雏鸡免疫器官与消化器官发育中肥大细胞的观察

本试验通过Carony's液固定,阿尔新蓝-藏红O复染(AB/SO)法,对1~7日龄雏鸡免疫器官和消化器官中肥大细胞(mast cells,MC)的形态、分布及数量变化进行观察分析.结果表明,免疫器官中MC集中分布在胸腺髓质内、脾脏红白髓交界处、法氏囊的淋巴小结周围组织内;消化器官中MC密集分布于腺胃固有层和胃腺周围、肠的固有层及黏膜下层、肝脏窦状隙和中央静脉周围.雏鸡主要免疫器官与消化器官MC数量随日龄增长均呈上升趋势.     

鸡食管扁桃体中T、B淋巴细胞的发育及其定位分布

为研究T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞在鸡食管扁桃体中的出现、迁移、组织定位分布以及数量变化规律等一系列发育过程,本研究通过免疫组织化学方法,应用CD3和IgA单克隆抗体,研究鸡食管扁桃体的组织结构发育过程和淋巴细胞的发育过程。结果显示,各时期T、B淋巴细胞主要分布在两个部位:隐窝固有层和皱襞固有层,尤其是在隐窝固有层中T、B淋巴细胞较多;随着日龄增长,食管扁桃体中T、B淋巴细胞数量逐渐增多,并在35日龄时达到稳定;许多粘液腺周围形成淋巴聚集物,并突入腺腔,粘液腺上皮转化为淋巴上皮;21日龄之后,B淋巴细胞以IgA+细胞为主,数量超过CD3+细胞。研究表明,随着年龄增长,鸡食管扁桃体的免疫功能逐渐增强,并在21日龄之前以细胞免疫为主,21日龄之后以IgA介导的粘膜免疫为主。     

野生黄鼬消化管组织结构的观察

通过组织学观察,探讨野生黄鼬消化管的组织结构特点.将8只野生黄鼬经乙醚麻醉后处死,解剖取食管、胃、小肠、大肠,制作石蜡切片,观察其组织结构.结果显示野生黄鼬食管的黏膜为复层扁平上皮,食管腺发达,肌层以骨骼肌为主.胃贲门部有发达的皱襞和贲门腺;胃底腺有大量的主细胞和壁细胞;胃大弯部的腺体以壁细胞为主,仅有少量主细胞;胃幽门部有发达的幽门腺和大量壁细胞.十二指肠黏膜层有小肠腺,内有潘氏细胞存在,黏膜下层含有十二指肠腺;空肠可见孤立淋巴小结、弥散淋巴组织及集合淋巴小结.结肠无皱襞和肠绒毛,大肠腺排列紧密,其中杯状细胞特别多;直肠固有膜内有发达的大肠腺.所以野生黄鼬消化管的特点是胃各部胃腺发达,壁细胞特别多.     

AA肉鸡和北京油鸡早期消化器官发育规律研究

本试验旨在比较AA肉鸡和北京油鸡在胃肠道消化生理上的差异.选择1日龄雄性AA肉鸡和北京油鸡各50只,每个品种为1个处理,2个处理的日粮和饲养管理一致,每个处理5个重复,每个重复10只鸡.试验期28 d.在0、7、14、21、28日龄,每个品种分别选择10只鸡屠宰,测定其体重、肝脏、胰腺、腺胃、肌胃、小肠及小肠各段的重量...     

Immunohistochemical distribution of glucagon-like peptide 1 in the digestive system of different aquatic vertebrates

The distribution of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)-positive cells in digestive tracts and pancreases of aquatic vertebrates was investigated by immunohistochemical staining method. The results suggested that GLP-1-positive cells were distributed in the columnar mucous epithelium and tubular glands of lamina propria in the digestive system. However, GLP-1-positive cells were also found in subepithelial lamina propria of the mucosae and muscularis in each segment of the digestive tract of Rana nigromaculata. The distribution densities of these cells reached peaks in the stomachs, and the middle or end segments of small intestines of Chinese softshell turtle, Bufo gargarizans, R. nigromaculata and catfish, and there was the third distribution density peak in the rectum of catfish. The total amount or overall density of GLP-1-positive cells varied a lot in the digestive tracts of different animal species. The distribution density was relatively low in the digestive tract of chub and reached the maximum in the digestive tracts of snakehead and catfish, but no GLP-1-positive cells were found in the digestive tract of bighead carp. GLP-1-positive cells were densely distributed in the pancreases of Chinese softshell turtle, B. gargarizans and R. nigromaculata. These cells spread over the superficial layers of islets or scattered in exocrine pancreas in the pancreas of B. gargarizans, spread in the endocrine cells or scattered in the pancreas of Chinese softshell turtle, scattered in the pancreas of R. nigromaculata and distributed in the superficial layers of islets in the pancreas of catfish.     

人工感染鸭病毒性肠炎急性病例超微结构变化

用鸭病毒性肠炎病毒（Duck enteritis virus，DEV）CH强毒株感染成年鸭复制鸭病毒性肠炎急性病例，分别于接种后不同时间，取心、肝、肾、脾、胸腺、十二指肠、法氏囊、脑和胰组织，制作超薄切片，电镜观察。结果表明：病变最早发生于肝和肾，而鸭死亡后以免疫器官和消化器官损伤最严重；各种细胞的变化主要表现为细胞肿胀，染色质或浓缩、碎裂或溶解，线粒体溶解成空泡样结构，其他细胞器破坏；脾、胸腺、法氏囊以及小肠固有层中的淋巴细胞在感染24h后，在出现细胞坏死的同时还出现较为明显的细胞凋亡变化；而鸭死亡后淋巴细胞主要表现为黑洞核样变化，整个细胞凝聚深染，染色质固缩，细胞浆均质深染，细胞膜模糊或不完整。     

鸡回肠中T淋巴细胞及其亚群发育的试验

为探寻鸡回肠中T淋巴细胞及其亚群的发育规律,本试验通过免疫组织化学方法,应用CD3、CD4和CD8单克隆抗体研究鸡回肠中T淋巴细胞及其亚群出现、迁移、定位分布及数量变化过程.结果显示,CD3+、CD8+T淋巴细胞最初于18胚龄时出现,CD4+T淋巴细胞于出壳后1日龄时出现.在定位分布上,CD3+细胞在黏膜上皮内以及固有层中均匀分布,CD4+细胞以固有层中的分布为主,黏膜上皮内的分布较少.CD8+细胞最初主要分布在黏膜固有层中;随后,CD8+细胞逐渐向上皮内迁移;最终,黏膜上皮内出现广泛的CD8+细胞浸润.在数量变化上,CD3+、CD4+及CD8+整体呈逐渐增加趋势,第2周时阳性细胞数量稍有下降,21日龄时显著增加到达较高水平后保持稳定.结果表明,鸡出壳后,回肠的细胞免疫功能逐渐增强,并在21日龄时到达成熟水平.     

肉鸽法氏囊、脾脏和胸腺的形态学、组织学观察

[目的]为今后研究肉鸽免疫功能提供其免疫器官的形态学、组织学观察依据。[方法]选取40日龄的肉鸽,摘除法氏囊、脾脏和胸腺进行形态学观察;通过制作常规石蜡切片,苏木精—伊红染色,显微照相进行组织学观察。[结果]40日龄肉鸽法氏囊黏膜上皮完整,黏膜固有层腔上囊小结数量减少,体积变小,中间出现空泡,淋巴细胞减少;法氏囊小结中皮质和髓质界限不明显,小结周围有大量的结缔组织增生,导致法氏囊免疫功能降低。脾脏各组织结构发育趋于完善,细胞排列紧密。胸腺髓质中淋巴细胞较少,可见胸腺小体;皮质中淋巴细胞较多。[结论]40日龄的肉鸽法氏囊开始萎缩,免疫功能降低,而脾脏和胸腺免疫功能正常。     

Strategic Localization of Toll‐like Receptor 4 in the Digestive Tract of Blunt Snout Bream (Megalobrama amblycephala)

This study was performed to determine the localization strategies of Toll‐like Receptor 4 (TLR4) in digestive tract (oesophagus, bulbodium, foregut, midgut and hindgut) of Blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) using immunohistochemical staining method. TLR4 positive cells were observed throughout the digestive tract. In the oesophagus, some positive reactions in lamina propria were found around small blood vessels and there were also some positive cells within the stratified squamous epithelium. Lots of positive cells were observed in the muscular layer of the oesophagus. In bulbodium, foregut and hindgut, the expression of TLR4 was mainly restricted to the apical surface of epithelial cells located at the bottom of the mucosal folds and the mesenchymal cells in lamina propria. It was very interesting that epithelial cells in the midgut, but none in other parts, had many TLR4 positive cytoplasmic granular structures which were also periodic acid Schiff positive. These findings suggested that TLR4 was expressed in a compartmentalized manner in the Blunt snout bream (M. amblycephala) digestive tract and provided novel information about the in vivo localization of pattern recognition receptors.     

Ontogeny of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) in the dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula L

Cartilaginous fish occupy a fundamental position in vertebrate phylogeny and it is likely that this group has retained some of the ancestral immune mechanisms. The ontogeny of GALT has received little attention in elasmobranchs and this study correlates this development with morphological differentiation, development of other lymphoid organs, exposure to seawater and transition from yolk dependence to exogenous food as a source of nutrient. GALT was first represented by individual lymphocyte-like and macrophage-like cells in the lamina propria. In later stages accumulations and intraepithelial leucocytes were recorded prior to hatching. The size of accumulations and the number of lymphocyte and macrophage-like cells infiltrating the lamina propria and epithelium increased in fish as they became dependent upon an exogenous diet. Although GALT developed after the thymus and lymphoid-like tissue in the kidney and at approximately the same time as the epigonal, Leydig and spleen, the source of cells populating the gut is unknown. Plasma cells and granulocytes were not observed in the developing fish until 6 months post-hatch after which the fish had a similar GALT distribution and content to the adult fish.     

Histomorphological features of the tongue of the Eurasian teal (Anas crecca)

This study presents the histomorphological features of tongue in Eurasian teal (Anas crecca); the smallest extant dabbling duck. Heads of four adult males and four adult females were used in this study. The results illustrate a tongue with three different parts; the apex with a lingual nail in ventral surface, the body with a lingual prominence in caudal part and some large and small conical papillae in lateral sides and the root, that was covered with many conical papillae in different sizes. Histological results revealed two types of keratinized and non‐keratinized epithelium covering parts of the tongue. The lingual salivary glands were observed in the lamina propria of the body and root of the tongue showed strongly periodic acid–Schiff (PAS)‐positive reaction. The yellow adipose tissue was located under the lamina propria on the body and root of the tongue. The filiform papillae between the conical papillae of the body were arranged densely. The sensory organs, which contain sensory receptors (Grandry and Herbst corpuscles), were located in the lamina propria of the body of the tongue. In conclusion, the anatomical and histological structure of the Eurasian teal’ tongue was generally similar to its family members such as domestic goose and duck but showed some differences that may be adoptions to the bird's habitat and mode of feeding.     

Characterization and Distribution of B Cells in the Lymphoid Organs of Goats

The distribution of B cells in the lymphoid organs of the goat was studied using a panel of 13 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) developed against different markers for bovine B cells. Samples of mesenteric lymph nodes, jejunal and ileal Peyer's patches, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, caecum and rectum were taken from four 7-month-old male Murciano-granadina goats using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase (ABC) method on frozen sections as described by Hsu et al. (1981). The mAbs against immunoglobulins (Ig) recognized a large number of cells, particularly in the light zones of the germinative centres of the lymphoid follicles, regardless of the isotype against which they were directed. However, the greatest numbers of B cells in the germinative centres and outer coronas of the lymphoid follicles of the lymph node, spleen and Peyer's patches were recognized by mAbs against the L lambda chain of Ig and against IgM. This was also the case in other locations where B cells were abundant, such as the medulla of the lymph node and the dome of the Peyer's patches. These mAbs recognized not only B lymphocytes but also plasma cells, showing an intracytoplasmatic reaction (numerous in the spleen red pulp and the intestinal lamina propria when mAbs were used against the L lambda chain of the Ig, scarce in the intestinal lamina propria when used against IgM and scarce in spleen red pulp and numerous in the intestinal lamina propria when mAbs against IgA were used). The mAbs BAQ44 A, GC65 A and GB25 A are of interest because, besides marking cells in the B areas where lymphocytes show surface Ig, they give a positive reaction in areas where there are Ig-cells (the dark zone of the germinative centre) and do not immunostain plasma cells. Thus, these mAbs recognize a surface marker which is not an Ig.     

Dietary supplementation with phosphorylated mannans improves growth response and modulates immune function of weanling pigs

Phosphorylated mannans derived from the yeast cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae may beneficially modulate immune function in the weanling pig, possibly providing an alternative to the use of dietary growth-promoting antibiotics. Therefore, in this study, 32 pigs averaging 19 d of age and 5.7 +/- 0.2 kg initial BW were randomly assigned to 16 pens in an environmentally controlled nursery to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with phosphorylated mannans on growth and immune function. Average daily gain and G:F ratio increased (P < 0.05) when pigs were fed diets supplemented with mannans from d 0 to 14 after weaning and in the overall experiment. Percentage of neutrophils was lower (P < 0.08) and percentage of lymphocytes was higher (P < 0.05) in blood from pigs fed mannans than when pigs were fed the basal diet. Lamina propria macrophages isolated from pigs fed diets containing mannans phagocytosed a greater (P < 0.05) number of sheep red blood cells (2.63 +/- 0.11) than did lamina propria macrophages isolated from pigs fed the basal diet (2.31 +/- 0.11). On d 19 after weaning, pigs fed diets supplemented with mannans tended to have a greater (P < 0.10) percentage of CD14+ lamina propria leukocytes than did pigs fed the basal diet. On d 21 following weaning, the percentage of CD14+MHCII+ leukocytes isolated from lamina propria tissue tended (P < 0.10) to be lower when pigs were fed mannans than when pigs were fed the basal diet. Pigs fed diets containing mannans had a lower (P < 0.05) ratio of CD3+CD4+:CD3+CD8+ T lymphocytes isolated from jejunal lamina propria tissue only on d 21 after weaning compared with pigs fed the basal diet. Supplementation of mannans in the diets of weanling pigs improved gain and efficiency, and intermittently affected selected components of the young pigs' immune function both systemically and enterically.     

Histological and immunohistochemical studies of the proximal caecum and caecal tonsils of quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

The proximal caecum in quails consists of lymphoid and non‐lymphoid structures. The caecal tonsils in the proximal part of the caecum are units of gut‐associated lymphoid tissue in poultry. This study aimed to examine the histological characteristics of the proximal caecum, as well as compositions of dendritic cells (DCs) and antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) in the caecal tonsil of quails. Tissue sections were stained with Crossman's triple, periodic acid–Schiff, Gordon and Sweet's silver, Congo red and methyl green‐pyronin dyes, as well as immunohistochemically by the streptavidin–biotin–peroxidase complex method. Caecal lymphoid tissue was located in the lamina propria and submucosa. Germinative centres were observed within the lymphoid tissue. Reticular fibres were mainly distributed in the border area of the germinal centre with only a few fibres scattered in the centre. Plasma cells were observed in the subepithelial region and germinal centres. Eosinophil granulocytes were prevalent in the lymphoid tissue. Additionally, CD83‐immunoreactive DCs and MHC class II immunoreactive APCs were present in the subepithelial area and diffuse lymphoid tissue. While DCs were seen in the germinal centres of tonsillar units, APCs were rarely present in the germinal centres, but they were noticed around the germinal centres. In conclusion, the histological structure of the proximal caecum in quails and the distributions of some immunological cells in the caecal tonsils were revealed. Therefore, the defensive role of the caecal tonsils in the digestive system may be better understood, and comparative studies may be carried out.     

雷州山羊部分脏器的组织形态观察

对15只雷州山羊肺、肾、卵巢、肝、脾、胰进行了组织学观察,结果如下：①肺的实质由导气部和呼吸部组成,导气部中主要见到的是细支气管和终末细支气管,偶见小支气管,细支气管黏膜上皮形成许多明显的皱襞,固有膜下有完整的平滑肌。肺泡呈多面形囊泡,壁极薄,由肺泡上皮围成;②肾内皮质肾单位和髓旁肾单位在数量上无明显差别,髓放线发达,有一些髓放线深入皮质浅层,在延伸中逐渐变细;③卵巢被膜下有许多原始卵泡,皮质中生长卵泡也很多,偶见成熟卵泡;④肝间质组织少,肝小叶分界不清,切面呈不规则的多边形,肝细胞以中央静脉为中心呈放射状排列;⑤脾脏表面覆有一层较厚的由平滑肌组成的被膜,染成红色,被膜结缔组织伸入脾内形成许多分支的小梁。白髓中脾小结呈圆形或卵圆形,淋巴细胞密集。脾索含有较多的血细胞而红染,相互连接成网;⑥胰的表面由少量结缔组织组成的被膜,胰岛大小不等,胰岛细胞呈梭形或圆形,核染色较淡。     

NALT (nasal cavity-associated lymphoid tissue) in the rabbit

Due to its many advantages, interest in intranasal vaccination of domestic mammals and humans is currently increasing. Successful stimulation of the immune system by intranasal vaccines requires, however, the presence of lymphoid tissue in the nasal cavity. This nasal cavity-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) has already been described in humans and many laboratory rodents, but data about rabbits are very scarce. For this purpose, histological sections of the nasal cavities of 10 female adult New Zealand White rabbits were examined for the presence of lymphoid tissue. Primary (I) and secondary (II) lymphoid follicles divided by interfollicular regions were mainly present at the bottom of the ventral nasal meatus and the nasopharyngeal meatus from 1 to 3.3 cm from the tip of the nose. In this region intraepithelial and lamina propria lymphocytes, and isolated lymphoid follicles (ILF's) were additionally seen at the dorsal and dorsolateral sides of the nasopharyngeal meatus and within the mucosae of the nasal conchae and the lateral nasal walls. Intraepithelial and lamina propria lymphocytes, and ILF's were, just like in humans, randomly distributed along the entire nasal mucosa. The rabbit NALT is more voluminous compared to rodents in which lymphoid tissue is only present at the bottom of the nasopharyngeal meatus. Since the relative volume of the rabbit nasal cavity is also similar to that of humans, the rabbit could be a valuable research model not only for animal but also for human intranasal vaccine development.     

中药修复传染性法氏囊病病鸡免疫器官损伤的病理学观察

本试验旨在检查中药颗粒剂对传染性法氏囊病(IBD)鸡免疫器官损伤的修复作用。采用病理组织学方法检查传染性法氏囊病自然耐过鸡和用中药颗粒剂治疗而康复鸡的免疫器官,采用光学显微镜对其主要免疫器官进行病理组织学观察。即随机抽取中药颗粒剂治疗组和自然耐过对照组25日龄鸡各10只,其中中药治疗康复后35日龄鸡10只,自然耐过35日龄鸡7只,死亡3只。扑杀被检鸡,采集各鸡法氏囊、脾脏和肝脏病料,眼观病变以后,用10%中性福尔马林固定,石蜡包埋,切片,苏木素-伊红染色,组织切片,显微镜检查病理组织学变化,并进行显微组织拍照直观比较自然耐过鸡和自制中药颗粒治疗康复鸡的免疫器官病理组织学变化。被检的IBD自然耐过鸡的免疫器官仍呈轻度病理性变化,而采用自制中药颗粒治疗痊愈鸡的病理变化基本一致,表现为免疫增强。中药颗粒剂能够显著修复IBD鸡免疫器官的损伤。     

鸡脾脏中血管活性肠肽的表达特点

运用免疫组织化学超敏SP法对不同生长阶段鸡脾脏中血管活性肠肽 (vasoactivein testinalpeptide ,VIP)的表达特点进行了研究 ,结果显示 :脾脏中VIP阳性反应主要出现于被膜及红髓 ,并在整个生长阶段维持较强的表达 ,红髓的脾索和脾窦间还有较多的巨噬细胞呈VIP强阳性反应 ;白髓中仅见动脉周围淋巴鞘中央动脉有VIP的表达 ,并随日龄的增加逐渐减弱。研究结果提示鸡脾脏是产生VIP的又一个重要部位 ,脾脏中的VIP可参与鸡免疫器官的功能调节 ,它可作为一种信号分子介导神经内分泌系统和免疫系统之间的相互作用     

感染鸡传染性贫血病毒（CIAV）雏鸡免疫器官抗体生成细胞的动态变化

对１日龄雏鸡感染鸡传染性贫血病毒（ＣＩＡＶ）后免疫器官法氏囊、脾脏和胸腺的ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＡ抗体生成细胞数量的动态变化进行了检测。结果发现,感染雏鸡法氏囊、脾脏和胸腺的３种抗体生成细胞数量均程度不同地低于未感染对照雏鸡,其中法氏囊的ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ抗体生成细胞和ＩｇＡ抗体生成细胞分别在感染后７～３５ｄ和１４～３５ｄ明显减少;脾脏红髓、白髓和淋巴小结的ＩｇＧ抗体生成细胞分别于７～３５ｄ、１４～３５ｄ和１４～２１ｄ明显减少,ＩｇＭ抗体生成细胞分别在７～４２ｄ、２８～３５ｄ和１４ｄ时明显减少,ＩｇＡ抗体生成细胞仅在红髓中（７～２８ｄ）明显减少;胸腺髓质的ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＡ抗体生成细胞分别在１４～２８ｄ、７～２１ｄ和２１ｄ时明显减少。结果表明,ＣＩＡＶ感染雏鸡免疫器官的体液免疫功能明显降低。