犁体曲面轮廓线的有理设计方法及应用

近年来,犁体曲面的设计正在由经验设计向以数学解析法来描述和设计的方向发展,将农业技术要求与犁体曲面的参数在设计中有机地联系起来,无疑已成为今后犁体曲面设计的发展方向。本文以计算机为手段,对犁体曲面轮廓线的形成原理及方法进行研究与探讨,将农业技术对耕作质量的要求与设计参数联系起来,建立了不同农艺要求、不同犁体曲面数学模型、不同设计参数与其应具有的轮廓线之间的定量关系。     

采用改进的遗传算法求解高速犁体曲面的优化模型

针对高速犁体曲面的最优化问题，提出用一种新的鲁棒全局优化算法——改进的遗传算法，并采用该算法求解犁体曲面。通过6400个数值试验优选出遗传算子，用Turbo C语言编制了相应的软件进行了仿真试验。试验结果表明，该方法能较成功地解决犁体曲面优化设计时高度非线性函数优化求解难的问题，求解时间是复合形法的1/360。     

基于能量法的B样条农机工作部件曲线光顺研究

在农机工作部件曲面设计中关键曲线的好坏直接影响整个曲面的质量，因此对关键曲线的光顺成为其曲面造型的重点。基于能量的曲线光顺以应变能最小为光顺准则对数据点进行光顺，而当数据点较多时，传统能量法的存储量较大，计算速度较慢。该文对基于B样条的农机工作部件曲面关键曲线的光顺处理的传统能量法进行了改进，利用B样条曲线的性质直接对目标函数的线性方程组进行求解，大大地减少了数据的存储量，提高了计算速度。其基本原理是：用光顺后的农机工作部件曲面的特殊曲线，对整张曲面进行反求，得到新的曲面控制顶点，并依据新的控制顶点得到新的曲面，以达到对农机工作部件曲面光顺的目的。文中以农机工作部件中的犁体曲面为对象进行了算例研究，研究结果表明，利用该文的方法可以使光顺前后犁体曲面的等高斯曲率线图的平滑状况明显好转，新曲面的光顺状况比旧曲面得到改善。     

Computer Aided Analysis of Forces Applied to Semi-mounted Plough

半悬挂犁工作幅宽大，作业效率高，非常适应大农业生产的要求，为了合理地进行半悬挂犁与拖拉机机组的配套设计和使用，减少耕作过程中的功率消耗，提高机组效率，就必须要对半悬挂犁进行受力和结构参数分析，传统的分析方法是利用图解法。本文从理论上分析了采用图解法进行半悬挂犁受力分析所存在的问题，建立了半悬挂犁受力的矩阵方程组，利用计算机辅助分析，预测了半悬挂犁机组各结构参数变化对机组受力工况的影响，从而为半悬挂犁机组的合理配置、强度计算和优化设计提供了理论依据。     

半悬挂犁受力和结构参数的计算机辅助分析

半悬挂犁工作幅宽大，作业效率高，非常适应大农业生产的要求，为了合理地进行半悬挂犁与拖拉机机组的配套设计和使用，减少耕作过程中的功率消耗，提高机组效率，就必须要对半悬挂犁进行受力和结构参数分析，传统的分析方法是利用图解法。本文从理论上分析了采用图解法进行半悬挂犁受力分析所存在的问题，建立了半悬挂犁受力的矩阵方程组，利用计算机辅助分析，预测了半悬挂犁机组各结构参数变化对机组受力工况的影响，从而为半悬挂犁机组的合理配置、强度计算和优化设计提供了理论依据。     

马铃薯挖掘铲计算机辅助分析与模拟试验研究

针对马铃薯挖掘铲工作阻力大这一难题,采用参数化特征造型软件Inventor进行挖掘铲虚拟设计,基于土壤与铲体作用动力学分析,建立了挖掘铲牵引阻力数学模型。通过计算机辅助分析(Computer Aided Analysis,CAA)手段,使用Visual Basic语言编程实现了挖掘铲牵引阻力与前进速度、铲面倾角、挖掘深度、工作幅宽等主要影响因素的模拟试验,最终确定了挖掘铲设计参数,并在虚拟装配体中进行参数调整改进模型。土槽台架试验结果与计算机模拟试验结果基本吻合,验证了CAA过程和模拟试验的有效性,田间收获试验结果显示马铃薯收获质量达到了设计要求,验证了挖掘铲几何参数的合理性。研究结果为其它农机具研究设计提供了一种参考。     

农用运输车钢板弹簧计算机辅助参数设计

针对目前农用运输车钢板弹簧选用不合理及用经验公式进行手工计算的低效率设计问题,分析了常用钢板弹簧的结构性能特点和适用范围。以多片等截面式和少片变截面式钢板弹簧为例,介绍了用计算机辅助设计方法进行钢板弹簧参数设计的步骤。最后用作者开发的计算机程序,对某１．０ｔ级农用运输车的前悬架多片等截面钢板弹簧进行了参数设计,结果表明,用计算机辅助设计手段可大大提高钢板弹簧的设计效率。     

农支运输车钢板弹簧计算机辅助参数设计

针对目前农用运输车钢板弹簧选用不合理及用经验公式进行手工计算的低效率设计问题,分析了常用钢板弹簧的结构性能特点和适用范围。以多片等截面式和少片变截面式钢板弹簧为例,介绍了用计算机辅助设计方法进行钢板弹簧参数设计的步骤。最后用作者开发和计算机程序,对某１．０１ｔ级农用运输车的前悬架多片等截面钢板弹簧进行了参数设计,结果表明,用计算机辅助设计手段可大大提高钢板弹簧的设计效率。     

基于建构主义的计算机辅助设计教学模式探讨

建构主义强调教学应以学生为中心,注重学生先前经验、知识实现对新知识意义建构的影响。在建构主义理论基础上,结合计算机辅助设计教学的实际特点,探讨了计算机辅助设计课程教学中的构建主义教学模式。     

计算机辅助设计教学改革研究

针对计算机辅助设计课程的具体特点和大纲要求,结合实际问题,从课程内容、教学方式和手段等方面进行了改革探索,以提高学生对计算机辅助设计课程的学习兴趣,提升学生面向问题求解的能力。     

旋耕机总体参数的CAD系统

在分析、研究旋耕机总体参数与作业质量、功率消耗、结构合理性之间关系的基础上，建立了旋耕机总体设计的ＣＡＤ系统。该系统是在ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ软件支撑下开发而成，由若干模块组成，可方便得出旋耕机总体设计参数     

水田平地机刚柔耦合多体动力学建模及验证

针对将水田平地机视为纯刚体多体结构不能反映其实际动力学特性,且机械系统动力学计算机仿真结果难以有效验证手段.该文提出刚柔耦合的平地机多体动力学模型及一种基于高速相机的模型运动学参数验证方法.其特点是结构与力学分析来对物理对体系统进行动力学建模,再通过计算机软件实现仿真,及非接触式的刚体质心与其姿态角的动态确定方法.从水田平地机机械结构、工作原理与实践结果出发,将平地机作业时变形较大杆件平行连杆作为柔性体,建立其多体机械系统的刚柔部件与运动副约束,即确定其动力学模型,以调平系统动力学部分为例借助多体动力学建模软件MapleSim对模型进行仿真,得到典型动态激励作用下的平地铲质心位置点的三维坐标与平地铲的姿态角;然后在实际激励信号作用下利用高速相机及其图像分析软件TEMA测得平地铲表面不在同一直线上的3个目标点的三维坐标,基于这些点的坐标求解平地铲质心位置与姿态角度作为测量结果,与仿真结果对比实现模型验证.验证结果表明:平地铲仿真结果与实际测量结果运动规律基本一致,平地铲质心位置误差最大误差约为10 cm.验证平地机建模方法可行性,该文提出的结构与理论分析建模-计算机仿真-基于图像分析的运动参数测量实现模型验证的机械系统设计方法对农机作业机械动力学建模与验证具有普遍适用性.     

复式耕整机耕深与耕宽稳定性分析与试验

针对设计的复式耕整机出现的耕作稳定性问题,结合复式耕整机整体结构及工作原理,从牵引、水平面内受力、机器振动3个角度分析影响耕作稳定性因素,确定影响耕作稳定性关键因素为牵引角、犁体配置斜角、旋耕刀升角。以牵引角、犁体配置斜角、旋耕刀升角为试验因素,以工况耕深稳定系数和工况耕宽稳定系数为性能评价指标进行二次正交旋转组合试验。正交试验结果表明:试验因素对评价指标影响程度从高到低皆为:犁体配置斜角、牵引角、旋耕升角,当各影响因素分别取值为17.3°、27.8°、72.6°时,工况耕深稳定系数和工况耕宽稳定系数分别为91.8%、93.4%。以影响因素最优参数组合为基础进行的验证试验结果表明:试验后工况耕深稳定系数和工况耕宽稳定系数为91.5%、93.1%,与软件分析结果基本一致,且其他耕作指标均达到农艺要求。该研究可为复式整地机械的耕作稳定性研究提供技术参考。     

Biological soil properties in a long‐term tillage trial in Germany

After 37 years of different soil‐tillage treatments in a long‐term field experiment in Germany, a number of biological soil characteristics was measured. The field trial comprised six major treatments with different implements and various depths. In this paper, results from a comparison of long‐term use of a plow (to 25 cm depth), a chisel plow (to 15 cm depth), and no‐tillage are presented. The biological soil characteristics measured include the soil‐organic‐carbon (SOC) content, microbial biomass, enzyme activities, and the abundance and biomass of earthworms. Long‐term use of a chisel plow and no‐tillage increased the organic‐C content in the uppermost soil layer (0–10 cm) compared with the plow treatment. The microbial biomass and the enzyme activities arginine‐ammonification, β‐glucosidase, and catalase decreased with depth in all treatments. Arginine‐ammonification and catalase were higher in the plow treatment in soil layers 10 to 30 cm. Additionally, the chisel plow caused an increase in number and biomass of earthworms compared to both other tillage treatments. Differences in earthworm numbers and biomass between plowing and no‐tillage were not statistically significant.     

Strip-tillage effect on seedbed soil temperature and other soil physical properties

The no-tillage system is perceived as having lower soil temperatures, wetter soil conditions, and greater surface penetration resistance compared with conventional and other conservation tillage systems. Concerns associated with the effect of the no-tillage system on certain soil physical properties (i.e. soil temperature, moisture, and compaction) prompted this study to evaluate the effect of an alternative tillage system, strip-tillage, on these physical properties, compared with chisel plow and no-tillage systems. The study was conducted on two Iowa State University research and demonstration farms in 2001 and 2002. One site was at the Marsden Farm near Ames, where the soils were Nicollet loam (Aquic Hapludolls) and Webster silty clay loam (Typic Haplaquolls). The second site was at the Northeast Research and Demonstration Farm near Nashua, where the soils were Kenyon loam (Typic Hapludolls) and Floyd loam (Aquic Hapludolls).Soil temperature increased in the top 5 cm under strip-tillage (1.2–1.4 °C) over no-tillage and it remained close to the chisel plow soil temperature. This increase in soil temperature contributed to an improvement in plant emergence rate index (ERI) under strip-tillage compared with no-tillage. The results show no significant differences in soil moisture status between the three tillage systems, although the strip-tillage soil profile has slightly greater moisture content than chisel plow. Moisture content through the soil profile particularly at the lower depths under all tillage treatments was greater than the plant available water (PAW). However, the changes in soil moisture storage were much greater with strip-tillage and chisel plow than no-tillage from post-emergence to preharvest at 0–30 and 0–120 cm. It was observed also that most change in soil moisture storage occurred between post-emergence and tasseling. Penetration resistance was similar for both strip-tillage and no-tillage, but commonly greater than chisel plow. In general, the findings show that strip-tillage can contribute effectively to improve plant emergence, similar to chisel plowing and conserve soil moisture effectively compared with no-tillage.     

不同耕作方式对中国东北黑土有机碳的短期影响

A tillage experiment, consisting of moldboard plow （MP）, ridge tillage （RT）, and no-tillage （NT）, was performed in a randomized complete block design with four replicates to study the effect of 3-year tillage management on SOC content and its distribution in surface layer （30 cm） of a clay loam soil in northeast China. NT did not lead to significant increase of SOC in topsoil （0-5 cm） compared with MP and RT; however, the SOC content in NT soil was remarkably reduced at a depth of 5-20 cm. Accordingly, short-term （3-year） NT management tended to stratify SOC concentration, but not necessarily increase its storage in the plow layer for the soil.     

Twenty years of conservation tillage research in subarctic Alaska: II. Impact on soil hydraulic properties

Soil management practices are needed in the subarctic that stabilize the soil against the forces of wind and water as well as conserve soil water for crop production. There is a paucity of information, however, regarding the long-term effects of conservation tillage on soil hydraulic properties in subarctic Alaska. The objective of this study was therefore to characterize infiltration, water retention, and saturated hydraulic conductivity of a soil 20 years after establishing tillage and straw management treatments in interior Alaska. The strip plot experimental design, established on a silt loam and maintained in continuous barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), included tillage as the main treatment and straw management as the secondary treatment. Tillage treatments included no tillage, autumn chisel plow, spring disk, and intensive tillage (autumn and spring disk) while straw treatments included retaining or removing stubble and loose straw from the soil surface after harvest. Soil properties were measured after sowing in spring 2004; saturated hydraulic conductivity was measured by the falling-head method, infiltration was measured using a double-ring infiltrometer, and water retention was assessed by measuring the temporal variation in in-situ soil water content. No tillage resulted in greater saturated hydraulic conductivity and generally retained more water against gravitational and matric forces than other tillage treatments. Infiltration was greater in autumn chisel plow than other tillage treatments and was presumably suppressed in no tillage by an organic layer overlying mineral soil. Infiltration was also enhanced by retaining straw on rather than removing straw from the soil surface after harvest. No tillage is not yet a sustainable management practice in this region due to lack of weed control strategies. In addition, the formation of an organic layer in no tillage has important ramifications for the soil hydrological and thermal environment. Therefore, minimum tillage (i.e., autumn chisel plow or spring disk) appears to be a viable management option for maximizing infiltration in interior Alaska.     

水田激光平地机调平系统动力学建模

为实现基于动态过程模型的控制,提高平地机调平控制系统控制精度和稳定性,该文建立平地机调平系统动力学模型。水田激光平地机调平系统是一种典型的机械电控液压一体化结构,该文建立其从比例阀输入电流至平地铲水平倾角的动力学模型。首先根据平地机调平物理系统结构与工作原理,在简化和假定条件下,建立平地机调平系统受力分析图,以此分析和建立基于微分一代数方程的动力学模型,即DAE(differential—algebraic equations)模型。通过求解DAE模型,得出输入电流与输出平地铲角度的仿真结果,并用试验方法将仿真结果与实际结果对比来验证模型。结果表明该文提出的系统模型能较好地描述平地机调平系统动态响应。该文提出的研究方法不仅对不同机型的平地机机械设计与控制系统设计有指导意义,还对其他机电液一体的农机作业机械动力学建模与试验验证提供参考。     

Twenty years of conservation tillage research in subarctic Alaska: II. Impact on soil hydraulic properties

Soil management practices are needed in the subarctic that stabilize the soil against the forces of wind and water as well as conserve soil water for crop production. There is a paucity of information, however, regarding the long-term effects of conservation tillage on soil hydraulic properties in subarctic Alaska. The objective of this study was therefore to characterize infiltration, water retention, and saturated hydraulic conductivity of a soil 20 years after establishing tillage and straw management treatments in interior Alaska. The strip plot experimental design, established on a silt loam and maintained in continuous barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), included tillage as the main treatment and straw management as the secondary treatment. Tillage treatments included no tillage, autumn chisel plow, spring disk, and intensive tillage (autumn and spring disk) while straw treatments included retaining or removing stubble and loose straw from the soil surface after harvest. Soil properties were measured after sowing in spring 2004; saturated hydraulic conductivity was measured by the falling-head method, infiltration was measured using a double-ring infiltrometer, and water retention was assessed by measuring the temporal variation in in-situ soil water content. No tillage resulted in greater saturated hydraulic conductivity and generally retained more water against gravitational and matric forces than other tillage treatments. Infiltration was greater in autumn chisel plow than other tillage treatments and was presumably suppressed in no tillage by an organic layer overlying mineral soil. Infiltration was also enhanced by retaining straw on rather than removing straw from the soil surface after harvest. No tillage is not yet a sustainable management practice in this region due to lack of weed control strategies. In addition, the formation of an organic layer in no tillage has important ramifications for the soil hydrological and thermal environment. Therefore, minimum tillage (i.e., autumn chisel plow or spring disk) appears to be a viable management option for maximizing infiltration in interior Alaska.