大额牛×婆罗门(GBF_1)牛与云岭牛肉品质比较研究

研究旨在比较大额牛和婆罗门杂交后代(GBF1)与云岭牛肉品质,评估大额牛杂交利用潜能。选择年龄相近、性别相同的GBF1牛和云岭牛进行育肥、屠宰,采集100个肉样冻存。以肉质较好的云岭牛肉为对照,检测GBF1牛肉的剪切力、失水率、系水力、蒸煮损失。结果表明,GBF1牛肩峰剪切力显著高于云岭牛(P0.05),其他部位肉剪切力两品种间没有显著差异(P0.05)。GBF1牛10个部位肉的平均剪切力、失水率、蒸煮损失分别为3.50kg、24.15%、27.56%,低于云岭牛;平均系水力64.60%,高于云岭牛,但差异均不显著(P0.05)。由此可知,GBF1牛肉品质与云岭牛相似,且均较好。     

云岭牛不同解剖部位肉品质评价

为了明确云岭牛不同解剖部位肉的品质特性,本试验测定了云岭牛冈上肌（SU）、冈下肌（IF）、臀三头肌（TB）、菱形肌（RH）、颈腹侧锯肌（SVC）、夹肌（SP）,中部胴体的腰大肌（PM）、背最长肌（LD）、背阔肌（LA）,后部胴体的半膜肌（SM）、半腱肌（ST）、股二头肌（BF）、臀中肌（GM）、股直肌（RF）、股外侧肌（VL）和阔筋膜张肌（TFL）共16个解剖部位肉的压力失水率、蒸煮损失、剪切力、pH、亮度（L^*）、红度（a^*）、黄度（b^*）、粗蛋白质、脂肪、水分10项品质指标,并通过方差分析、相关性分析和标准化分析研究其品质特性。结果显示,云岭牛不同解剖部位肉之间的10项品质指标均存在显著差异（P<0.05）。冈上肌、冈下肌、腰大肌、颈腹侧锯肌和阔筋膜张肌的嫩度较好,其剪切力均低于4 kg。夹肌、半腱肌和股外侧肌的保水性较差,半腱肌的L^*值最高。相关性分析结果表明,剪切力和压力失水率、蒸煮损失呈显著正相关。标准化分析发现,背最长肌和半腱肌具有相似的品质特征;股二头肌、臀中肌和股外侧肌具有相似的品质特征。结果表明,部位因素对云岭牛肉品质具有显著影响,云岭牛胴体前部肉品质较好,可以作为开发高档产品的原料来源。     

库布齐沙漠蒙古牛肉品质及肌肉矿物质元素含量分析

试验通过对库布齐蒙古牛与西门塔尔牛肉品质部分指标及肌肉矿物质含量进行分析测定,研究库布齐蒙古牛的肉品质特性。选择库布齐蒙古牛与西门塔尔牛各6头,采集背最长肌进行样品分析。结果表明:蒙古牛肉色泽深红,红度a^*、黄度b^*、系水率、熟肉率、剪切力均高于西门塔尔牛,且均呈显著性差异(P<0.05),而失水率及pH显著低于西门塔尔牛(P<0.05);蒙古牛肌肉微量元素Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Se、Zn含量均显著高于西门塔尔牛(P<0.05),肌肉中P和I含量均显著低于西门塔尔牛(P<0.05),其他元素含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。说明库布齐蒙古牛肉口感、多汁性及色度方面较优,肌肉中大部分矿物质元素含量高于西门塔尔牛,肉品质较高。     

不同月龄新疆褐牛阉牛胴体性状及肉品质比较研究

选择相同营养模式下低月龄组(28~30月龄)12头、高月龄组(32~34月龄)8头新疆褐牛阉牛进行屠宰,分别对胴体性状、营养成分、部分食用品质指标进行测定和比较分析,旨在探索新疆褐牛阉牛生产高档牛肉的适宜月龄。结果表明,高月龄组大理石花纹、胴体等级、脂肪、肉色均优于低月龄组,低月龄组脂肪色泽、水分、蛋白质、蒸煮损失、剪切力值优于高月龄组,且脂肪、肉色L^*值差异显著(P<0.05),其余组间差异均不显著(P>0.05);上脑、里脊、外脊作为高档牛肉,除肉色、pH外,脂肪、蛋白质、水分、蒸煮损失、剪切力值指标均优于其他部位,表现出了极好的营养价值和食用品质。28~34月龄阶段的新疆褐牛阉牛可以生产高档牛肉,其肉品都可作为牛排和涮牛肉的原材料。     

去势对西门塔尔牛不同部位牛肉品质的影响

试验旨在研究去势对西门塔尔牛胴体不同部位牛肉品质的影响。试验选取50头健康、16月龄的西门塔尔公牛,经药物驱虫后,依据体重进行单因素配对试验设计。结果显示,未去势组的pH为辣椒条 >腹肉 >臀肉 >外脊 >米龙,辣椒条的pH比外脊和米龙高3.88%和5.35%(P<0.01),比臀肉高2.29%(P<0.05);腹肉和臀肉的pH分别比米龙高3.30%和2.99%,差异极显著(P<0.01);去势组的pH为腹肉 >辣椒条 >外脊 >臀肉 >米龙,腹肉的pH比米龙高4.33%(P<0.01),比臀肉高2.36%(P<0.05);辣椒条的pH比米龙高3.37%,差异显著(P<0.05)。未去势组的脂肪含量为腹肉 >外脊 >臀肉 >辣椒条 >米龙,各部位间的脂肪含量差异均不显著(P>0.05);去势组的脂肪含量为腹肉 >臀肉 >外脊 >辣椒条 >米龙,腹肉的脂肪含量比外脊、辣椒条和米龙高82.81%、132.59%和196.02%,差异显著(P<0.05)。未去势组的灰分含量为米龙>外脊 >臀肉 >腹肉 >辣椒条,米龙的灰分含量比辣椒条高21.90%,差异显著(P<0.05);去势组的灰分含量为辣椒条≥外脊 >米龙 >臀肉 >腹肉,辣椒条和外脊的灰分含量分别比腹肉高30.60%和30.60%,差异极显著(P<0.01)。去势组和未去势组胴体各部位的剪切力、蒸煮损失、蛋白质含量、失水率、肌红蛋白和干物质含量的组内统计差异相似。结果表明去势对胴体各部位的脂肪沉积能力有调节作用,对除米龙外其他部位pH有影响,对胴体各部位灰分含量有影响;去势对胴体各部位的剪切力、蒸煮损失、蛋白质含量、持水性、肉色和干物质含量的影响无明显差异。     

平凉红牛及其杂交和牛的肉品质特征研究

为研究平凉红牛与杂交和牛的肉品质差异,本试验随机选择48月龄的平凉红牛和杂交和牛(和牛♂×平凉红牛♀)各6头,体重均在650 kg左右,分别测定背最长肌的肉色、pH、失水率、熟肉率、蒸煮损失、滴水损失、剪切力及大理石纹等肉品质性状指标,并通过方差分析、相关性分析、标准化评分和主成分分析比较其肉品质特征。结果表明:肉色L*值、pH、失水率、熟肉率、蒸煮损失和剪切力在2个品种间表现为差异显著,其中杂交和牛的pH显著低于平凉红牛,而失水率和熟肉率显著高于平凉红牛,蒸煮损失和剪切力表现为杂交和牛显著低于平凉红牛,其余指标差异不显著;相关性分析发现,失水率和熟肉率与蒸煮损失、剪切力之间呈极显著性负相关,而蒸煮损失与剪切力之间呈极显著性正相关;标准化评分与主成分分析表明,杂交和牛的肉品质更加优于平凉红牛。杂交和牛牛肉表现为良好的嫩度和保水性能,且具有能够长时间贮藏的优势和易被消费者接受的鲜亮肉色。     

西杂牛不同部位肉品质及营养成分分析

试验研究了“平凉红牛”群体中西杂牛（西门塔尔×秦川牛）背最长肌、米龙肉样的品质指标（系水力、蒸煮损失、嫩度、pH值）及常规营养成分（干物质、蛋白质、脂肪），结果表明：西杂牛胴体不同部位肉样品质均有较大差异且各指标变化趋势相似，背最长肌的系水力、蒸煮损失、嫩度（剪切力）和营养成分指标均优于米龙，符合背最长肌作为高档肉切块的特点。     

大额牛×婆罗门F1代(GBF1)牛与云岭牛肌内脂肪及脂肪酸比较研究

为了比较大额牛和婆罗门牛杂交后代(GBF1牛)和云岭牛肌内脂肪含量及脂肪酸组成,评估大额牛杂交利用潜能,试验选择了年龄相近、性别相同的GBF1牛和云岭牛进行育肥、屠宰,采集110个肉样冻存,以脂肪酸组成较好的云岭牛肉为对照,测定了GBF1牛肉脂肪含量及脂肪酸组成。结果表明:GBF1牛西冷、尾龙扒、针扒脂肪含量显著低于云岭牛(P0.05),11个部位肉脂肪含量平均值也显著低于云岭牛(P0.05)。GBF1牛肉棕榈酸(C16∶0)、硬脂酸(C18∶0)、十五烷酸(C15∶0)含量显著低于云岭牛(P0.06),总饱和脂肪酸含量比云岭牛低9.30%。GBF1牛肉脂肪棕榈油酸(C16∶1)含量极显著高于云岭牛(P0.01),油酸(C18∶1n9c)含量高于云岭牛,总单不饱和脂肪酸含量比云岭牛高7.94%。GBF1牛肉多不饱和脂肪酸含量比云岭牛稍高(0.8%),各多不饱和脂肪酸均比云岭牛稍高,均差异不显著(P0.05)。说明GBF1牛肌内脂肪含量显著低于云岭牛,脂肪酸组成比例优于云岭牛,杂交牛肉中脂肪含量显著降低,脂肪酸组成明显得到改善。     

日系黑毛牛与延边牛杂交F1代、F2代肉质性状的研究

旨在研究采用日系黑毛牛冻精对地方品种延边牛级进杂交改良效果。选择18月龄体质健康、体况相近、膘情较好的F₁代和F₂代的阉公牛各20头，统一饲养管理，饲喂至30月龄。宰后排酸5 d,采集左侧胴体背最长肌12～13肋间西冷部位，对其肉品质、营养品质、风味物质和质构特性进行测定，分析利用日系黑毛牛冻精对延边牛杂交的改良效果。结果表明，F₂代肌内脂肪含量显著高于F₁代(P<0.05),提高2.74%,增幅10.4%;F₁代和F₂代剪切力值均小于42.83 N,均达到嫩级别，且F₂代嫩度显著高于F₁代(P<0.05);F₂代肌苷酸含量显著高于F₁代(P<0.05);其余测定性状差异不显著，但从数值上F₂代肉质优于F₁代。综上，F₂代肉更嫩、肌内脂肪沉积更优、风味更佳，表现出良好杂交优势，为培育雪花...     

“平凉红牛”肉品质分析

试验研究了“平凉红牛”商品群体和秦川牛进行背最长肌、米龙肉样的常规肉品质性状（系水力、蒸煮损失、剪切力和pH值肉质指标）和营养成分（干物质、蛋白质、脂肪肉质指标）指标分析。结果表明，秦川牛胴体不同部位肉样品质均有较大差异且变化趋势相似，背最长肌的系水力、蒸煮损失、剪切力、干物质含量、脂肪含量均优于米龙，符合背最长肌作为高档肉切块的特点。     

Comparative Study on Carcass Traits and Meat Quality of Different Month Old of Xinjiang Brown Cattle Steers

In this research,12 heads of 28 to 30 months (low months age group) and 8 heads of 32 to 34 months (high months age group) Xinjiang Brown cattle steers which fed in the same mode of nutrition were chose for the slaughter test,in which the carcass traits,nutrient composition and some edible quality index were measured and comparative analyzed,a research which through comparative analysis the carcass traits and meat quality of nutritional components of different months of Xinjiang Brown cattle steers was carried out.The results indicated that the marbling,carcass grade,fat,meat color of high months age group were better than that of low months age group,the traits of the low months age group on fat color,moisture,protein,cooking loss and shear force value were better than that of high months age group,and there were significant difference on the traits of fat and meat color L^* between the two groups (P<0.05),while the differences of other traits between them were not significant (P>0.05);As high-grade beef,in addition to the traits of meat color and pH value of the chunk roll,tenderloin and striploin,each site of the meat traits on the fat,protein,moisture,cooking loss,shear force value indicators were all better than other parts,and showed the best of nutritional value and edible quality.28 to 34 months of Xinjiang Brown cattle steers could produce high-grade beef,the meat could be used as the raw materials of steak and boiled beef.     

独龙牛和云岭牛初乳的理化特性比较

【目的】 通过对独龙牛（Bos frontalis）和云岭牛初乳成分测定,揭示两牛种初乳成分的差异性。【方法】 采集独龙牛和云岭牛（年龄、胎次和饲养管理基本一致）分娩第1天初乳样品共45份,测定其乳蛋白、乳脂肪、乳糖、总固形物（TS）、非脂固形物（SNF）和乳尿素氮（MUN）含量及体细胞数（SCC）和冰点（FP）,采用独立样本t检验比较独龙牛和云岭牛初乳成分差异。【结果】 独龙牛初乳中乳蛋白、乳脂肪、TS、SNF含量分别为16.77%、4.70%、27.82%和22.39%,比云岭牛的分别高28.11%（P<0.01）、5.38%（P>0.05）、22.45%（P<0.01）和26.93%（P<0.01）;乳糖、MUN含量和SCC分别为2.98%、354.2 mg/L和35.73×10⁴/mL,比云岭牛的分别低10.38%（P<0.05）、39.63%（P<0.01）和78.60%（P<0.01）;FP为－0.5337 ℃,比云岭牛的高0.1383 ℃（P<0.01）;乳脂蛋白比（FPR）为0.266,比云岭牛的低0.131（P>0.05）。【结论】 独龙牛和云岭牛分娩第1天的初乳成分存在较大差异,独龙牛初乳营养价值较高。     

The Quality Evaluation of Different Anatomical Locations of Yunling Cattle

In order to define the quality characteristics of different anatomical locations of Yunling cattle,the pressing loss rate,cooking loss rate,shear force,pH, L^* value,a^* value,b^* value,crude protein content,crude fat content and moisture of supraspinatus (SU),infraspinatus (IF),triceps brachii (TB),rhomboideus (RH),serratus ventraliscervicis (SVC),splenius (SP),psoas major (PM),longissimus dorsi (LD),latissimus dorsi (LA),semimembranosus (SM),semitendinosus (ST),biceps femoris (BF),gluteus medius (GM),rectusfemoris (RF),vastus lateralis (VL), tensor fasciae latae (TFL) from Yunling cattle carcass were determined.The quality traits of Yunling cattle meat among different anatomical locations were analyzed using variance,correlation and standardization analysis. The result showed that there were significant differences in quality traits among various anatomical locations (P<0.05). The SU,IF,PM,SVC and TFL had higher tenderness comparing to other muscles with shear force values less than 4 kg,while the water holding capacity of SP,ST and VL was poorer than other muscles. The ST had the highest L^* value among all muscles. There was significantly positive correlation between shear force and pressing loss, cooking loss rate. The LD and ST had similar quality characteristic,while BF,GM and VL had similar quality characteristic. It was showed that different parts of muscle had significant effect on Yunling cattle meat quality.The quality of forequarter meat was better, which could be used to develop high-end products.     

Analysis of Meat Quality and Mineral Content in Muscle of Mongolia Beef in Kubuqi Desert

The assay was aimed to explore the beef quality and characteristics of Mongolia beef by comparative on beef quality and mineral elements of Mongolia beef and Simmental cattle.6 Mongolia beef and 6 Simmental cattle were chosen to collect the longissimus for analysis.The results showed that the color of Mongolia beef was wine-colored.The a^* value, b^* value, water holding ratio, cooked meat rate and shear force of Mongolia beef were significantly higher than Simmental cattle (P<0.05), and the drip loss rate and pH were significantly lower than Simmental cattle (P<0.05).The amount of Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Se and Zn were significantly higher in longissimus in Mongolia beef comparing to Simmental cattle (P<0.05), while the amount of P and I were significantly lower (P<0.05), and other elements contents were no significant difference (P>0.05).It suggested that the taste, juiciness and chromaticity of Kubuqi Mongolia beef were better and it had richer particle minerals than Simmental cattle, indicating that Mongolia beef had higher meat quality.     

Characteristics of Biceps femoris and Longissimus thoracis muscles of five cattle breeds grown in a feedlot system

Our experiment was conducted to study physical quality and chemical composition of meat of Angus (A), Hereford (H), Friesian Holstein (FH), Australian Commercial Cross (ACC) and Murray Grey (MG) cattle breeds grown in a feedlot system. Significant differences were observed among five cattle breeds for cooking loss, tenderness, fatty acid composition, collagen and cholesterol content of meat. However, pH, water‐holding capacity, water, ash, fat and crude protein contents were not different. Cholesterol content of meat of A and FH was lower (P < 0.01) than that of H, ACC and MG. Acidity (pH), cooking loss, shear force, water, ash, crude protein, collagen and cholesterol content of Biceps femoris muscle were higher than those of Longissimus thoracis muscle, but water‐holding capacity and fat content were lower. Unsaturated fatty acid content of Biceps femoris muscle was higher (P < 0.01) than that of Longissimus thoracis. In conclusion, the differences among cattle breeds had a great effect on cooking loss, shear force, collagen, fatty acid composition and cholesterol of meat, but had little effect on water‐holding capacity, pH and proximate composition of meat. The meat of Hereford cattle was the best quality, because of the lowest shear force, cooking loss and collagen. Longissimus thoracis muscle was relatively better in cooking loss, tenderness and collagen content than Biceps femoris muscle.     

鲁西牛不同杂交组合生产性能比较分析

试验旨在探索鲁西黄牛与不同优良肉牛品种的杂交效果，提高鲁西黄牛的生产性能。选取111头健康公牛分为4组：A组为29头利木赞牛×鲁西牛杂交牛（利鲁牛）；B组为26头西门塔尔牛×鲁西牛杂交牛（西鲁牛）；C组为27头和牛×鲁西牛杂交牛（和鲁牛）；D组为29头纯种鲁西牛。在相同饲养管理条件下进行育肥及屠宰试验，并对育肥效果进行综合分析。结果显示，利木赞牛、西门塔尔牛、和牛对鲁西牛均有较好的杂交改良效果；平均日增重以西鲁牛最高，极显著高于其他3组牛（P<0.01）；宰前活重、胴体重、屠宰率均以西鲁牛最高，显著高于其他3组牛（P<0.05）；和鲁牛大理石花纹沉积能力最强；日平均采食量和日平均饲料成本在各组间差异均不显著（P>0.05）。综合分析，从产肉量来讲，西鲁牛最佳；从大理石花纹沉积能力来讲，和鲁牛最佳。