牛奶酸碱度与奶牛隐性乳房炎发病情况的相关研究

采集100头商丘市成年中国荷斯坦奶牛的乳样300份,根据奶牛的年龄胎次等情况将之分成3组.利用酸度计、光学显微镜并辅以计数板辅助测定牛乳的pH值及体细胞的含量,分析奶牛隐性乳房炎与牛乳pH值的相关关系.结果表明当牛乳的体细胞在20万/毫升时,奶牛乳房炎发病率为0,3%,其乳汁的pH值在6.4～6.6之间:体细胞在20万～50万/毫升区间时,奶牛乳房炎发病率为11.2%,奶牛乳汁pH值在6.6～6.8之间:体细胞在50万～150万/毫升区间时,奶牛乳房炎发病率为26.1%,奶牛乳汁pH值在6.8～7.0之间;体细胞在150万～500 万/毫升区间时,奶牛乳房炎发病率为45.3%,奶牛乳汁pH值在7.0～7.2之间;体细胞大于500万/毫升时,奶牛乳房炎发病率为68.7%,奶牛乳汁pH值在7.2以上.牛乳pH值的变化与体细胞和炎性细胞的含量呈显著的正相关,相关系数r=0.387.     

牛奶酸碱度与奶牛隐性乳房炎发病情况的相关研究

采集100头商丘市成年中国荷斯坦奶牛的乳样300份,根据奶牛的年龄胎次等情况将之分成3组。利用酸度计、光学显微镜并辅以计数板辅助测定牛乳的pH值及体细胞的含量,分析奶牛隐性乳房炎与牛乳pH值的相关关系。结果表明当牛乳的体细胞在20万／毫升时,奶牛乳房炎发病率为0.3％,其乳汁的pH值在6.4～6.6之间;体细胞在20万～50万／毫升区间时,奶牛乳房炎发病率为11.2％,奶牛乳汁pH值在6,6～6,8之间;体细胞在50万～150万／毫升区间时,奶牛乳房炎发病率为26.1％,奶牛乳汁pH值在6.8～7.0之间;体细胞在150万～500 万／毫升区间时,奶牛乳房炎发病率为45.3％,奶牛乳汁pH值在7.0～7.2之间;体细胞大于500万／毫升时,奶牛乳房炎发病率为68.7％。奶牛乳汁pH值在7.2以上。牛乳pH值的变化与体细胞和炎性细胞的含量呈显著的正相关,相关系数r=0,387。     

患隐性乳房炎的奶牛乳汁pH值变化与体细胞关系的研究

采集新疆垦区奶牛乳样604份,利用奶牛隐性乳房炎诊断液、光学显微镜以及pH211酸度计测定乳汁的pH值与体细胞的含量,确定奶牛隐性乳房炎与牛乳pH值的变化关系。结果表明,牛乳pH值的变化与体细胞和炎性细胞的含量呈正相关,即泌乳奶牛乳汁的正常pH值在6．4～6．6之间;体细胞在20～50万／毫升区间时,奶牛乳汁pH值在6．6～6．8之间;体细胞在50～150万／毫升区间时,奶牛乳汁pH值在6．8～7．0之间;体细胞在150～500万／毫升区间时,奶牛乳汁pH值在7．0～7．2之间;体细胞在大于500万／毫升时,奶牛乳汁pH值在7．2以上。     

隐性乳房炎患牛乳汁pH值变化与体细胞数关系的研究

采集奶牛乳样604份, 测定乳汁pH值与体细胞的含量, 确定奶牛隐性乳房炎与牛乳pH值的变化关系。结果表明, 牛乳pH值的变化与体细胞的含量呈正相关。正常乳汁的pH值在6 4~6 6之间; 体细胞在20万~50万/mL区间时, 奶牛乳汁pH值在6 6~6 8之间; 体细胞在50~150万/mL区间时, 奶牛乳汁pH值在6 8~7 0之间; 体细胞在150万~500万/mL区间时, 奶牛乳汁pH值在7 0~7 2之间; 体细胞大于500万/mL时, 奶牛乳汁pH值在7 2以上。     

患隐性乳房炎的奶牛乳汁pH变化与体细胞关系的研究

采集新疆垦区奶牛乳样若干份(604份)，利用奶牛隐性乳房炎诊断液、光学显微镜，以及pH211酸度计测定乳汁的pH与体细胞的含量，确定奶牛隐性乳房炎与牛乳pH的变化关系。结果表明，牛乳pH的变化与体细胞和炎性细胞的含量呈正相关，即泌乳奶牛乳汁的正常pH在6．4～6．6之间；体细胞在20万～50万个／ml区间时，奶牛乳汁pH在6．6～6．8之间；体细胞在50万～150万个／ml区间时，奶牛乳汁pH在6．8～7．0之间；体细胞在150万～500万个／ml区间时，奶牛乳汁pH在7．0～7．2之间；体细胞大于500万个／ml时，奶牛乳汁pH在7．2以上。     

隐性乳腺炎患牛乳汁电导率变化与体细胞数相关关系的研究

以随机采集的奶牛乳样为研究对象,对乳样的电导率与体细胞数进行了测定与分析。结果显示,体细胞在20-50万/mL区间时,奶牛乳汁电导率值在0.40-0.55mho/m之间;体细胞在50万/mL以上时,奶牛乳汁电导率0.6mho/m以上。结果表明,牛乳电导率的变化与体细胞的含量呈正相关,可确定利用牛乳体细胞数与电导率变化的相关关系来准确判断奶牛隐性乳房炎。     

隐性乳腺炎患牛乳汁电导率变化与体细胞数相关关系的研究

本试验以随机采集的奶牛乳样为研究对象,对乳样的电导率与体细胞数进行了测定与分析。结果显示,体细胞数在20万～50万个/mL时,奶牛乳汁电导率值在0.40～0.55mho/m之间;体细胞数在50万个/mL以上时,奶牛乳汁电导率在0.6mho/m以上。结果表明,牛乳电导率的变化与体细胞数呈正相关,可确定利用牛乳体细胞数与电导率变化的相关关系可准确判断奶牛隐性乳房炎。     

牛乳电导率和pH值变化与体细胞数相关性的研究

本试验以随机采集的奶牛乳样为研究对象，对乳样的电导率、pH值与体细胞数进行了测定与分析。结果显示，体细胞数在50万个／mL以下时．电导率值在4．40～4．75ms／cm之间、pH值在6．50～6．80之间；体细胞数在50万-500万个／mL以上时．电导率在5．20～9．00ms，cm之间、pH值在6．80～7．20；体细胞数在500万以上，电导率值在9．00ms／cm以上、pH值在7．20以上。结果表明，牛乳电导率的变化与体细胞数呈正相关，pH值的变化与体细胞数相关性不明显，可利用牛乳体细胞数与电导率变化的相关关系判断奶牛隐性乳房炎发病程度。     

牛乳电导率值与体细胞数相关性的研究

试验以随机采集的奶牛乳样为研究对象，对乳样的电导率值与体细胞数进行了测定与分析。结果显示，体细胞数在50万个/ml以下时，电导率值在4．40～4．75ms／cm之间；体细胞数在50万～500万个／ml时，电导率值在5．20～9．00ms／cm之间；体细胞数在500万／个ml时，电导率值在9．00ms／cm以上。结果表明，牛乳电导率的变化与体细胞数呈正相关，可利用牛乳体细胞数与电导率变化的相关关系判断奶牛隐性乳房炎发病程度。     

浅析奶牛牛乳汁中电导率、PH值变化与体细胞数的相关关系的研究

本试验随机采集本中心荷斯坦奶牛的生鲜乳的奶样为研究对象,对乳样的电导率、p H值和体细胞数的测定以及相关关系研究后得出结论:体细胞数在50万个/m L以下时,电导率值在4.40~4.75ms/cm之间、p H值在6.40~6.80之间;体细胞数在50~150万个/m L以上时,电导率在5.20~7.00ms/cm之间、p H值在6.80~7.15;体细胞数在150万以上,电导率值在7.00ms/cm以上、p H值在7.15以上,结果表明,牛乳电导率、p H值的变化与体细胞的含量呈正比,电导率p H值越高、体细胞数越高,患隐性乳房炎的可能性就越大。因此可以利用牛乳体细胞数与电导率p H值变化的相关关系来判断奶牛是否患有隐性乳房炎。     

"溶菌酶"治疗奶牛隐性乳腺炎降低体细胞数临床应用和研究

选择上海金山新农奶牛场泌乳期SMT检查阳性（＋）以上，体细胞数50YY／mL以上的牛55头，通过溶菌酶临床治疗15天，隐性乳腺炎治愈率为65．86％，有效率为97．56％，细菌总数平均下降13．85万／mL．体细胞数平均下降54．1万／mL，日产量平均增加1．96kg。     

Antibody response to toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 of Staphylococcus aureus in dairy cows

Antibody response to toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) of Staphylococcus aureus in dairy cows was examined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Serum antibody to TSST-1 was not detected in 39 (76.5%) of 51 calves, which were 1-6 months of age. In contrast, TSST-1 antibody was demonstrated in 1728 (72.6%) of 2380 lactating cows housed on 36 dairy farms. The ELISA values of antibody ranged from 0.2 to 3.0 OD and presented a distribution with the peak at 1.6 OD. The mean ELISA value differed between farms, and it increased slightly along with parturient history. Somatic cell counts of milk from 174 lactating cows was compared with TSST-1 antibody and tst1,000,000 cells per ml. The mean ELISA values in milk were lower than those of sera, but they rose as somatic cells increased. The tst gene of S. aureus detected in 76.0-86.2% of the milk samples containing somatic cells > 500,000 cells per ml, a level which indicates mastitis. The data suggests that many lactating cows may be infected by TSST-1- producing S. aureus.     

An investigation of mastitis due to S agalactiae, S uberis and M smegmatis in a dairy herd

Subclinical mastitis caused by streptococcal infections affected 27 of 83 cows in a commercial dairy herd. Between three and six weeks after intramammary treatment of these cows with cloxacillin, 16 (59 per cent) of the treated cows developed acute clinical mastitis associated with Mycobacterium smegmatis. None of the untreated cows was affected. Infected quarters were moderately hypertrophied and fine clots were present in the milk for three to four weeks. No cows showed systemic signs of illness. Studies carried out over 12 months showed that infected cows shed M smegmatis for three to four months and affected quarters remained hypertrophied in all but one cow after 12 months. The mean milk cell count of affected quarters fell slowly from 4,850,000/ml in the acute stage to 810,000/ml five months later and 620,000/ml 12 months later, suggesting that the organism persisted in the udder. The estimated mean loss in lactation yield for cows with M smegmatis mastitis was 10.8 per cent. Losses were greatest when the hind quarters were involved (mean 28 per cent for cows with both hind quarters affected). Ten of the 16 affected cows were ultimately culled owing to serious reductions in yield.     

酸和热处理对膜分离牦牛乳酪蛋白功能特性的影响

选择甘肃天祝牧区的鲜牦牛乳为研究对象,采用微滤的分离方法获得牦牛乳酪蛋白,研究了在pH 6.4、6.6、6.8、7.0及80、100、120、140℃处理后牦牛乳酪蛋白的热稳定性、疏水性、粒径大小和分子质量的变化。结果表明：在pH 6.8时,不同温度处理后各个功能性质均为最差,而在远离变性温度（140℃）的条件下,酪蛋白具有良好的功能特性。在酸诱导和热处理后,蛋白质分子发生了极化,维持空间结构的疏水作用力遭到破坏,引起蛋白分子的解离或聚集,导致蛋白分子自身结构发生改变,从而影响其性质的优劣。     

Mastitis detection in dairy cows by application of neural networks

The aim of the present research was to investigate the usefulness of neural networks (NN) in the early detection and control of mastitis in cows milked in an automatic milking system. A data set of 403,537 milkings involving 478 cows was used. Mastitis was determined according to two different definitions: udder treatment or somatic cell counts (SCC) over 100,000/ml (1) and udder treatment or SCC over 400,000/ml (2). Mastitis alerts were generated by an NN model using electrical conductivity, milk production rate, milk flow rate and days in milk as input data. To develop and verify the model, the data set was randomly divided into training and test data subsets. The evaluation of the model was carried out according to block-sensitivity, specificity and error rate. When the block-sensitivity was set to be at least 80%, the specificities were 51.1% and 74.9% and the error rates were 51.3% and 80.5% for mastitis definitions 1 and 2, respectively. Additionally, the average number of true positive cows per day ranged from 1.2 to 6.4, and the average number of false negative positive cows per day ranged from 5.2 to 6.8 in an average herd size of 24 cows per day for the test data. The results for the test data verified those for the training data, indicating that the model could be generalized. The performance of the NN was not satisfactory. A decrease in the error rate might be achieved by means of more informative parameters.     

Estimation of milk production losses due to sub-clinical mastitis in dairy cattle in Costa Rica

Five dairy farms, situated on the slopes of the volcano Poás in the pre-mountain cloud forest ecological zone, Alajuela and Heredia Provinces, Costa Rica, provided data for estimation of the production losses due to sub-clinical mastitis. Within the same farm, cows with proven sub-clinical mastitis were matched with cows without signs of sub-clinical mastitis, according to breed, lactation number and days in lactation. A total of 529 cows were detected with sub-clinical mastitis, of which only 200 could be paired with control cows free of mastitis; each pair was used only once.

Crude milk production losses per cow with sub-clinical mastitis were estimated at 1.56 kg day⁻¹for daily milk yield. Milk production loss per affected quarter due to sub-clinical mastitis was estimated to be 17.6% on average. The decrease in milk production in heifers with sub-clinical mastitis did not differ significantly from the decrease in production in older cows. No significant difference in milk production loss was detected when the data were stratified on parity or the number of quarters affected.     

Mastitis detection in dairy cows by application of fuzzy logic

The aim of the present research was to develop a fuzzy logic model for classification and control of mastitis for cows milked in an automatic milking system. Recording of data was performed on the University of Kiel's experimental dairy farm “Karkendamm”. A data set of 403,537 milkings from 478 cows was used. Mastitis was determined according to three different definitions: udder treatments (1), udder treatment or somatic cell counts (SCC) over 100,000/ml (2) and udder treatment or SCC over 400,000/ml (3). Mastitis alerts were generated by a fuzzy logic model using electrical conductivity, milk production rate and milk flow rate as input data. To develop and verify the model, the data set was randomly divided into training data (284,669 milkings from 319 cows) and test data (135,414 milkings from 159 cows). The evaluation of the model was carried out according to sensitivity, specificity and error rate. If the block-sensitivity was set to be at least 80%, the specificities ranged between 93.9% and 75.8% and the error rate varied between 95.5% and 41.9% depending on mastitis definition. Additionally, the average number of true positive cows per day ranged from 0.1 to 7.2, and the average number of false negative positive cows per day ranged from 2.4 to 5.2 in an average herd size for the test data of 39.7 cows/day. The results of the test data verified those of the training data, indicating that the model could be generalized.

Fuzzy logic is a useful tool to develop a detection model for mastitis. A noticeable decrease in the error rate can be made possible by means of more informative parameters.     

Methods of diagnosing subclinical mastitis in dairy cow mastitis control programs

The number of somatic cells and the isolation of the causative agents of mastitis in quarter, composite, bucket, and bulk tank samples of cow's milk was determined four times during a six-month period. The number of somatic cells in milk samples indicated a degree of mastitis infection and was influenced neither by the year season nor by the length of lactation. At a repeated examination of 28 dairy cows an increased number of somatic cells in milk was found once in 68 udder quarters and with three successive samplings only in 21 quarters. The etiological agents of mastitis were detected once in 31 quarters and three times in succession only in five quarters. The number of cows positive by the number of cells in quarter samples of milk increased from 52.9-58.8% at a single examination to as much as 100% at four examinations. The etiological agents of mastitis were isolated in a single examination in 17.6% of cows and at four examinations in 58.8% of cows. The composite and bucket samples of milk containing 200 to 300 thousand cells per ml are recommended to be considered as mastitis-positive: in 68 to 78% they came from cows having more than 500 thousand cells per ml at least in one quarter sample. The number of cells in a bulk sample was in correlation with the percentage of cows having a positive NK-test (similar to CMT) and positive isolation of S. agalactiae from quarter milk samples.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Microbiologic investigation of an epizootic of mastitis caused by Serratia marcescens in a dairy herd.

An epizootic of subclinical and clinical mastitis caused by Serratia marcescens was investigated in a 1,000-cow dairy farm in California. Serratia marcescens was isolated from 13 to 18% of composite milk samples obtained from lactating dairy cows. During monthly milk sampling performed during a 4-month period, S marcescens was isolated from 38.8 to 62.3% of composite milk samples obtained from cows from which S marcescens was previously isolated. Few cows infected with S marcescens had evidence of clinical mastitis. Somatic cell count value was associated with isolation of S marcescens. Cows with somatic cell counts greater than 500,000 were 5.48 times as likely to have intramammary infections with S marcescens, compared with cows with somatic cell count less than or equal to 500,000. Lactation number also was associated with S marcescens intramammary infection. After adjusting for the effect of lactation number, cows with high somatic cell count values were 2.98 times as likely to have intramammary infection with S marcescens, compared with cows with low somatic cell counts. Infection with S marcescens was independent of days in lactation, production string, and daily milk production. Eleven months after the beginning of the epizootic, S marcescens was isolated from organic bedding samples obtained from the dairy. Despite numerous attempts, other sources of S marcescens could not be identified on this dairy.