Clustering of Sulfur Dioxide and Water Vapor about Oxonium and Nitric Oxide Ions

The mobilities of ions produced in electrical discharges in the presence of trace quantities of water vapor and sulfur dioxide are generally lower than those expected for simple ions. Mass spectrometric identification reveals that species composed of water vapor and sulfur dioxide molecules clustering about common atmospheric ions are formed under these conditions. The identification of these clusters provides an explanation for the effect of trace gases on the mobilities of ions.     

Electron solvation in finite systems: femtosecond dynamics of iodide. (Water)n anion clusters

Electron solvation dynamics in photoexcited anion clusters of I-(D2O)n=4-6 and I-(H2O)4-6 were probed by using femtosecond photoelectron spectroscopy (FPES). An ultrafast pump pulse excited the anion to the cluster analog of the charge-transfer-to-solvent state seen for I- in aqueous solution. Evolution of this state was monitored by time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy using an ultrafast probe pulse. The excited n = 4 clusters showed simple population decay, but in the n = 5 and 6 clusters the solvent molecules rearranged to stabilize and localize the excess electron, showing characteristics associated with electron solvation dynamics in bulk water. Comparison of the FPES of I-(D2O)n with I-(H2O)n indicates more rapid solvation in the H2O clusters.     

基于粒子群聚类的防火树种分类

以福建省37种针阔树种的10个防火性能指标为数据来源,运用粒子群聚类算法将树种分成6类.结果表明：分类达到了较理想的效果,总体符合生产实际情况.与蚁群聚类算法比较,粒子群聚类算法应用于防火树种分析能够获取较优的适应值聚类、较大的类间距离和较小的类内距离.粒子群聚类算法便于应用,可为林业科学中相关研究提供一种新手段.     

Control of fusion pore dynamics during exocytosis by Munc18

Intracellular membrane fusion is mediated by the SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) proteins. All vesicle transport steps also have an essential requirement for a member of the Sec1 protein family, including the neuronal Munc18-1 (also known as nSec1) in regulated exocytosis. Here, in adrenal chromaffin cells, we expressed a Munc18 mutant with reduced affinity for syntaxin, which specifically modified the kinetics of single-granule exocytotic release events, consistent with an acceleration of fusion pore expansion. Thus, Munc18 functions in a late stage in the fusion process, where its dissociation from syntaxin determines the kinetics of postfusion events.     

有序聚类法在土壤水分垂直分层中的应用

针对现阶段土壤水分动态研究中土壤水分垂直剖面分层方法所存在的数学理论依据不足的问题,应用有序聚类法中次序不变性的特点,以晋西黄土残塬沟壑区吉县刺槐林地为研究对象,通过对4个样地0～200 cm土壤水分的定位观测,将土壤水分垂直剖面进行了分层. 研究结果表明,晋西黄土残塬沟壑区刺槐林地土壤水分垂直剖面可分为:土壤水分弱利用层（0～20 cm）、土壤水分利用层（20～100 cm）、土壤水分调节层（100 cm以下）. 通过与现有的同类研究对比,有序聚类法分类结果与其他分类结果较为吻合,表明有序聚类法在严密的数学理论基础上,结合了土壤水分层次的有序性,是土壤水分分层研究的创新.      

甘蔗基因型的鉴定与分类

应用表型聚类法,根椐7种性状的欧氐距离把40个甘蔗基因型划分为6个类群,从中筛选出24个基因型。进而应用遗传聚类分析,根椐6种性状的马氐距离把24个基因型划分为5个类群。发现经济性状最突出的类群是由来自印度尼西亚的早熟高产高糖基因型福引79-8和来自毛里求斯的中熟高产高糖基因型福引79-9组成,经多点多年区试验证,这两个优良基因型的平均蔗茎产量和蔗糖产量均比对照种显著增产,可能成为福建蔗区的更新换代品种。结果还表明,聚类分析不仅是指导甘蔗亲本选配的有用工具,而且和稳定性分析一样,也是筛选鉴定甘蔗无性系,完善现有育种程序,提高选择效率的精确而有效的方法。     

联合模糊c-均值聚类模型

提出一种新的结合了模糊c-均值聚类（FCM）算法和可能性c-均值聚类（PCM）算法优点的联合模糊c-均值聚类（AFCM）算法。它克服了PCM对初始值敏感、易产生一致性聚类的缺点，是PCM的扩展算法。试验表明：AFCM能同时产生隶属度和典型值，从而更好地处理噪声，避免了一致性聚类，同时提高了聚类准确性。     

根瘤菌参比菌株23S rRNA基因数量和定位及其系统发育群

    为了明确23S rRNA基因数量和定位是否可更好地揭示根瘤菌参比菌株的系统发育关系,采用I-CeuI酶切和脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)结合的方法,对根瘤菌株23S rRNA基因的数量和定位进行分析,并依据其相似性进行聚群.结果显示.根瘤菌参比菌株可聚为19个系统发育群.其中,在属的水平上,13个系统发育群与现行分类群(不包括依据16S rRNA基因序列分析结果)一致,6个不一致.在种的水平上,现行分类群中同种的根瘤菌可进一步细分为不同的系统发育群.这表明:I-CeuI酶切和PFGE结合的方法能从基因组特征角度对根瘤菌参比菌株进行更加细化的系统发育分类,并使其属种间的同质性更好.     

密度K均值聚类算法及在复杂网络分析中的应用

现代信息社会中,许多实际问题都归结为复杂网络中模块问题的研究,而聚类方法是研究复杂网络中模块性的重要方法。本研究将基于视觉原理的密度聚类算法与传统的K均值聚类算法相结合,提出了一种新的聚类算法,即密度K均值聚类算法。该算法在一定程度上克服了传统的K均值聚类算法易受异常点影响和无法确定聚类数的问题,具有对初始参数不敏感、可发现任意形状的聚类,以及能找到最优聚类等优点。基于此,以城市建通网络中交巡警指挥平台的设置问题为例,通过Matlab程序求解说明了所给出聚类算法的应用。     

带有缺失数据的一种动态聚类方法

【目的】探讨实际问题研究中的不完全数据聚类。【方法】利用相关变量的辅助信息,对缺失数据进行推估,确定其合理的替代值,从而构造出一个“完全”数据集。在此基础上以EM算法循环迭代,参数的估计值和缺失数据的替代值都将逐渐收敛,以相应的贝叶斯后验概率判别个体的归类,进而实现动态聚类。【结果】模拟研究表明,缺值替代法具有较好的收敛性,对有缺失的数据基本都可正确地聚类。【结论】Fisher的鸢尾花花类识别数据验证了缺值替代法的可行性,其聚类的准确性高于缺值删除法,基本接近完全数据聚类。     

基于参数优化改进型可能聚类的遥感图像分割

可能聚类算法(PCA)和可能C-均值聚类算法(PCM)对初始值非常敏感,容易产生一致性聚类。改进型可能C-均值聚类算法(IPCM)能解决PCM的问题,然而IPCM的执行更依赖于参数。IPCM必须计算参数两次,因此聚类时间长。为了克服PCA和IPCM的缺点,进而应用于复杂的遥感图像分割,将PCA和IPCM相结合,提出了一种基于参数优化的改进型可能聚类算法(IPCAOP)。实验表明,IPCAOP在处理遥感图像分割方面明显优于模糊C-均值聚类(FCM)和IPCM。     

大豆品种综合性状的星座图聚类分析

[目的]为了更好地分析大豆品种的综合性状,对大豆品种进行分类。[方法]根据大豆育种理论与实践,结合生产需求确定各性状指标的权重,用星座图对28个大豆品种的11个数量性状进行了聚类分析。[结果]按星座图聚类分析法把供试的大豆品种分为综合性状各异的5个类群,分类结果与大豆品种的血缘无必然联系。前两类群大豆品种的综合性状较好,在育种上配置杂交组合有较高的利用价值。[结论]星座图聚类分析法可作为一种大豆品种综合性状划分的新方法。     

中年CD-1小鼠背海马syntaxin 1水平的改变

应用免疫组化技术检测13月龄(中年)和5月龄CD-1小鼠背海马突触前蛋白syntaxin 1的表达水平.结果显示,13月龄小鼠齿状回、CA1及CA3区各层syntaxin 1的相对含量较5月龄均显著下降.表明中年CD-1小鼠背海马syntaxin 1含量全面下调.     

黑龙江省毛豆品种资源农艺性状的初步研究

试验采用 17个品种的资源材料 ,对农艺性状进行研究。根据主成分分析 ,从 10个特征根中选出前 5个较大的特征根进行评价 ;通过聚类分析将全部供试材料分成 4个类群 ,各类群间存在着性状的差异。亲本选配应在类群间根据主成分的互补进行。     

K步稳定的鞋印花纹图像自动聚类

目的 鞋印是刑事侦查的重要物证之一,如何对积累的大量鞋印花纹图像进行自动归类管理是刑事技术迫切需要解决的问题之一。与其他类图像不同,鞋印花纹图像具有种类多但数目未知、同类花纹分布不均匀且同类花纹数目少的特点。基于鞋印花纹图像的这些特点,用目前典型的聚类算法对鞋印花纹图像集进行聚类,并不能取得很好的效果。在对鞋印花纹图像进行分析的基础上,提出一种K步稳定的鞋印花纹图像自动聚类算法。方法 对已标记的鞋印花纹图像进行统计发现,各类鞋印花纹之间在特征空间上存在互不相交的区域(本文称为隔离带)。算法的核心思想是寻找各类鞋印花纹之间的隔离带,来将各类分开。过程为:以单调递增或递减的方式调整特征空间中判定两点为一类的阈值,得到数据集的多次划分;若在连续K次划分的过程中,某一类的成员不发生变化,则说明这K次调整是在隔离带中进行的,即聚出一类,并从数据集中删除已标记的数据;选择下一个阈值对剩余的数据集进行划分,输出K步不变的类;依此类推,直到剩余数据集为空,聚类完成。结果 在两类公开测试数据集和实际鞋印花纹数据集上进行实验,本文算法的主要性能指标都超过典型算法,其中在包含5792枚实际鞋印花纹数据集上的聚类准确率和F-Measure值分别达到了99.68%和95.99%。结论 针对鞋印花纹图像特点,提出了一种通过寻找各类之间的隔离带进行自动聚类的算法,并在实际应用中取得了很好的效果。且算法性能受参数的变化以及类的形状影响较小。本文算法同样适用于具有类似特点的其他数据集的自动聚类。     

Distinct kinetic changes in neurotransmitter release after SNARE protein cleavage

Neurotransmitter release is triggered by calcium ions and depends critically on the correct function of three types of SNARE [soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein (SNAP) receptor] proteins. With use of the large calyx of Held presynaptic terminal from rats, we found that cleavage of different SNARE proteins by clostridial neurotoxins caused distinct kinetic changes in neurotransmitter release. When elevating calcium ion concentration directly at the presynaptic terminal with the use of caged calcium, cleavage of SNAP-25 by botulinum toxin A (BoNT/A) produced a strong reduction in the calcium sensitivity for release, whereas cleavage of syntaxin using BoNT/C1 and synaptobrevin using tetanus toxin (TeNT) produced an all-or-nothing block without changing the kinetics of remaining vesicles. When stimulating release by calcium influx through channels, a difference between BoNT/C1 and TeNT emerged, which suggests that cleavage of synaptobrevin modifies the coupling between channels and release-competent vesicles.     

Dynamics of water molecules in aqueous solvation shells

We report on the direct measurement of the dynamics of water molecules in the solvation shell of an ion in aqueous solution. The hydrogen-bond dynamics of water molecules solvating a Cl-, Br-, or I- anion is slow compared with neat liquid water, indicating that the aqueous solvation shells of these ions are rigid. This rigidity can play an important role in the overall dynamics of chemical reactions in aqueous solution. The experiments were performed with femtosecond midinfrared nonlinear spectroscopy, because this technique allows the spectral response of the water molecules in the solvation shell to be distinguished clearly from that of the other water molecules in the solution.     

李始叶螨种群动态的研究

选用平均密度、聚块指标和有螨叶率３个指标，运用模糊集合论的方法对李始叶螨种群动态进行了研究。通过模糊聚类分析，将整个种群动态划分为迁入状态集、初发状态集、定居繁殖状态集、盛发状态集和下降状态集。并对各个状态集的种群数量动态和空间动态进行了探讨。     

Long-range ordered carbon clusters: a crystalline material with amorphous building blocks

Solid-state materials can be categorized by their structures into crystalline (having periodic translation symmetry), amorphous (no periodic and orientational symmetry), and quasi-crystalline (having orientational but not periodic translation symmetry) phases. Hybridization of crystalline and amorphous structures at the atomic level has not been experimentally observed. We report the discovery of a long-range ordered material constructed from units of amorphous carbon clusters that was synthesized by compressing solvated fullerenes. Using x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and quantum molecular dynamics simulation, we observed that, although carbon-60 cages were crushed and became amorphous, the solvent molecules remained intact, playing a crucial role in maintaining the long-range periodicity. Once formed, the high-pressure phase is quenchable back to ambient conditions and is ultra-incompressible, with the ability to indent diamond.