The Ant Mosaic - Tropical Tree Crops and the Limiting of Pests and Diseases

Abstract

Field experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of herbicides in controlling Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) W. D. Clayton and Cyperus rotundus L. in upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) at different moisture regimes as imposed by a line source sprinkler system. Preemergence application of pendimethalin [N‐(1‐ethylpropyl)‐3,4‐dimethyl‐2,6‐dinitrobenzenamine] was highly effective in controlling R. cochinchinensis irrespective of soil moisture after herbicide application. Bentazon [3‐(1‐methylethyl)‐(1H)‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazin‐4(3H)‐one 2,2‐dioxide] and 2,4‐D [(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] applied at postemergence effectively controlled C. rotundus when moisture supply was well above pan evaporation. These herbicides also had no adverse effect on rice stand and resulted in higher yield over the control. Water application rates above upland pan evaporation for a season‐long period was essential to obtain a high response to weed control either by herbicides or hand weeding. The data suggest that proper weed control by herbicides or hand weeding will not result in high upland rice grain yields if moisture level from rains fall below the critical level.     

马蹄金草坪主要病虫草害的防治

马蹄金(Dichondra repens Forst．)属旋花科马蹄金属多年生蔓性常绿草本。广州市于1980年率先从国外引进,其寿命长、绿期久、形态美、易繁殖、易管理、成坪速度快,而且抗寒、耐热、耐酸、耐水渍、耐隐蔽,适应性很强,环境效益好,因此有很大的推广应用价值,现已被广泛应用于我国大部分地区的园林绿化,是一种较理想的草坪地被植物。但是栽培实践表明,马蹄金草坪病虫草害发生较多,经常导致草坪地被局部乃至整片枯萎、死亡,严重影响绿地的美观并加速了草坪地被的老化。     

稻鸭共育对稻田杂草和病虫害的生物防治效应

本文研究稻田全天放鸭对水稻病、虫、杂草的防治效果。试验结果表明,稻鸭共育后12和42d,共育田水稻基部飞虱、叶蝉的总量比不养鸭稻田平均减少63．8％和77．3％;稻鸭共育后10和40d,共育田杂草比不养鸭稻田平均减少50．6％和94．2％;分蘖高峰期和齐穗期的纹枯病病情指数,稻鸭共育田比不养鸭稻田分别低67．1％和52．5％。另外,稻鸭共育田的害虫天敌蜘蛛数量明显增加,比常规种稻田多1．66～2．61倍,这也显著改善了稻田的生态环境,抑制了水稻害虫的危害。     

柳条病虫草害综合防冶

近年来,由于襄樊市柳编规模逐年扩大,而柳条的病虫草害发生也有明显加重的趋势,已严重威胁到柳编产业的发展,因此经济、安全、有效地搞好柳条病、虫、草害综合防治,对确保柳编产业发展,确保农民增收,具有十分重要的现实意义。     

Prediction of Pests,Diseases and Losses: Principles and Computer Applications1

Efficacy of plant protection is closely related to an appreciation of the seasonal development and population changes of harmful organisms. This necessitates national surveys on pest population dynamics and on the epiphytotics of plant diseases. From these surveys, regional forecasts can be produced to give advice to the farmers. This work needs highly sophisticated systems to cover both numerical and spatial aspects of pest situations. Thus, there is an urgent need to exploit computer applications in solving forecasting problems. However, the use of computers for forecasting the incidence of harmful organisms and losses is in its initial phase. At present, single pest and disease models prevail. Numerical aspects have been approached both empirically and experimentally. Empirical models, based on multiple regression analysis, are relatively simple and easy to use for various harmful organisms. However, simulation models of harmful organisms are expected to lead to much more reliable results, although, so far, little experience is available on their predictive powers in crop protection. Spatial aspects have been approached with a routine computer mapping technique, which seems to be an effective tool for recognizing and forecasting distribution trends, while loss predictions can be based on crop models, incorporating submodels forecasting the incidence of harmful organisms. The prospect for operational use, in forecasting, of the computer techniques mentioned is discussed.     

我国饲草重大病虫鼠害研究进展

为全面了解我国饲草重大病虫鼠害分布和危害,充分掌握其传播扩散规律及其造成的重大经济损失,我们系统分析了我国饲草病害、虫害、鼠害等生物灾害危害情况,总结了国内外饲草病虫鼠害防控现状与研究进展,提出了饲草重大生物灾害的防控对策,为保障饲草产业和草牧业健康发展提供理论支撑。此外,本文还总结了我国饲草病虫鼠害的防控难题,为今后饲草病虫鼠害的研究提供了方向。     

Altering the Resistance of Plants to Pests and Diseases

Abstract

Papers presented to a Study Group at the 1970 Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science held in Durham     

广州动物园主要绿化树种病虫害调查

本文通过调查统计所选取植株病虫害的危害程度,对广州动物园主要绿化植物病虫害发生状况进行了数据统计和分析,提出了相应的防治措施。     

Sulfur in pesticide action and metabolism: Edited by J. D. Rosen,P. S. Magee,and J. E. Casida,American Chemical Society,Washington, D.C., 1981. 172 pp., $33.00

The distribution of ¹⁴C-acid-, ¹⁴C-alcohol-, and ¹⁴C-cyano-labeled deltamethrin and selected metabolites were followed in the liver, blood, cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord after iv administration of a toxic, but nonlethal dose (1.75 mg/kg) to rats. Approximately 50% of the dose was cleared from the blood within 0.7–0.8 min, after which the rate of clearance decreased. 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (PBacid) was isolated from the blood in vivo, and was also the major metabolite when ¹⁴C-alcohol-labeled deltamethrin was incubated with blood in vitro. Deltamethrin levels in the liver peaked at 7–10 nmol/g at 5 min and then decreased to 1 nmol/g by 30 min. In contrast, peak central nervous system levels of deltamethrin were achieved within 1 min (0.5 nmol/g), decreasing to 0.2 nmol/g at 15 min, and remaining stable until 60 min. peak levels of deltamethrin did not correspond to the severity of toxicity, although the levels of non-pentane-soluble radiolabel did appear to correlate with motor signs of toxicity. Experiments with brain homogenates, using in vivo concentrations of deltamethrin, failed to reproduce the pentane-unextractable radioactivity in vitro nor was any metabolism demonstrated.     

烟草病虫害的发生与综合防治

烟叶产业是兴山县5大农业产业中的支柱产业之一。2004年被国家标准化委员会列为全国烟草农业标准化示范县,常年烟叶种植2．33万hm^2,年产量512．2万kg,产值4991．8万元。近几年,由于烟叶种植重茬面积大,导致烟草病虫种类增多,为害程度逐年加重,年均产量损失15％～20％。多年来,兴山县烟草公司联合兴山县植保站在烟草病虫防治上大力推广综合防治技术。     

苹果主要病虫害全程生物农药防控效果

为研究苹果主要病虫害全程生物农药防控效果,2020、2021年在苹果休眠期使用石硫合剂和腐殖酸铜,在生长期选择多种生物农药,包括苦参碱、中生菌素、多抗霉素、大黄素甲醚、枯草芽胞杆菌、苏云金芽胞杆菌和鱼藤酮等,监测了苹果斑点落叶病、褐斑病、苹果黄蚜和苹果小卷叶蛾的发生与为害。结果显示,2020年全程喷施生物农药对苹果斑点落叶病、褐斑病、苹果黄蚜和苹果小卷叶蛾的防治效果最低值分别为82.08%、80.07%、86.04%和86.77%;2021年则分别为87.90%、86.90%、89.67%和88.25%,均接近于化学农药为主的防控区。同时,生物农药防控区未出现任何药害。研究表明苹果全生育期喷施生物农药,可有效控制苹果主要病虫害,对苹果园化学农药减施增效具有重要指导意义。