miRNA合成途径研究进展

miRNA是一类约22个核苷酸组成的非编码小分子RNA,通过碱基互补配对的方式识别靶mRNA,利用RNAi沉默机制调控基因的转录后表达。它存在于动物、植物、病毒及许多微生物中,且其表达具有严格的时空属性,研究发现miRNA与组织细胞的生长发育和凋亡、癌症等进程相关。miRNA经典的生物合成过程包括微处理复合物的加工、核输出和Dicer酶处理,最后成熟的miRNA与AGO蛋白形成miRISC复合物。此外还存在其他的合成通路如mirtron通路、tRNA通路及内源性siRNA通路。本综述阐述了miRNA生物合成途径的基本原理及其研究进展,为miRNA的研究和应用提供参考。     

Functional microRNA screening for dietary vitamin E regulation of abdominal fat deposition in broilers

ABSTRACT

1. Functional microRNA (miRNA) screening for abdominal fat tissue with different dietary vitamin E (VE) levels was performed to reveal miRNAs, genes and metabolic pathways involved in abdominal fat deposition in broilers.

2. A total of 240, one-day-old healthy female chicks were randomly allocated into five dietary treatments containing either 0, 20, 50, 75 or 100 IU DL-α-tocopherol acetate. The sequencing of miRNAs from abdominal fat tissues was performed. The target genes of miRNAs were predicted and enrichment analysis for these genes was performed. Diets supplemented with 50 IU VE significantly diminished abdominal fat deposition in broilers at day 35 of age.

3. A total of 29 miRNAs were differentially expressed between control and 50 IU VE treatment. Ten of the 23 target genes were enriched in four signalling pathways: tight junction, SNARE interactions in vesicular transport, regulation of autophagy and proteasome.

4. This study identified miRNA, target genes and pathways in dietary VE treatment for broilers, providing new insights into the miRNA regulation of abdominal fat deposition in broilers.     

无尾鸡骨骼发育关键信号通路研究进展

骨骼系统对机体的生命活动至关重要，它为生物体提供了造血微环境、机械支撑、保护脏器等功能，同时也是钙和其他矿物质等的储存库。家鸡尾骨的表型多样性是研究骨骼系统发育及形成机制的良好资源。Notch、Wnt信号通路的靶基因及其相互作用可以形成周期性表达的特点，是调节体节形成及尾部骨骼终止延伸的分子通路。为了解无尾鸡骨骼发育终止的分子机制，作者分别总结了骨骼发育、无尾鸡骨骼研究进展，并重点讨论影响无尾性状的关键信号通路Notch、Wnt及其在无尾鸡研究中的进展。但是，受体和配体之间相互作用的精确调节以及信号通路中的核心元素仍不清楚，需要通过更多的功能基因组和蛋白质组等方法进行深入研究。     

MAPK信号通路介导的自噬调控破骨细胞分化的研究进展

破骨细胞具有骨吸收活性,与骨组织稳态密切相关。丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)通路是细胞介导胞内外刺激传导的信号通路,参与细胞的增殖、分化、自噬等多种生理过程。MAPK介导的自噬在调控破骨细胞分化中具有重要作用。探究MAPK的三条经典通路(ERK1/2、JNK及p38 MAPK信号通路)介导的自噬与破骨细胞分化之间的关系,对于寻找与破骨细胞相关的骨代谢疾病的新疗法具有重要意义。     

奶牛激素相关的乳腺MicroRNA研究进展

MicroRNA(miRNA)是一种非编码RNA,在调节细胞增殖、分化和凋亡的过程中起重要作用.研究表明,激素通过单独或相互作用完成对奶牛乳腺发育和泌乳进程的调控.本文从激素对奶牛乳腺miRNA表达谱影响及miRNA通过激素受体及其下游通路调控乳腺功能2个方面,综述了激素与相关miRNA的研究现状,以期助力于乳腺生物学...     

胚胎移植前供体牛与受体牛血浆外泌体miRNA差异表达分析

【目的】 探索胚胎移植前供体牛与受体牛血浆外泌体miRNA的表达差异, 以明确血浆外泌体miRNA在牛早期妊娠中的作用及其调控机制。【方法】 以3~6岁、体重480~600 kg的夏南牛作为研究对象, 选取10头供体牛进行同期发情、超数排卵和人工授精, 23头受体牛只做同期发情处理。在人工授精后第7天, 冲洗供体牛子宫以获取囊胚, 选取3头囊胚数相近的供体牛及3头与供体牛体重和年龄均相近的受体牛, 颈静脉采血, 进行血浆外泌体的分离与鉴定; 然后提取血浆外泌体miRNA, 并检测其表达量; 采用R语言中的DESeq差异算法计算P值, 并筛选出P<0.05的miRNA, 对差异表达的miRNA进行靶基因预测、GO功能富集分析和KEGG信号通路分析。【结果】 6个样本的囊泡粒径均在135 nm左右, 符合外泌体的特征。与供体牛相比, 受体牛中有9个miRNAs表达显著上调(P<0.05), 13个miRNAs显著下调(P<0.05);22个差异表达的miRNAs中, 有15个miRNAs预测出无重复的靶基因2 990个。GO功能富集分析和KEGG信号通路分析的结果表明, 这些靶基因主要富集在与生物黏附(biological adhesion)、定位(localization)、细胞连接(cell junction)功能有关的通路上, 显著富集的信号通路与黏着斑(focal adhesion)、黏着连接(adherens junction)有关, 提示血浆外泌体miRNA可能参与调控胚胎着床。【结论】 研究结果可为筛选和探究影响胚胎着床的血浆外泌体miRNA提供参考, 并为进一步阐明血浆外泌体miRNA在母牛早期妊娠调控中的作用提供依据。     

Macronutrient modulation of mRNA and microRNA function in animals: A review

Dietary macronutrients have been regarded as a basic source of energy and amino acids that are necessary for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, metabolic programming as well as protein synthesis. Due to the emergence of “nutrigenomics”, a unique discipline that combines nutritional and omics technologies to study the impacts of nutrition on genomics, it is increasingly evident that macronutrients also have a significant role in the gene expression regulation. Gene expression is a complex phenomenon controlled by several signaling pathways and could be influenced by a wide variety of environmental and physiological factors. Dietary macronutrients are the most important environmental factor influencing the expression of both genes and microRNAs (miRNA). miRNA are tiny molecules of 18 to 22 nucleotides long that regulate the expression of genes. Therefore, dietary macronutrients can influence the expression of genes in both direct and indirect manners. Recent advancements in the state-of-the-art technologies regarding molecular genetics, such as next-generation sequencing, quantitative PCR array, and microarray, allowed us to investigate the occurrence of genome-wide changes in the expression of genes in relation to augmented or reduced dietary macronutrient intake. The purpose of this review is to accumulate the current knowledge focusing on macronutrient mediated changes in the gene function. This review will discuss the impact of altered dietary carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake on the expression of coding genes and their functions. In addition, it will also summarize the regulation of miRNA, both cellular and extracellular miRNA, expression modulated by dietary macronutrients.     

萨能奶山羊胎儿成纤维细胞miRNA文库的构建及生物信息学分析

本试验旨在丰富山羊miRNA文库，并探讨miRNAs在胎儿成纤维细胞生长调控中的作用。试验以萨能奶山羊胎儿成纤维细胞为研究对象，运用Illumina高通量测序和生物信息学技术分析山羊胎儿成纤维细胞miRNAs表达。成功构建了萨能奶山羊胎儿成纤维细胞miRNAs的cDNA文库，获得16 395 039 total reads，去除冗余数据后获得16 150 181条clean reads，其中unique sRNAs 205 857条。生物信息学分析获得候选新miRNAs 247条，候选miRNAs靶基因8 401个，靶基因位点数10 832个；同时分析发现候选miRNAs首位碱基对U和A具有偏向性。GO注释表明，69.6%的基因与细胞和细胞组分相关，超过54.1%的基因参与了细胞器相关活动，多达65.0%的基因与细胞及细胞过程相关联。KEGG通路分析显示，约10.5%的基因与代谢通路有关，是占比最多的一条通路，数据显示miRNAs对胎儿成纤维细胞具有重要调控作用。试验结果为胎儿成纤维细胞的生长调控及奶山羊乳腺生物反应器中供核体细胞miRNAs深入研究提供参考。     

Construction of miRNA Library and Bioinformatics Analysis About Fetal Fibroblasts of Saanen Dairy Goat

The purpose of this experiment was to enrich miRNA library of goat and explore the role of miRNAs in the regulation of cell growth.The expression of Saanen dairy goat fetal fibroblast miRNAs was analyzed by Illumina high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics technology.Total miRNAs cDNA library from fibroblasts of Saanen dairy goat was successfully constructed,16 395 039 total reads and 16 150 181 clean reads had been obtained and among them were 205 857 unique sRNAs.From those clean reads,247 novel miRNAs were identified and 8 401 target genes were predicted with 10 832 target sites.Meanwhile,the first base pairs of candidate miRNAs were biased for U and A.GO analysis revealed that more than 69.6% of the genes were related to cells and cellular components,more than 54.1% of the genes were involved in organelle related activity,and approximately 65.0% of the genes were related with cells and cellular processes.KEGG pathway analysis showed that approximately 10.5% of the genes were related to a metabolic pathway,and that it was the pathway that accounts for the most.In conclusion,the data showed that miRNAs played an important regulatory role in fetal fibroblasts.The results provided a basis for further research on the growth regulation of fetal fibroblasts and miRNAs of donor cells in the breast bioreactor of dairy goats.     

绒山羊毛囊发育中非编码RNA的研究进展

非编码RNA(non-coding RNA,ncRNA)是指从基因组上转录而来,不编码蛋白质,但在RNA水平上能行使一定生物学功能的RNA。非编码RNA的种类较多,种类的不同造成功能的差异。毛囊是绒山羊皮肤特殊的附属物,位于皮肤的真皮层,发生于绒山羊胚胎期。由于真皮细胞和上皮细胞间的信号分子传递,使其发育呈周期性变化,历经生长期、退行期和休止期。近年来,有关ncRNA在绒山羊毛囊发育中作用报道较多。文章就其中的微小RNA(miRNA)、长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)及环状RNA(circRNA)的生物发生及其在绒山羊毛囊发育中的作用机制进行了归纳、总结。miRNA是真核生物中存在的一种长18～25 nt的ncRNA分子,可通过与靶信使核糖核酸mRNA特异结合,抑制转录后基因表达。在绒山羊毛囊发育中,miRNA通过抑制相关基因及相关信号通路中关键分子的表达而调控毛囊的发育周期以及毛囊的再生能力。lncRNA是长度超过200 nt的ncRNA,经过剪接,具有polyA尾巴与启动子结构,在绒山羊毛囊发育中能促进毛囊细胞增殖与分化,通过调控基因的靶向表达与多种信号通路互作调节毛囊发育及绒毛生...     

色氨酸对肠屏障免疫的调控作用研究进展

肠道是机体重要的代谢场所,也是动物体内最大的免疫器官.肠道屏障维持着肠道内环境的稳定,是动物肠道健康的保障.色氨酸在机体中通过3条途径被代谢,产生的犬尿氨酸、犬尿酸、5-羟色胺、吲哚等代谢产物可通过芳香烃受体途径、旁分泌等途径调控肠道屏障免疫功能的稳定,促进机体肠道健康.本文综述了色氨酸对动物肠屏障免疫的调控作用及其机...     

C型产气荚膜梭菌外毒素致小鼠肠道损伤的转录组分析

旨在探索产气荚膜梭菌外毒素造成机体炎性损伤及免疫调控紊乱的毒性机制,为产气荚膜梭菌病的致病机理研究提供理论基础。将C型产气荚膜梭菌强毒株C59-2培养上清腹腔注射BALB/c小鼠,采集小肠样本进行转录组测序,筛选差异表达基因,并对其进行GO功能注释和KEGG通路富集分析。结果显示,共获得40.99 Gb有效碱基,筛选后共得到795个差异表达基因,其中,229个基因表达上调,566个基因表达下调,对随机选取的10个基因进行q-PCR验证,其相对表达量与转录表达谱一致。GO功能注释主要涉及G蛋白偶联核苷酸受体活性和G蛋白偶联嘌呤核苷酸受体活性等。KEGG通路富集分析发现,主要富集在TNF信号通路、IL-17信号通路、p53信号通路、FOXO信号通路、Toll样受体信号通路、NF-κB信号通路等。产气荚膜梭菌外泌毒素侵入机体,会激活TNF等炎性信号通路,进而造成肠道发生炎性损伤甚至坏死。     

miRNA对乳腺发育及泌乳调节作用的研究进展

microRNA(miRNA)是一类在转录后调节基因表达的非编码RNA,已有大量研究表明,miRNA参与多种生命活动的调节,包括细胞增殖与分化、激素分泌、新陈代谢、肌肉和脂肪的形成发育、免疫应答反应、疾病的发生和肿瘤的形成等.近年来miRNA已成为生命科学研究中的亮点.随着miRNA的发现及其功能研究的深入,有关乳腺生长发育和泌乳调控的研究也进入了miRNA调控的新层面.文章总结了乳腺发育和泌乳过程中miRNA表达的阶段特异性及健康乳腺和乳腺病变时miRNA的差异表达,综述了miRNA对乳腺发育和泌乳的调节作用,旨在为从miRNA层面研究乳腺发育及泌乳提供新思路.     

miRNA调节卵泡颗粒细胞凋亡及其机制的研究进展

微小核糖核酸(microRNA,miRNA)是一类内源性非编码RNA,具有广泛的基因表达调控作用,可以在转录后水平通过影响靶基因来调控相应蛋白质的表达,进而调节细胞的生命活动。miRNA在哺乳动物卵泡颗粒细胞中表达,并调控颗粒细胞的凋亡。颗粒细胞作为卵巢卵泡中数量最多的细胞群,在卵泡发育过程中起着至关重要的作用,不仅为卵母细胞提供营养物质,还调控其发育和成熟。颗粒细胞凋亡是导致卵泡闭锁的重要原因,影响卵泡的数量和质量从而影响雌性动物的繁殖性能。颗粒细胞凋亡过程受多种因素的调控。文章简述了miRNA对卵巢颗粒细胞凋亡的调控作用及其机制,其中包括miRNA通过调控激素分泌和细胞凋亡相关因子的表达进而调节颗粒细胞的凋亡,miRNA对颗粒细胞凋亡相关信号通路的影响,miRNA调控颗粒细胞凋亡导致的卵巢相关疾病,并总结了对颗粒细胞凋亡有调控作用的miRNA,以及miRNA在疾病诊断和治疗中的潜在作用,以期为后续相关卵巢疾病的发病机制和治疗方案研究,以及提高雌性哺乳动物生殖性能提供指导和参考。     

鸭肠炎病毒感染鸭肝脏组织miRNA表达谱差异分析

为探究鸭感染鸭肠炎病毒（Duck enteritis virus,DEV）后肝脏miRNA表达谱的差异,试验以DEV-GZ株经腿部肌肉接种30日龄麻鸭,于感染后66、90和114 h采集鸭肝脏组织样本,提取组织总RNA,经质检合格后,采用高通量测序技术对对照组和试验组样品进行miRNA测序,筛选出DEV感染鸭肝脏组织的差异表达miRNA,对其进行生物信息学GO功能分类和KEGG信号通路分析,并随机选取部分差异表达miRNA进行实时荧光定量PCR验证。结果显示,鸭感染DEV后66、90和114 h,肝脏组织差异表达miRNAs数量分别为227、225和231个。GO功能注释显示,感染鸭肝脏差异表达miRNA在生物过程分类中主要为细胞过程、单有机体过程和代谢过程类别;在细胞成分分类中主要是细胞、细胞部分和细胞器类别;在分子功能分类中主要是绑定分子功能和催化活性功能类别。KEGG通路富集显示,差异表达miRNA主要涉及PI3K-Akt、JAK-STAT、磷脂酰肌醇信号通路系统、ECM-受体相互作用、MAPK、Wnt、Toll样受体、IL-17、脂质代谢、钙离子信号通路和cAMP等信号通路,其中感染66 h差异表达miRNA主要在生物系统及神经系统中发挥作用;感染90 h主要在内分泌系统及消化系统中发挥作用;感染114 h主要在全身生物、免疫和消化系统等中发挥作用。选取10个差异表达miRNAs进行实时荧光定量PCR验证,结果与高通量测序结果一致。表明DEV感染对鸭肝脏组织miRNA表达具有显著影响,为从宿主miRNA角度揭示DEV致病机制提供了参考依据。     

鸡白痢沙门菌感染雏鸡的骨髓miRNA表达谱分析

旨在探究鸡白痢沙门菌(Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum,S.Pullorum)感染雏鸡后骨髓miRNA的差异表达特征,为深入了解鸡白痢沙门菌的致病机制提供理论基础。将7日龄SPF雏鸡随机分为两组,分别口服鸡白痢沙门菌和PBS,于感染24 h后采集骨髓进行miRNA测序,筛选差异倍数≥2且P值≤0.05的差异表达miRNAs进行靶基因预测以及GO、KEGG富集分析,随机选取6个miRNAs进行qRT-PCR验证,构建与免疫过程相关的miRNA-mRNA靶点网络。通过miRNA测序,共获得20个已知的差异表达miRNAs,其中11个上调,9个下调。qRT-PCR结果表明,miRNA变化趋势与测序结果一致。GO分析结果表明,差异表达基因主要富集在膜运输、信号转导、免疫系统、碳水化合物代谢、糖类的生物合成和代谢等,KEGG的信号通路主要富集在Notch信号通路、Hedgehog信号通路、PPAR信号通路、AMPK信号通路、Hippo信号通路等,miRNA-mRNA网络互作发现,gga-miR-1466和gga-miR-6643-5p可能是参与免疫过程相关的关键miRNA。本研究解析了鸡白痢沙门菌感染雏鸡的骨髓miRNA表达谱特征,为了解鸡白痢沙门菌和鸡之间相互作用的复杂分子致病机制提供了新的见解,为防控鸡白痢沙门菌感染提供了新策略。     

法氏囊活性肽BP7调节鸡未成熟B细胞的基因表达谱及功能分析

试验旨在探索法氏囊活性肽BP7调节鸡未成熟B细胞的分子基础.利用BP7刺激禽前B淋巴细胞DT40细胞,采用荧光定量PCR(qPCR)检测IgM的mRNA水平,并采用基因芯片分析基因表达谱及其生物学功能.结果 显示,BP7刺激的DT40细胞产生IgM的mRNA水平明显升高.基因芯片分析发现,BP7处理的DT40细胞中共有...     

MicroRNA fingerprints in serum and whole blood of sarcoid‐affected horses as potential non‐invasive diagnostic biomarkers

Serum and whole blood microRNA (miRNA) fingerprints have been proposed as a new class of non‐invasive human cancer biomarkers. In this study, we compared equine sarcoid (ES) disease‐specific serum and whole blood miRNA fingerprints and correlated them to miRNA expression in sarcoid tissue. After high throughput sequencing, miRNA differential expression analysis between six ES‐affected and five control horses was carried out in serum and whole blood using a DESeq algorithm, accounting for the influence of hemolysis and the white blood cell count. Target gene, pathway prediction and enrichment analyses were conducted using TarBase, mirPath and GeneCodis. After exclusion of 4 hemolyzed out of a total of 11 serum samples, 9 miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed in serum of ES vs control horses. In whole blood, all 11 samples showed normal white blood cell counts and 19 miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed. A total of 2/9 serum and 7/19 whole blood differentially expressed miRNAs were also highly expressed at the tissue level and their predicted target genes were associated with cancer pathways. Serum and whole blood miRNA expression allowed discrimination between ES and control horses and merits further validation in a larger study cohort. The use of whole blood might be superior because it has higher miRNA content and is less influenced by pre‐analytical variables compared to serum. Concurrent dysregulation of single miRNAs in tissue and blood suggests a possible biological function of circulating miRNAs.     

GIP/GIPR经Akt-TCF4-GIPR正反馈增强GIP效应

旨在从GIP/GIPR下游的Akt和PKA信号通路中筛选出调控GIPR表达的调控因子，并解析GIPR的表达调控机制。本研究以小鼠胰岛瘤细胞系Min6为试验材料，在Akt、PKA信号通路阻断的条件下，通过Western blot筛选出与GIPR表达相关的转录因子T细胞因子4（TCF4）；利用双荧光素酶报告系统确定TCF4对GIPR表达调控的影响，再通过敲除或过表达TCF4进一步验证两者之间的调控关系；采用CCK8法检测TCF4介导的促增殖作用，ELISA检测胰岛素分泌能力。结果显示，GIP可激活Akt磷酸化，并促进GIPR表达；在GIP激活及Akt、PKA信号通路阻断时，GIPR蛋白表达趋势与TCF4始终一致；TCF4可与GIPR核心启动子区结合，进而调控其表达；TCF4过表达时，GIPR的mRNA和蛋白表达上调，并促进β细胞增殖及胰岛素分泌；干扰TCF4显著降低GIP作用下GIPR的mRNA和蛋白表达，抑制β细胞增殖。综上，GIP结合GIPR后，经Akt信号通路上调TCF4进而增强GIPR表达，形成正反馈加强GIP信号，提高β细胞增殖和胰岛素分泌的功能，维持血糖稳态。因此，在胰岛素抵抗阻断Akt及上游信号通路时，经转录因子TCF4增强GIPR表达可作为改善胰岛β细胞功能障碍的靶点。