119.78～166.48 kg/hm2;膜荚黄芪多糖含量在13%～14%之间,95%置信区间的优化施肥量为:N 66.85～102.92 kg/hm2,P2O5 64.64～94.95 kg/hm2,K2O 119.78～166.48 kg/hm2;膜荚黄芪高产优质高效栽培优化施肥量为:N 99.52～102.92 kg/hm2,P2O5 94.20～94.95 kg/hm2,K2O 119.78～166.48 kg/hm2,N、P2O5、K2O的最佳比例为:1: 0.92～0.95:1.16～1.62。     

Physical Properties of the Soils of Sibay City of the Republic of Bashkortostan

Eurasian Soil Science - The results of the study of the properties of urban soils of the city of Sibay located in the mining region of the Republic of Bashkortostan are presented. A specific...     

食用仙人掌萎蔫气象条件分析

塑料大棚内种植的食用仙人掌在土壤墒情较好时也有萎蔫现象发生，通过试验观测和对仙人掌生理习性的分析，发现阴雨过后天气突然放晴温度急剧上升易使仙人掌发生萎蔫现象，并提出了田间管理的应对措施。     

Heterogeneity of Organic Matter of Aggregates of Protocalcic Chernozems

Eurasian Soil Science - Layers were step-by-step removed from macroaggregates (2–1 mm in diameter) of Protocalcic Chernozems via successive abrasion in a revolving rotator during 5, 10, 15,...     

青海省耕地资源开发利用分析及对策研究

分析论述了青海省耕地资源开发利用的现状、特点和问题。在此基础上,提出了对青海省耕地资源进行研究的框架体系和思路,同时基于GIS/RS技术设计了相关的技术路线。最后依据所做设计对青海省耕地资源开发利用做了初步分析,并进行了相关的对策研究分析。     

Characterization of physical and chemical properties of Varzea soils of Goias State of Brazil

Abstract

Brazil has approximately 30 million hectares of lowland areas, known locally as “Varzea,”; distributed throughout the country. Soils in these areas have the potential to support agricultural production, but very little is known about their fertility. The current experiment was undertaken to characterize the chemical and physical properties of representative “Varzea”; soils collected at 0–20, 20–40, 40–60, and 60–80 cm depth intervals from 23 sites in Goias State of Brazil. Organic matter contents averaged 42 g/kg in the surface 20 cm of soil and should make a significant contribution to overall nutrient availability. Soil pH increased slightly with depth from a mean value of 5.2 in the surface 20 cm of soil to a mean value of 5.4 in the 60–80 cm depth interval. Several soils had exchangeable Al values ≥ 1.0 cmol Al/kg, but soil Al saturation was generally less than the 60% level frequently associated with Al toxicity. However, cereal and legume production could benefit from lime addition in many of these soils. Although base saturation was fairly low in some soils, exchangeable Ca and Mg levels were, in general, adequate throughout the profile. Extractable P levels were adequate in most surface soil samples. Extractable K levels in these soils were generally low, and the application of K fertilizers should be beneficial, especially in conjunction with lime addition. The high clay content “Varzea”; soils of the Brazilian lowlands have some drainage problems but generally exhibit favorable chemical properties for crop production when compared to soils of the well‐drained Cerrados.     

Estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of agrophytocenoses soils of the subtropical zone of Russia

An estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of various soil types under agrophytocenoses of tea, filbert, peach, and pawpaw which grow in the area of Greater Sochi is given. High indicators of nitrogen fixation activity in the soil in the course of vegetation were characteristic of agrocenoses of pawpaw, peach, and filbert. The lowest level of nitrogen fixation was noted in the soil of a tea plantation. A negative correlation dependence of potential nitrogen-fixing activity on the acidity of the soil solution was established. A study of the seasonal dynamics of the activity of nitrogen fixation of soils of agrocenoses of the subtropical zone of Russia made it possible to distinguish a less active winter and more active spring-summer-autumn periods.     

物联网安全及解决措施

物联网是一个集信息通信、数据交换、传感器技术与软件工程于一体的综合性产业,探讨和分析了物联网的结构体系与发展中遇到的安全问题。     

荔枝种子结构的扫描电镜观察

荔枝种子从果实中剥离出来后, 即使在室内条件下, 也极易失水干缩, 潮湿环境中又易发霉而腐烂。扫描电镜观察表明: 种皮上布满纹孔, 水分散失面积很大; 种脐部为疏松的海绵组织, 且营养丰富。据此, 生产上应对种子彻底清洗, 并保存于适当湿度的环境中, 以提高其发芽率。     

Kinetics of Popping of Popcorn

The rate of popping of popcorn was measured in oil and in air. Kinetic data for lifetimes of individual kernels from a large population were obtained in oil at six constant temperatures (180–250°C) and also in an air‐popper at 202°C. The data are characterized by an induction period, which is, significantly, followed by a first‐order decrease in the number of unpopped kernels versus time. The activation energy for the first order process is 166.7 kJ/mol between 180 and 210°C, and 53.8 kJ/mol between 210 and 250°C. These data are consistent with a model that assumes 1) that the rate of heat transfer into a kernel follows Newton's law of cooling; 2) that in a sample of kernels there exists a distribution of critical pressures; 3) that for an individual kernel, the probability of popping is directly proportional to the difference between the internal aqueous vapor pressure and the kernel's critical pressure; and 4) that the measured rate constant at any temperature is an average overall of the kernels in the sample with critical pressures equal to or less than the internal aqueous vapor pressure. Minimum popping temperatures predicted by the model are 181 ± 2°C (oil) and 187 ± 2°C (air), in good agreement with previously reported direct measurements.     

三门峡水库库岸坍塌成因分析与防治措施研究

三门峡水库自1960年9月蓄水运行以来,库岸坍塌现象频繁发生,平均每年塌岸0.5～0.7亿m3.指出了造成库岸坍塌的原因主要是地质环境的影响以及水力条件的变化;不同的地形、地貌、地质结构和岩性特征,表现了不同的塌岸强度,其中黄土塬区为极强塌岸段,黄河Ⅱ级阶地为强烈塌岸段,黄河Ⅰ级阶地为中等强烈塌岸段;分析了引起库岸坍塌的主要水力条件有大气降水、地表水和地下水,并且不同水力条件及其变化特征,对库岸坍塌影响的方式和程度也不同;最后给出了防治库岸坍塌应采用标本兼治的原则,治标是指对塌岸进行必要的加固、支挡、衬砌等;治本就是根据引起塌岸的原因以及不同地质环境条件下的塌岸特征和水力条件,因地制宜,因害设防,从根本上进行综合治理.