Wheat stem sawfly (Cephus pygmaeus L.) damage; impacts on grain yield, quality and marketing prices in Anatolia

This study aimed to draw the attention of the all stake holders attention to an underestimated insect pest of wheat in Southeastern Anatolia. The field studies were carried out in the experimental field of GAP Training, Extension and Research Center in Koruklu in 2003–2004 cropping season.

It was found that the number of sawfly damaged spikes varied between 6 and 12% in durum wheat and 8 and 12% in bread wheat. Comparing healthy grains, grain weight spike⁻¹ decreased significantly, giving 0.430 g less kernel weight in durum wheat and 0.385 g in bread wheat. Some of the grain quality characteristics of both sawfly damaged and healthy spikes were tested and it was found that protein content (%) in durum wheat, and 1000 kernel weight in bread wheat were reduced significantly, whilst, the SDS sedimentation value in bread wheat increased significantly for sawfly damaged grains. Grain yield losses by sawfly infestation were found to be 2.23% in durum wheat and 3.32% in bread wheat. Marketing price studies showed that sawfly damage reduced it significantly, resulting in $ 0.016 kg⁻¹ less price in bread wheat. But this was not serious for durum wheat.

It was concluded that income loss, depending on grain yield loss, un-harvestable broken spikes and lower marketing price of sawfly damaged grains, could be no less than $ 68.8 ha⁻¹ in durum wheat and $ 68.6 ha⁻¹ for bread wheat. Therefore, some control methods are required for sawfly infestation, where damage is already over the economic threshold (10–15% stem cut by pest) especially in bread wheat.     

Differential tolerance of weedy red rice (Oryza sativa L.) from Arkansas, USA to glyphosate

Red rice (Oryza sativa L.), a weedy relative of cultivated rice (O. sativa), is a troublesome weed in rice in the southern United States. It is also very problematic in other world regions where rice is grown. There are many types of red rice. Some have white pericarp. In this paper, the term ‘red rice’ will be used to refer to the weedy types that occur in this region of the southern USA. Because of the great diversity in morphology and phenology of red rice populations in the USA, we hypothesized that these have differential tolerance to glyphosate. Red rice is subjected to selection pressure by glyphosate, which is the principal herbicide used in glyphosate-resistant soybean planted after rice. Two hundred-fifteen red rice accessions were collected in Arkansas, USA between 2002 and 2003 and evaluated for glyphosate tolerance between 2003 and 2006. The commercial dose of glyphosate controlled red rice accessions 81-100% regardless of application timing, by 30 d after treatment. The number of survivors that produced seeds and the seeds produced per survivor differed between accessions. Application of the full dose at the tillering stage was more effective than at the 3- to 4-leaf stages. At half the field dose, 40 to 54% of survivors produced seed, with germination capacity of 30-100%. The lowest dose of glyphosate, 225 g a.e. ha⁻¹, resulted in the widest range of control ratings from 30 to 100%. The red rice accessions differentiated into six tolerance categories. A tolerance map was generated and will be used in educating growers about the proper use of glyphosate for red rice management.     

Seasonal abundance of the mirids, Lygus lucorum and Adelphocoris spp. (Hemiptera: Miridae) on Bt cotton in northern China

Lygus lucorum Meyer-Dür, Adelphocoris fasciaticollis Reuter and Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze) (Hemiptera: Miridae) are important secondary insect pests in cotton fields in northern China. The seasonal dynamics of their mixed populations on a transgenic variety expressing the insecticidal Bt protein Cry1A, and a cotton line expressing proteins of Cry1A and CpTI (cowpea trypsin inhibitor gene) were compared to seasonal dynamics on similar but non-transgenic varieties from 1998 to 2001. No significant differences were detected between population densities of these bugs on unsprayed normal cotton and unsprayed transgenic cotton. However, mirid damage on unsprayed transgenic cotton was significantly higher due to a reduced number of insecticide sprays against Helicoverpa armigera compared with the number of sprays in the normal cotton. This suggests that the mirids have become key insect pests in transgenic cotton fields, and that their damage to cotton could increase further with the expansion of the area planted to transgenic cotton if no additional control measures are adopted.     

Diversity of weedy red rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Arkansas,U.S.A. in relation to weed management

Weedy rice, specifically red rice (Oryza sativa L.), is a major weed in rice which causes up to 80% yield loss and reduction of grain quality. Red rice accessions from Arkansas, U.S.A., were characterized to classify red rice accessions into certain phenotypic groups relevant to weedy rice management. The red rice accessions were 70% strawhull, 22% blackhull, 7% brownhull and <1% goldhull. Generally, blackhull red rice was the tallest (139 cm) and strawhull the shortest (133 cm) among all accessions. Blackhull red rice had more tillers (102/plant), smaller flag leaves (13 cm wide, 34 cm long), and flowered later (1225 heat units) than strawhull red rice which had 85 tillers/plant, 15 cm-wide and 34 cm-long flag leaves, and flowered after accumulating 1195 heat units. Morphological differences between accessions within each hull type were highly significant, showing great diversity within a hull color group as indicated by large ranges in traits. For example, blackhulls were 75–190 cm tall with 18–69 cm long flag leaves, 21–188 tillers and produced 40–949 g seed. Strawhulls were 46–189 cm tall with 18–66 cm flag leaf length, 16–172 tillers and produced 100–608 g seed. Some traits, such as seed production, differed widely between accessions within each hull color group such that the average seed production/accession for blackhull did not differ from that of strawhull weedy rice (196 vs. 192 g/plant). The onset of flowering among all accessions ranged from 56 to 126 d after planting. Red rice accessions formed six phenotypic clusters generally segregated by plant size or flowering time. Each morphotype would have different competitive abilities; thus, weedy rice management could be geared toward plant types. Highly competitive plant types would require intensive control measures to minimize yield losses and reduce the soil seed bank. Flowering dates impact stewardship strategies for herbicide-resistant or any genetically modified rice.     

The influence of temperature on the phytotoxic effect of glyphosate on Norway spruce (Picea abies L.)

The influence of temperature on the phytotoxicity of glyphosate to Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) was investigated. The tolerance of Norway spruce to glyphosate appeared to be highly dependent on the temperature, not only at the time of application, but also the temperature level for the 3–4-day period after application. High temperature at the time of application, or within the 3–4 days after application, increased the phytotoxic effect of glyphosphate to the spruce plants. The phytotoxicity was particularly severe when the plants were elongating at the time of treatment. A drop in temperature from a high level at application to a low level following application improved the tolerance of the spruce plants to glyphosate.     

Accumulation and distribution of free folic acid content in red beet (Beta vulgaris L.)

Among vegetable plants, red beet contains a relatively high level of the B vitamin folic acid. Although many leafy green vegetables contain high levels of folic acid, red beet is consumed primarily as a root vegetable. Folic acid levels have been quantified in various vegetable plants, but little information exists regarding the accumulation and distribution of this vitamin in plant tissues. The objective of this study was to characterize free folic acid content (FFAC) in shoot and root tissue during growth of two red beet inbreds. Experiments were conducted in a greenhouse during 1993, 1994 and 1995. Two inbreds, W384 and W357, were planted in randomized complete blocks and shoot and root tissues were separately harvested at 60, 80, and 100 days after planting (DAP). Significant differences between years, tissue portions, and among harvest dates were detected, however, similar patterns in FFAC accumulation and distribution were observed between inbreds and years. FFAC in shoot tissue was significantly greater than root tissue for both inbreds. Accumulation of FFAC was linear for both inbreds across harvest dates for root tissue but not for shoot tissue. FFAC accumulation in shoot tissue increased sharply from 60 to 80 DAP but decreased sharply from 80 to 100 DAP. These results demonstrate that FFAC accumulates differentially in root and shoot tissue in a red beet plant. Maximum folic acid levels in shoot tissue are achieved prior to those in root tissue.     

Effects of winter flooding on weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.), characterised by competitiveness, seed longevity, and dormancy is a troublesome weed to rice fields. Furthermore, its close botanical affinity to cultivated rice makes its control particularly difficult. However, winter flooding of rice fields can be an efficient technique to control weedy rice infestation by promoting weed seed decay, animal predation, or germination.     

Agronomic,molecular and antioxidative characterization of red- and purple-pericarp rice (Oryza sativa L.) mutants in Taiwan

Pigmentation of rice grain is controlled by Ra, Rc and Rd genes, and the expressions of these genes differ among red-, purple- and white-pericarp varieties. The present study examined the grain yield and the expression of Ra, Rc and Rd genes in non-waxy white-pericarp rice SA418 and waxy white-pericarp rice SA419 and their respective red-pericarp and purple-pericarp mutants with waxy or non-waxy endosperm. Significant variations in 100-grains weight and grain yield were observed among the tested mutants. The Ra was expressed in purple-pericarp mutants, while the Rc was expressed in red-pericarp mutants. The total phenolics, total flavonoids, total anthocyanins and total proanthocyanidins contents and antioxidant activities in the bran part also differed among the mutants. Non-waxy red-pericarp mutant M-69 had heavier 100-grains weight (2.86 g), contained more total phenolics (49.37 mg g⁻¹ bran dry weight) and produced higher grain yield (6.93 t ha⁻¹) than white-pericarp rices SA418 (2.43 g, 2.89 mg g⁻¹ bran dry weight and 2.80 t ha⁻¹, respectively) and SA419 (2.62 g, 2.20 mg g⁻¹ bran dry weight and 6.73 t ha⁻¹, respectively). Thus, the polished rice grain of M-69 can be used for staple food consumption, and its bran parts are useful for producing health-promoting by-product.     

玉米SSR指纹技术反应体系的优化

SSR指纹技术是一种非常有效的遗传分析技术,在生物遗传多样性分析、遗传图谱构建、品种鉴定和品种保护等方面有着广泛的用途。SSR技术简单、重复性高、采用银染显色技术等优点,为SSR的广泛应用奠定了良好的基础和可行性。在SSR扩增过程中,影响因素很多,如Mg2 、dNTPs、Taqpolymeras、引物等。本实验通过对各种影响因素不同浓度梯度的比较,得出优化后的SSR扩增的反应体系为:20μL的反应体积中包括2.0mmol/LMg2 ,0.1mmol/LdNTPs,0.25μmol/L引物,0.5UTaqDNA聚合酶,10×PCRbuffer2.0μL和40ng模板DNA。扩增条件为94℃预变性5min,94℃1min,60℃2min,72℃2min,35个循环,最后72℃5min。     

聚丙烯酰胺连年施用对燕麦生产的影响

为探明聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)施用后对燕麦不同生育阶段水分利用的影响,在长城沿线旱作丘陵区,设置6个处理,分别为对照(CK)、PAM施用一年(M1)、PAM连续施用二年(M2)、PAM连续施用三年(M3)、PAM连续施用四年(M4)、PAM连续施用五年(M5),通过大田试验,研究PAM施用不同年限对燕麦不同生育阶段的土壤保水、燕麦耗水特征、水分利用效率等特性的影响。结果表明,施用PAM提高了燕麦田不同生育阶段0~60cm土层的土壤含水量,促进了燕麦生物量的积累,降低了燕麦总耗水量,提高了燕麦产量和水分利用效率。各处理中,M4和M5处理的土壤含水量及贮水量均高于其他处理,而总耗水量最低,差异均显著(P0.05);M1、M2处理的多数被测指标与CK无显著差异。苗期0~10cm、拔节期10~20cm、抽穗期20~40cm、灌浆期0~10cm、成熟期10~20cm和40~60cm土层土壤含水量对产量的影响最大。各生育阶段,除播种-苗期及抽穗-灌浆期外,M5处理耗水量均显著低于M4处理。M4处理的经济效益和水分利用效率均最高,较对照分别增加35.67%和3.67kg·hm~(-2)·mm~(-1)。综合考虑产量、经济效益、水分利用效率,燕麦旱作地区应连续4年施用聚丙烯酰胺。     

Effects of Assimilate Supply and High Temperature during Grain-Filling Period on the Occurrence of Various Types of Chalky Kernels in Rice Plants (Oryza sativa L.)

Abstract

The objective of this study was to clarify the effect of assimilate supply and high temperature on the occurrence of chalky kernels, i.e. milky white, white back, basal white and white belly kernels. Rice cultivars Koshihikari and Takanari, contrasting in number of spikelets in a panicle were used. After heading, sink-source manipulation was imposed on plants, through changing supply of assimilates to spikelets by shading or panicle clipping. Plants with each sink-source manipulation were subjected to temperature treatments, i.e., high temperature and ambient temperature, using a temperature-gradient chamber. Percentage of various types of chalky kernels was examined with the treatment for each cultivar. High temperature treatment increased milky white and white back kernels while no significant effect of temperature was observed on the percentage of white belly and basal white kernels. Effects of sink-source manipulation on the occurrence of chalky kernels varied with the type of chalky kernels. Although sink-source manipulation had no effect on white back and basal white kernels, it had a significant effect on the percentage of milky white and white belly kernels, which indicates the association of assimilate supply with the occurrence of these types of chalky kernels. A close hyperbolic relation was observed between the rate of assimilate supply and the percentage of milky white kernels, suggesting that milky white kernels are caused by assimilate deficit during the initial half period of grain filling. The higher percentage of milky white kernels at a given rate of assimilate supply at a high temperature implied that the high temperature during the grain-filling period increases the assimilate demand to avoid the occurrence of milky white kernels. This is presumably because the high temperature during the grain-filling period accelerates grain growth especially in inferior spikelets.     

Assessment of allelopathic potential of barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) on rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars

Laboratory, greenhouse and field studies were conducted to assess the allelopathic potential of 44 rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) on barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli P. Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi). Rice cultivars exhibited marked differences in the inhibition of barnyard grass growth and development. In the laboratory, Gin shun rice cultivar extracts exhibited the greatest activity on the weed seedling growth, reducing dry weight by 61%, while Kasarwala mundara cultivar extracts exhibited the greatest activity on seed germination, reducing germination by 23% and germination speed by 46%. In a greenhouse study of a residue mixture, the Philippine 2 cultivar showed the greatest inhibition percentage on seedling emergence (57%), total seedling length (74%) and dry weight (73%). In the field study, the Juma 10 cultivar demonstrated the most inhibitory effect by reducing barnyard grass tiller number (80%), leaf area (49%) and leaf (61%) and stem (74%) dry weight (68%). These results suggest that there are differences among the varieties for allelopathic inhibition of barnyard grass, and that the development of barnyard grass suppressive rice cultivars that have greater allelopathic potential may be possible.     

艾纳香总黄酮提取工艺研究

在考察提取溶剂、提取方法对总黄酮提取率的影响的基础上,运用正交试验对艾纳香中总黄酮的提取条件进行优化,确定最佳提取工艺.结果表明,艾纳香总黄酮最佳提取工艺为:30％的乙醇以1∶300料液比投料,以85 Hz的频率超声提取2次,每次30 min.在该最佳提取工艺下,艾纳香总黄酮提取量为208.6 mg/g.     

Effect of imazamox plus bentazon on dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Imazamox plus bentazon has the potential to provide broad spectrum weed control in dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Field trials were conducted in Ontario over a two year period (2003 and 2006) to evaluate the effect of imazamox plus bentazon applied post-emergence at 25 + 600 and 50 + 1200 g ai ha⁻¹ on black, brown, cranberry, kidney, otebo, pinto, white and yellow eye beans. Treatments included a non-treated check. All treatments were maintained weed free during the growing season. The eight market classes responded similarly to imazamox plus bentazon. Imazamox plus bentazon applied post-emergence caused less than 4% visible injury at 7, 14 and 28 days after treatment. Imazamox plus bentazon applied post-emergence did not have any effect on plant height, shoot dry weight, seed moisture content and yield of dry bean. Based on these results, imazamox plus bentazon at the proposed maximum use dose can be safely used for weed management in black, brown, cranberry, kidney, otebo, pinto, white and yellow eye bean production in Ontario. Additional research is needed to determine if cultivars within a market class of dry bean differ in their response to imazamox plus bentazon.     

玉米花粉生活力研究进展

Grain numbers produced per ear is one of the most important factors affecting grain yield of maize and is determined in a large extent by pollination process.In this paper the research advanced on pollen grain viability and pollination capability of pollen grains,and effects of environmental factors including temperature,humidity,and water content of pollen grain and mineral elements on these characteristics in maize(Zea Mays L.) were reviewed.Measuring of pollen grain viability was also discussed.     

Influence of weather factors on the incidence of Alternaria blight of cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) on varieties with different susceptibilities

Progression of Alternaria blight intensity was observed fortnightly during 1997 and 1998 on six varieties of cluster bean ranging in their susceptibilities to the disease. The disease progressed faster on the most susceptible variety (FS-277) during both the years. There was a significantly positive correlation between the disease severity and certain weather parameters (cumulative rainy days and cumulative rainfall) whilst maximum temperature was significantly negatively associated (pooled basis). The step-wise multiple regression analysis of data revealed that minimum temperature, relative humidity in the evening, sunshine and cumulative rainfall played a major role in disease development.     

小麦LBD基因家族的全基因组鉴定、表达特性及调控网络分析

为深入发掘小麦LBD基因的功能,利用小麦最新基因组数据,通过生物信息学手段,对小麦LBD基因家族进行了鉴定,并对其表达特性及调控网络进行了分析。鉴定结果表明,本研究得到了75个小麦LBD基因,根据系统进化分析结果,可将它们划分为ClassⅠ和ClassⅡ两个亚家族。染色体定位结果表明,除了5D和7D外,其余染色体均含有LBD基因。共表达调控网络分析表明,15个LBD基因参与了小麦功能基因调控。利用RNA-seq数据对所有小麦LBD基因在不同组织以及不同逆境胁迫下的表达情况进行分析表明,小麦LBD基因在不同组织间和胁迫下存在着差异表达,多个组织特异和胁迫响应相关LBD基因被鉴定到,可作为后续功能研究的候选基因。     

TDZ在小麦花药培养中的作用

为了进一步提高小麦花药培养效率,以8个小麦杂交F1代为供试材料,通过在培养基中添加不同浓度的噻重氮苯基脲(thidiazuron,TDZ)探讨其对小麦花药培养的作用。结果表明,TDZ的作用与添加剂量及小麦基因型密切相关。在诱导培养基中添加TDZ对基因型中麦875/郑豫麦043具有负向调控作用,但对兰考198/黄明118、郑麦7698/西农979以及天禾7号/0836H-3则具有正向促进作用。TDZ的最佳添加剂量为0.05mg·L-1,可显著提高3个基因型的胚性愈伤组织诱导率和绿苗产率,其中兰考198/黄明118胚性愈伤组织诱导率和绿苗产率最高,分别达到25.1%和8.7%。同样,在分化培养基中添加一定剂量的TDZ,对4个基因型的愈伤组织分化均表现正向促进作用,TDZ的适宜浓度范围为0.5~1.0mg·L-1,以添加0.5mg·L-1的处理表现最优,能够显著提高绿苗分化率和绿苗/白苗比率;基因型兰考198/黄明118的绿苗分化率和绿苗/白苗比率最高,分别达50%和1.87。研究还表明,在诱导培养基或分化培养基中添加TDZ还能够促进绿苗增殖,提高单倍体自然加倍效率。本研究结果将有助于小麦花药培养技术的优化,进而提高花培育种效率。     

圆果种黄麻单染色体显微分离与扩增

以圆果种黄麻(Corchorus capsularis L.)品种高雄青皮为研究材料,利用玻璃针显微分离的方法成功分离出高雄青皮的单染色体2条。对获得的单染色体采用LAM-PCR方法进行扩增,电泳结果显示:DNA片段的长度在250～3 000 bp之间。利用Southern blot杂交对扩增产物进行验证,结果表明:获得的扩增片段确实来自高雄青皮的基因组。     

小麦β-酮脂酰CoA合成酶基因KCS的克隆与酵母表达

超长链脂肪酸是生物体内众多重要物质的合成底物。KCS基因编码β-酮脂酰CoA合成酶,该酶具有底物特异性,参与超长链脂肪酸延伸的缩合反应,是超长链脂肪酸合成的限速步骤。为了探究小麦KCS基因在超长链脂肪酸合成中的功能,采用同源克隆的方法从小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)中克隆出KCS基因后,利用生物信息学对其编码序列进行分析,并在酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)中对其进行真核表达。结果表明,小麦TaKCS6基因的开放阅读框为1 287bp,编码428个氨基酸残基。结构域预测结果显示,TaKCS6蛋白含有III型聚酮合酶脂肪酸延伸酶和C末端3-酰基ACP合酶III结构域,属于KCSs蛋白家族。序列比对分析结果显示,TaKCS6氨基酸序列与拟南芥及其他植物的KCS6氨基酸序列在两个功能结构域上和活性位点保守。酵母表达结果显示,TaKCS6基因编码的蛋白参与C24以上超长链脂肪酸的延伸。