叶籽银杏叶的解剖结构及气孔特性

以来自沂源县、在中国首次发现的叶籽银杏为试材,对其叶的解剖结构及气孔特性进行研究.结果表明:正常叶片叶肉有栅栏组织和海绵组织的分化,而叶生拟胚珠叶片叶肉由同型薄壁细胞组成;叶片着生拟胚珠部位有脊状突起;突起处的叶肉由大型薄壁细胞构成,叶脉位置分叶脉在突起的两侧和叶脉在突起的正上方2种类型,而且其叶脉均较正常部位的叶脉密集.首次发现,叶生拟胚珠叶叶柄在紧贴韧皮部外侧的基本组织中存在3～4层木质化的细胞.叶籽银杏叶片气孔在上下表皮均有分布,其气孔器单环式;有些叶生拟胚珠叶片下表皮气孔沿叶脉排列成不规则的气孔行.对叶籽银杏与其他裸子植物和蕨类的亲缘关系进行探讨.     

三球悬铃木果球离体培养与再生体系的建立

以三球悬铃木成熟果球为材料,研究不同消毒方式与不同无机盐浓度对其种子萌发的影响,筛选三球悬铃木果球离体培养的最适培养基;以无菌幼苗叶片为外植体,探讨叶龄、光照条件对愈伤组织诱导及植物生长调节剂浓度对不定芽分化的影响,建立高效的叶片再生体系。结果表明,三球悬铃木成熟种子经10%双氧水溶液(H2O2)消毒处理10 min,在EX培养基上培养,可显著提高其种子萌发率,获得大量无菌组培苗;然后将叶龄40天的无菌苗叶片,经7天暗培养处理后转到光照下继续诱愈培养,愈伤组织诱导率可达到89.33%;再接种于分化培养基MS+IBA 0.1 mg/L+KT 1.0 mg/L+6-BA 1.5 mg/L中,经30天光照培养,不定芽分化率可达66.67%。     

红花紫荆叶片显微结构观察研究

对南亚热带重要观花园林树种红花紫荆(Bauhinia blakeana)叶片横切面结构进行了显微研究,包括表皮、叶肉和叶脉的显微结构特征。测量分析了叶片上、下表皮的角质层厚度,表皮细胞的长度、宽度和长度/宽度,栅栏组织和海绵组织的厚度及其比值,以及叶脉直径、木质部面积、维管束面积、木质部/维管束。计算分析了叶片组织结构的紧密度、疏松度和叶脉突起度。基于这些结果,探讨了红花紫荆叶片结构与其生态适应性的关系,为园林绿化中深入认识、合理利用红花紫荆提供参考。     

东北地区悬铃木大田育苗技术

悬铃木(Platanus sp·)为悬铃木科悬铃木属植物,产于北温带及亚热带。我国引种栽培3种,有一球悬铃木(P·occidentalis)、二球悬铃木(P·orientalisvar·acerifolia)和三球悬铃木(P·orientalis),二球悬铃木为一球悬铃木和三球悬铃木的杂交种。一球悬铃木原产北美洲,在我国北部及中部有栽培;二球悬铃木在我国东北、华北、华中及华南均有引种,主要作为行道树;三球悬铃木原产欧洲东南部及亚洲西部,在我国北部及中部有栽培[1]。悬铃木生长速度快、叶大美丽、树皮呈花斑状,绿化效果非常好。但由于其对低温抗性差,在东北地区引种栽培很难成功。…     

干旱胁迫对植物叶片解剖结构影响研究进展

植物在生长过程中可能会遭受干旱胁迫的影响,而叶片作为植物进行光合作用的活动中心,是在干旱胁迫条件下反应最为敏锐的器官。本文对干旱条件下植物叶片表皮结构、栅栏组织和海绵组织、叶厚度、叶脉以及气孔等结构的响应及伤害表现进行综述,以期为高等植物抗旱能力研究提供参考。     

铅处理对三球悬铃木种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以三球悬铃木种子为材料,研究了不同质量浓度的铅溶液处理对种子发芽、幼苗生长、幼苗叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的影响。结果表明,铅对三球悬铃木种子萌发和幼苗生长存在抑制作用,发芽势和发芽率随着处理浓度的升高而降低,同时芽长和根长也随之降低;三球悬铃木MDA含量和POD活性在处理后发生了明显变化,其中MDA含量随处理浓度的升高而升高,而POD活性变化情况则与之相反。     

木兰科6属27种植物的叶片比较解剖学研究

应用石蜡切片技术和光镜观测方法,对采自云南昆明树木园的木兰科6属27种植物的叶片进行了比较解剖学研究。结果表明：（1）木兰科植物的叶片均为异面叶,由表皮、叶肉、叶脉构成;叶肉组织分化为栅栏组织和海绵组织,均具有圆形或近圆形油细胞;叶脉维管束韧皮纤维排列连续或不连续,成环状或轮状。（2）叶片下表皮细胞是否为具明显乳突的细胞和主脉维管束韧皮纤维细胞排列是否连续可明确区分木兰亚科和鹅掌楸亚科。（3）叶片厚度、上表皮厚度、海绵组织厚度可以对秃木兰属和鹅掌楸属进行明确区分,栅栏组织厚度、栅海比、油细胞大小和分布密度等余下性状则在数值上均存在属间重叠现象,不宜作为属间分类性状。（4）基于最大值和最小值进行的聚类结果与传统分类结果吻合度较基于平均值的聚类结果大,最大值和最小值比平均值更能表征研究对象。总之,表皮、下皮、叶肉组织和油细胞等部分叶片解剖学特征在探讨木兰科科下等级如亚科、部分属和部分种的分类地位时具有一定价值。     

五种树莓叶片叶肉细胞和叶脉细胞特征比较

为了研究5种树莓叶片解剖结构的特征,采用徒手切片的方法结合光学显微镜技术,对5种树莓叶片叶肉细胞的栅栏组织厚度和层数、海绵组织厚度和层数、叶片厚度、叶脉细胞角质层厚度、叶脉处下表皮厚度、韧皮部厚度、木质部面积、中间导管总数和维管束开口距离等指标进行了比较。结合隶属函数进行了分析,得出了其在抗旱性方面:Can>沙妮>四川树莓>18号和凯欧。     

蓝果树和喜树的茎、叶解剖特征分析

对蓝果树和喜树的茎、叶解剖结构进行研究的结果表明,蓝果树和喜树叶的解剖结构为典型的异面叶,叶表皮外具角质层,栅栏组织1层,排列紧密,海绵组织细胞间隙大;茎中维管束的大小及排列相似,茎中含有晶体,具有裂生型分泌道。蓝果树与喜树营养器官结构参数具有种间差异,蓝果树叶的栅栏组织发达,叶片较厚,主脉韧皮纤维发达;喜树茎的皮层存在环状厚壁组织,叶肉中存在晶体。     

悬铃木方翅网蝽的发生危害及防治检疫对策

悬铃木方翅网蝽（Corythucha ciliate Say）属半翅目网蝽科网蝽属,主要危害悬铃木属树种,特别是对一球悬铃木（Patanus occidentalis）的叶片危害尤为严重。     

天然饵料引诱黑翅土白蚁野外试验

选用遭受黑翅土白蚁危害的悬铃木、马尾松、樟树、杉木等林木的锯末屑作天然诱饵,在试验地野外引诱黑翅土白蚁,引诱结果表明:悬铃木、马尾松和混合饵料引诱效果优于对照甘蔗渣,樟树和杉木比甘蔗渣引诱效果差。地面PVC线管引诱较树干试管引诱好。     

Diurnal and seasonal variations in leaf hydraulic conductance in evergreen and deciduous trees

We studied changes in the hydraulic conductance of leaves (K(leaf)) between dawn and dusk during the growth period (July) and at midday at the beginning of autumn in four tree species. The main objectives of the study were to check the extent of diurnal and seasonal changes in K(leaf) and the relationships between K(leaf), irradiance and leaf gas exchange. Two evergreen (Aleurites moluccana and Persea americana) and two deciduous trees (Platanus orientalis and Quercus rubra) were studied. Leaf hydraulic conductance was measured every 2 h between 0700 and 1900 h in July and compared with values measured between 0900 and 1300 h in October. Other variables measured were photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), leaf conductance to water vapor (gL) and water potential (psiL). In July, K(leaf) varied by up to 75% in Pe. americana on a diurnal basis and by at least 44% in Q. rubra. The diurnal time course of K(leaf) showed a distinct increase between dawn and late morning (1100 h) and a subsequent decrease in the evening in A. moluccana and Pl. orientalis, whereas in the other two species, K(leaf) was highest just after dawn and lowest in the evening. In October, K(leaf) of all the species studied was lower than in July, with differences of 20 to 28% for A. moluccana and Pl. orientalis and of 66 to over 70% in Pe. americana and Q. rubra, respectively. Significant correlations were found between PAR and K(leaf) (in all species) as well as between gL and K(leaf) (in three out of four species). Leaf habit (evergreen or deciduous) did not influence absolute values of K(leaf) or its diurnal variation.     

几种乔木绿化树种抗寒性比较

本试验以银杏、悬铃木、香花槐、金叶复叶槭和玉兰等5种乔木绿化树种的一年生休眠枝条为试材,通过五个梯度的低温处理(-10℃、-15℃、-20℃、-25℃、-30℃),测定丙二醛、可溶性糖与脯氨酸含量和电导率,研究低温胁迫对这几种乔木绿化树种抗寒性的影响。结果表明:不同树种之间抗寒性存在差异性,5种绿化树种的抗寒性由强到弱的顺序为:悬铃木 > 香花槐 > 玉兰 > 银杏 > 金叶复叶槭。       

Response of Platanus orientalis leaves to urban pollution by heavy metals

Atmospheric pollution is an important concern in urban environments.The impact of urban pollution on the physiological,biochemical and anatomical properties of leaves of oriental plane(Platanus orientalis L.)was studied.The leaves were collected from an urban site(Tehran,Iran)and a non-urban forest park(Chitgar Forest Park).Anatomical(stomata,parenchyma,and cuticle)and physiological(chlorophyll content,enzyme activities)properties were analyzed.The concentrations of Cd(cadmium),Pb(lead),Ni(nickel),and Cr(chromium)in leaves were significantly higher and Zn(zinc)lower at the urban site relative to the forest park.Chlorophyll a,total chlorophyll,and carotenoid content in leaves of the urban site were significantly less than those of the forest park,but there was no significant difference in chlorophyll b.In addition,the activities of superoxide dismutase,catalase,ascorbate peroxidase,and guaiacol peroxidase in urban leaves were significantly higher than in the leaves of the forest park.In the urban area,leaves experienced a significant decrease in leaf surface area,stomata density,stomata pore area,epidermis,and spongy mesophyll thickness,but a significant increase in cuticle and palisade thicknesses relative to forest park leaves.The increase in enzyme activities may indicate that the trees are attempting to cope with increased reactive oxygen species(ROS)because of pollution-induced stress.Our study suggests that oriental plane trees alter their physiological and anatomical properties when living in a polluted urban environment.     

岳阳市主要绿化树种滞尘效应研究

Effects on dust blocking capacity of 25 common afforestation tree species were measured, and it was found that the amount of blocked dust is closely related to leaf size, tree species and site conditions where measurements were taken. Results indicated that:the rank of dust blocking capacity of unit leaf area for the broad-leaved tree species are in descent order of Magnolia grandiflora, Ligustrum lucidum, Trachycarpus excelsus, Liriodendron chinensis, Cinnamomum longepaniculatum, Cinnamomum camphora, Koelreuteria paniculata, Platanus acerifolia and Liquidambar formosana. The rank for the broad-leaved shrubs are in descent order of Photinia serrulata, red-leaf Plum, Viburnum odoratissimum, Camellia japonica, Mahonia fortunei, Ligustrum quihoui, Kalmia and Nerium. The rank of dust blocking capacity of unit leaf weight for the conifer species are in descent order of Cedrus deodara, Platycladus orientalis cv. Sieboldii, Sabina chinensis, Podocarpus macrophyllus and Pinus elliottii.       

银川市几种常见绿化树种净化SO_2潜力比较

比较银川市9种绿化树种SO2净化潜力de1结果表明,各绿化树种随着月份变化SO2净化潜力不同。其中,梓树、河北杨、白蜡、垂柳、悬铃木均从6月份开始上升,到8月份开始下降,9月份后又有所上升;国槐、丝棉木、金叶榆、龙爪槐则一直表现为先缓慢上升然后又缓慢下降的趋势。各绿化树种在同一时间的SO2净化潜力也不相同。其中,净化潜力最强的是国槐,最大净化值为8.620kg/株;其他树种的净化潜力依次为梓树、河北杨、白蜡、垂柳、悬铃木、金叶榆、龙爪槐、丝棉木。     

Xylem embolism alleviated by ion-mediated increase in hydraulic conductivity of functional xylem: insights from field measurements

Recent studies have shown that, in some species, xylem hydraulic conductivity (K(h)) increases with increasing cation concentration of xylem sap. Evidence indicates that K(h) increases as a result of the de-swelling of pit membrane pectins caused by cation neutralization of polygalacturonanes. We tested whether this ionic effect partly compensates for the embolism-induced loss of stem hydraulic conductivity (PLC) by increasing K(h) of functioning conduits. We report changes in PLC, leaf water status and potassium concentration ([K(+)]) of xylem sap measured in April and July in two evergreens (Ceratonia siliqua L. and Phytolacca dioica L.) and one deciduous tree (Platanus orientalis L.) growing in the field in Sicily. In summer, Ceratonia siliqua and Phytolacca dioica showed similar native embolism (PLC = 30-40%) and [K(+)] of xylem sap (14 to 17 mM), and K(h) of stems perfused with 10 to 25 mM KCl increased by 15 to 18% compared with K(h) of stems perfused with a low concentration of a multi-ionic solution. In contrast, native [K(+)] of sap of Platanus orientalis was 50% of that in the two evergreens in summer, with a parallel lack of detectable changes in PLC that was below 10% in both spring and summer. The ionic effect was PLC-dependent: the enhancement of K(h) induced by 10 to 25 mM KCl changed from 15% for fully hydrated stems to 50-75% for stems with PLC = 50%. In Ceratonia siliqua, PLC was less than 10% in spring and about 40% in summer; concurrently, xylem sap [K(+)] increased from 3 to about 15 mM. This [K(+)] at the recorded PLC would cause an increase in residual K(h) of about 30%. Hence, the actual reduction in water transport capacity of Ceratonia siliqua stems in summer is about 20%. Similar calculations for Phytolacca dioica suggest that the actual loss of hydraulic conductivity in stems of this species in summer would be only about 10%, and not 30% as suggested by hydraulic measurements performed in the laboratory. We conclude that an increase in [K(+)] of xylem sap might be involved in the up-regulation of residual K(h), thus substantially alleviating the embolism-induced reduction in leaf water supply.     

越冬埋藏对提高悬铃木硬枝扦插成活率的影响

为提高悬铃木在北方硬枝扦插的成活率，以１ａ生木质化枝条化种条，设越冬埋藏蘸萘乙酸，越冬埋藏不蘸萘乙酸，不越冬埋藏蘸萘乙酸，不越冬埋藏不蘸萘乙酸４种处理，３次重复，进行了悬铃木硬枝扦插实验。通过对插穗水分含量，皮部可溶性糖含量，新生枝条皮孔数量的分析表明，种条越冬埋藏对提高悬铃木硬枝扦插成活率起着主用。     

日本龟蜡蚧寄主植物种类及危害程度调查

2013—2014年,采用踏查结合抽样调查的方法对遵义市日本龟蜡蚧的寄主植物种类及危害程度进行了调查。结果表明:日本龟蜡蚧寄主植物有36科71种(变种),其中三峡槭、乌柿等27种(变种)为国内首次报道。发生普遍且严重的寄主植物有二球悬铃木、三球悬铃木、加杨、天竺桂、广玉兰、枇杷、八角金盘、杜英、海桐、白兰。日本龟蜡蚧在遵义市不同生境中,以市区主干道和住宅小区的园林植物受害最为严重。     

三球悬铃木树皮的酚类化学成分研究

研究了三球悬铃木树皮的酚类化学成分.采用SephadexLH-20柱色谱及薄层色谱等方法进行分离,从其70%丙酮提取物乙酸乙酯溶性部分中分到11种化合物,经波谱分析及理化性质化合物分别鉴定为:儿茶素、表儿茶素、没食子儿茶素、表没食子儿茶素、山奈酚、槲皮素、阿福豆苷、异槲皮苷、紫云英苷-6″-没食子酸酯、异槲皮苷-6″-没食子酸酯和酪醇.11种化合物均首次从该树种中分得.