混菌戊糖己糖发酵产乙醇的研究

比较研究休哈塔假丝酵母单菌发酵、休哈塔假丝酵母和酿酒酵母两步发酵、休哈塔假丝酵母和酿酒酵母同步发酵3种发酵模式下对混合糖(葡萄糖和木糖)的利用情况,结果显示2种酵母同步发酵能够有效解除葡萄糖的抑制,加快木糖利用速率。采用Plackett-Burman实验、最陡爬坡实验和中心组合设计,对2种酵母混菌利用戊糖己糖发酵生产乙醇的培养基进行优化,得到最优培养基条件:硫酸铵9.09 g/L、磷酸二氢钾8.96 g/L、氯化钙0.34 g/L,在此条件下发酵得到乙醇产量为21.71 g/L,较优化前(19.85 g/L)提高了9.4%;混菌在优化后的培养基下进行发酵,酵母浊度OD由12.12增长到了21.87,木糖利用率由优化前的82%增长到优化后的93%。     

休哈塔假丝酵母对半纤维素戊糖和己糖的同步发酵

休哈塔假丝酵母(Candida shehatae)的改良菌种R能同时将半纤维素中的戊糖和己糖发酵成乙醇。当酵母细胞浓度高于8g/L和木糖含量高于总糖的20％时,较易代谢的己糖对木糖所产生的抑制作用可被消除。在30℃～40℃和限制供氧的条件下,90％以上的单糖得到了利用,乙醇得率为0.43～0.48g/g消耗的糖。厌氧发酵导致木糖的不完全利用和木糖醇的积累,而供氧过量则导致酵母细胞增殖并降低乙醇得率。该菌种对半纤维素水解液(如亚硫酸盐制浆废液、玉米秆水解液和落叶松浸提液)中的发酵抑制物有较高的忍耐能力,有重要的工业应用前景。     

树干毕赤酵母在水解液中的驯化及木糖发酵

通过在玉米秸秆蒸汽爆破水解液中的驯化,树干毕赤酵母(Pichia stipitis能够在大量抑制物存在的情况下进行木糖发酵,且驯化后P.stipitis的木糖利用率为94.1％,乙醇得率为82.1％.在此基础上,对初始木糖质量浓度为30、45和60 g/L的水解液进行发酵,结果显示45 g/L初始木糖发酵的平均乙醇生成...     

稀酸蒸汽爆破玉米秸秆预水解液的脱毒及乙醇发酵

以水洗稀酸蒸汽爆破玉米秸秆(ASC)得到的预水解液为原料,分析了ASC预水解液中可发酵性糖、碳水化合物降解产物和主要木质素降解产物的含量,研究了ASC预水解液乙醇发酵性能、3种脱毒方法对预水解液进行脱毒及乙醇发酵性能。研究结果表明,ASC预水解液中可发酵糖类主要含有木糖(49.50 g/L)及少量葡萄糖(9.80 g/L),可用于发酵制备乙醇,但含有大量抑制物不利于乙醇发酵,发酵60 h时的糖利用率和乙醇得率分别仅有87.96%和74.63%。ASC预水解液经过乙酸乙酯萃取、酵母吸附和亚硫酸钠处理3种方式脱毒后乙醇发酵性能均得到较大改善:经乙酸乙酯萃取脱毒后发酵36 h时的糖利用率和乙醇得率分别为95.40%和90.71%;经酵母吸附脱毒后发酵48 h时的糖利用率和乙醇得率分别为97.83%和81.98%;经亚硫酸钠处理脱毒后发酵48 h时的糖利用率和乙醇得率分别为95.55%和84.74%。虽然乙酸乙酯萃取脱毒效果最佳,但从工业应用前景来看,酵母吸附和亚硫酸钠处理是最佳选择。     

固定化细胞发酵半纤维素水解液产木糖醇的研究

固定在海藻酸钙凝胶中的热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis)细胞，可有效地利用玉米芯半纤维素水解液生产木糖醇。在摇瓶条件下，采用分批发酵方式，确立了适宜的发酵工艺参数为：32℃，每升氮源含酵母粉2．2g、胰蛋白胨3．7g，发酵液初始pH值6．0，分段改变摇床转速，其中0～24h为210r／min；24～72h为140r／min，固定化细胞凝胶珠与玉米芯半纤维素水解液体积比为1：4。利用固定化细胞重复进行10批次共30d发酵，木糖醇得率平均为73．7％，达到了理论值的80％。固定化细胞密度高、抗逆性强、发酵性能稳定，水解液未经脱色与离子交换便可转化成木糖醇，显示了良好的应用前景。     

固定化混合菌利用戊糖和己糖共发酵制备乙醇

为研究固定化混合菌种对戊糖和己糖同步发酵生产燃料乙醇的影响,以海藻酸钙为固定化载体,采用包埋法固定化休哈塔假丝酵母(Candida shehatae)和酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)混合菌发酵生产燃料乙醇,并对固定化混合菌种的发酵条件进行优化。结果表明:固定化混合菌种发酵可以快速利用葡萄糖,解除葡萄糖代谢对木糖代谢的抑制作用,提高发酵效率,发酵时间从固定化单菌发酵的24 h缩短至20 h,发酵时间缩短16.67%。乙醇产量从13.28 g/L增加至14.89 g/L,升高了12.12%。固定化混合菌种的优化条件为:混合糖(葡萄糖和木糖)质量浓度为45 g/L,发酵温度为30℃,摇床转速为170 r/min,休哈塔假丝酵母和酿酒酵母菌体的比例为4∶1。在此条件下得到最佳乙醇产量为15.21 g/L,较优化前(13.74 g/L)提高了10.70%。本研究结果可为固定化混合菌发酵生产燃料乙醇的工业化提供理论依据。     

树干毕赤酵母戊糖发酵影响因素的研究

研究了树干毕赤酵母(Pichia stipitis)CBS 5776以木糖为单一碳源发酵生成乙醇的影响因素.结果表明,树干毕赤酵母发酵体系的初始酵母质量浓度、pH值和通风条件对其发酵性能有很大影响,发酵的最佳初始酵母质量浓度为5～7 g/L,最佳pH值范围是4.7～5.5,250 mL摇瓶发酵的最佳持液量为75 mL,最佳摇床转速为150 r/min.在2L发酵罐中,通风量为0.075 L/min,即0.05L/(L·min)时,发酵时间为32 h,最高乙醇质量浓度18.29 g/L,乙醇得率83.2％;厌氧发酵的最高乙醇质量浓度19.09 g/L,乙醇得率86.5％.因此,最优通风量为0～0.075 L/min.pH值的提高和通风条件的改善可以使酵母对乙酸的耐受能力得到提高,在150 r/min的转速、pH值为5时,提高通风量后,酵母乙醇得率比厌氧时提高了166.6％.纯糖实验得到的结果用以玉米秸秆酸性爆破模拟水解液定向驯化的酵母在含有乙酸的模拟糖液中发酵得到验证.     

Klebsiella oxytoca发酵木糖生产2,3-丁二醇的研究

利用一株克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella oxytoca ZU-03)发酵木糖生产2,3-丁二醇,并对主要发酵工艺参数进行了优化.实验结果表明:在木糖质量浓度 90 g/L、玉米浆质量浓度 6 g/L、接种量 10 %(体积分数)、初始pH值5.5、 30 ℃的条件下发酵 96 h,木糖利用率为 89 %, 2,3-丁二醇的质量浓度为 36.22 g/L,得率为 0.45 g/g,达到了理论值的 90 %.     

基因重组酵母发酵木糖产酒精的研究

以一株基因重组酵母为研究对象,探讨了厌氧条件下pH值、底物浓度、接种量、乙酸质量分数和葡萄糖添加量等关键因子对木糖发酵的影响。结果表明,重组酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae ZU-10有较强的发酵木糖产乙醇的能力,在80g/L(相对木糖)、初始pH值5.5、接种量1.2g/L(细胞干质量,相对培养液)、30℃下发酵72h,发酵液中乙醇质量浓度达到28.9g/L。发酵液中的乙酸质量分数低于0.05%时对发酵木糖影响不大。添加适量的葡萄糖可促进木糖发酵,在30g/L木糖培养液中添加40g/L葡萄糖,36h内木糖利用率从79.0%增加到85.7%。     

固定化酵母戊糖己糖混合连续发酵制取酒精

实验采用以 15.0 g/L 木糖和 30.0 g/L 葡萄糖混合物,来模拟植物纤维原料水解液作为发酵底物,在工作体积约为 1.5 L 的两个串联的全混釜生物反应器中,控制发酵温度 35 ℃,通风量100～150 mL/min,进行了树干毕赤酵母二级连续发酵的研究;在此基础上,采用固定化和低pH值处理技术对连续发酵作了进一步研究.结果表明,当底物流加速度约为 60 mL/h 时,二级连续发酵液中酒精平均质量浓度为 13.79 g/L,还原糖利用率 83.09 %;当底物流加速度约为 45 mL/h 时,发酵液酒精质量浓度平均值为 15.41 g/L,还原糖利用率为 90.38 %;当采用固定化技术和低pH值处理技术后,该系统在连续发酵 35 d 的运行中从未发现"染菌"现象,发酵操作相当稳定.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.