新疆褐牛近交群体的鉴定研究

试验旨在检测新疆褐牛近交群体的遗传相似性和群体的纯合度。利用13对微卫星引物对由2头新疆褐牛经40年完全封闭繁育出的55头新疆褐牛近交群体和25头对照组新疆褐牛的遗传结构特征进行了比对分析,以期开展对近交群体的鉴定研究。结果发现,新疆褐牛近交群体的纯合度为0.9064,多态信息含量为0.0873,可知该群体具有低多态性;对照组新疆褐牛的纯合度为0.4647,多态信息含量为0.4882。将该近交群体按毛色分为4个亚群:A、B、C和D,各亚群的遗传纯合度分别为0.9029、0.9632、0.9208和0.9551。结果表明受检测的新疆褐牛近交群体有较高的纯合度和很低的杂合性,已成为遗传纯度很高的近交群体。该封闭的近交新疆褐牛群体是中国牛品种中难得、宝贵的遗传资源。     

新疆褐牛体重生长曲线的研究

试验旨在对新疆褐牛体尺指标进行分析,研究其生长发育规律并揭示各性状间的相互关系。选取2010～2015年间伊犁昭苏地区8～20月龄新疆褐牛公牛,共计2 794头,测定其体重、体高、体斜长、胸围及管围指标数据,绘制生长发育曲线,并对新疆褐牛2010～2015年体尺测定数据进行相关性回归分析及验证。结果表明,新疆褐牛公牛的体长在14～15月龄间增长较快;体重与所测4项体尺指标间均呈正相关关系,且均为极显著（P<0.01）,其中与胸围相关性系数最高（r=0.796）,与体长的相关性系数最低（r=0.163）;获得新疆褐牛公牛体重回归预测方程：Y=-564.607-0.174X₁+2.441X₂+3.497X₃-1.086X₄,经过验证回归方程具有统计学意义,为新疆褐牛的选育提供数据基础。     

Study on Body Weight Growth Curve in Xinjiang Brown Cattle

The experiment was designed to investigate growth and development pattern and reveal the correlation of each traits of Xinjiang Brown cattle according to analysis body index data.2 794 Xinjiang Brown bulls were selected to measure body index and draw the growth curve of body weight during year 2010 to 2015 in Yili Zhaosu region.The body index was composed by body weight,body height,body length,chest circumference and canon circumference.All measured data were analyzed and validated underwent correlation and regression analysis.The results showed that body length of Xinjiang Brown bulls were grow fastely at the age 14 to 15 months;Body weight was extremely significantly positive correlated with other four measured body index (P<0.01).Of them,the correlation coefficient with chest circumference was the highest (r=0.796),and the lowest was with body length (r=0.163).The body weight regression estimate formula of Xinjiang Brown bulls was Y=-564.607-0.174X₁+2.441X₂+3.497X₃-1.086X₄,and the validation result implied this formula was statistical significance.Our work offers a good data basic for genetics selection and breeding of Xinjiang Brown cattle.     

美国瑞士褐牛与新疆褐牛杂交后代生长及产奶性能分析

为了提高新疆褐牛的生产性能,引进美国瑞士褐牛冻精进行了杂交试验.本试验对美×新褐牛F1、F2代生长发育和产奶性能多项指标进行了测定和分析.统计结果表明,F1、F2代在保持了新疆褐牛原有的高乳脂率、耐粗饲、适应性强的基础上,胸围、体长和产奶性能都有明显的提高,特别是产奶牛体型趋向于修长的三角型,F2代表现的产奶量增长十分显著,说明在全舍饲条件下通过引进冻精导入美国褐牛遗传物质,是提高新疆褐牛产奶性能的有效途径.     

新疆褐牛产奶性状变化规律的研究

本研究通过对2017年478头新疆褐牛累计8879条产奶性能数据进行分析,研究了不同月份、胎次下新疆褐牛产奶性状的变化规律。结果表明,新疆褐牛不同胎次和月份间的平均日产奶量有差异,第2胎次的平均日产奶量最高,夏季(6、7、8月份)平均日产奶量在一年中最高,冬季(1、2、12月份)最低。胎次对乳成分影响不显著(P>0.05),不同测定月份乳成分间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。7月份乳脂率、干物质比例和尿素氮含量最低,但是体细胞评分在四个测定月份中最高。本研究结果表明管理水平对新疆褐牛产奶性能有很大影响,建议加强管理,夏季提高营养水平,冬季注意改善畜舍环境。     

伊犁河谷新疆褐牛隐孢子虫感染情况调查

为了解伊犁河谷区域新疆褐牛隐孢子虫病流行情况,从该地区的伊宁市和察布查尔锡伯自治县的4个养殖场采集356份粪便样品,提取基因组DNA,以隐孢子虫小亚基核糖体DNA(SSU rDNA)为靶基因,进行套式PCR扩增,并对阳性样品进行序列分析.结果显示:伊宁市和察布查尔锡伯自治县各有1个养殖场的新疆褐牛发现隐孢子虫感染,总的...     

新疆褐牛与美新褐牛生长性能比较分析研究

[目的]旨在为今后新疆褐牛品质选育提高工作奠定基础.[方法]通过对伊犁新褐种牛场和伊犁尼勒克县牧强新疆褐牛种畜场的牛群进行体型外貌鉴定,测定1～10岁纯种新疆褐牛和美国瑞士褐牛冻精冷配改良后代母牛关新F1、F2代的生长性能指标,对数据进行统计分析.[结果]显示,美新F1、F2代不同生长阶段各生长性能指标均显著（P＜0.05）或P＜0.05的高于纯种新疆褐牛.[结论]美国瑞士褐牛优良基因对提高新疆褐牛体尺和体重等指标效果显著.     

Analysis of Factors Influencing the Mortality Rates of Xinjiang Brown Cattle and Holstein Cattle Calves

Calves health were related to the quality of entire herd,reducing the mortality rate of calves had important significance to improve the efficiency of pasture. In order to better understand the mortality rate and influencing factors on calves death,the combined methods of field survey and data analysis were adopted to analyze the mortality rate of Xinjiang Brown calves and Holstein calves. Based on the 7 157 calves records of a cattle farm in nearly 16 years, preliminary statistical analysis were taken on these data in Excel. According to the characteristics of Xinjiang climate, the seasons was divided into four parts that from March to May was spring, June to August was summer, September to November was autumn, and December to next year February was winter. Varieties of breeds were the Xinjiang Brown calves and Holstein calves, the years of birth from 1999 to 2014 was divided into 16 levels, the sex of born calves were divided into 2 levels that males and females. The effects of different years, breeds, seasons of birth, sex of calves, and different ages on the mortality rate of Xinjiang Brown calves were analyzed using SAS 8.1 software. The results showed that different breeds, years, seasons of birth, and sex of calves affected the mortality rate of Xinjiang Brown calves with different extent,the mortality rate of Xinjiang Brown calves was higher than Holstein calves (P <0.05);At one month old, the mortality rate of Xinjiang Brown calves was higher than Holstein calves (P <0.05);The mortality rate in 2006, 2009 and 2010 were higher than other years (P <0.05), the calf mortality rate was relatively small from 2011 to 2014;The mortality rate of winter seasons was higher than summer (P <0.05). To reduce the mortality rate of calves was a problem that could not be ignored in the process of cattle breeding. The calves mortality rate was affected by genetic and environmental factors, only by controlling the various environmental factors with reasonable ways, could improve the health level of calves.     

新疆褐牛与荷斯坦牛犊牛死亡率的影响因素分析

犊牛的健康状况关系到整个牛群的质量,降低犊牛的死亡率对提高牧场的效益具有十分重要的意义。为了掌握犊牛死亡率及影响犊牛死亡的因素,试验采取实地调查与资料分析相结合的方法,对新疆褐牛犊牛及荷斯坦牛犊牛死亡率进行了分析,通过Excel对某牛场近16年的7 157条产犊记录进行初步统计,根据新疆的气候特点划分季节,3~5月为春季,6~8月为夏季,9~11月为秋季,12~次年2月为冬季;品种为新疆褐牛犊牛和荷斯坦牛犊牛,年份从1999年到2014年分为16个水平,出生犊牛性别划分为公、母2个水平。利用SAS 8.1软件分析不同年份、品种、出生季节、犊牛性别及不同月龄等因素对新疆褐牛与荷斯坦牛犊牛死亡率的影响,结果表明,品种、年份、产犊季节和犊牛性别对新疆褐牛及荷斯坦牛犊牛死亡率有不同程度的影响,新疆褐牛的犊牛死亡率显著高于荷斯坦牛（P＜0.05）,1月龄时,新疆褐牛的犊牛死亡率显著高于荷斯坦牛（P＜0.05）;2006、2009、2010年的犊牛死亡率显著高于其他年份（P＜0.05）,在2011~2014年,犊牛的死亡率相对较少;冬季的死亡率显著高于夏季（P＜0.05）。降低犊牛的死亡率是牛群繁育过程中一个不可忽略的问题。犊牛的死亡率受到遗传和环境因素的共同影响,只有将各种环境因素给予合理控制,才能提高犊牛的健康水平。     

Study on Expression of CD46 Gene in Different Tissues of Xinjiang Brown Cattle

In order to study the differences of CD46 gene expression in different tissues of Xinjiang Brown cattle and preliminarily master the expression regular pattern in different tissues, specific primers was designed in this study, and Real-time quantitative PCR technique was used to analyze the expression of CD46 gene in different tissues of Xinjiang Brown cattle like heart,liver,spleen,lung, kidney,small intestine,large intestine,stomach,muscle,ovarian and breast, respectively.The results showed that CD46 gene was expressed in all 11 samples of Xinjiang Brown cattle,and the expression in the liver was the highest, which was significantly higher than in lung,spleen,kidney, stomach,small intestine, large intestine, ovarian and breast (P< 0.05).By analyzing the results of CD46 gene expression in tissues of Xinjiang Brown cattle could provide information for studying the CD46 gene expression regulation pattern and biological function.     

CD46基因在新疆褐牛不同组织中的表达研究

为了探究CD46基因在新疆褐牛不同组织中的表达丰度差异,初步掌握CD46基因在新疆褐牛不同组织中的表达规律,试验设计了特异性引物,应用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析新疆褐牛心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、小肠、大肠、胃、肌肉、卵巢和乳腺中的CD46基因表达情况。结果表明,新疆褐牛CD46基因在所检测的11种组织中均有表达,不同组织部位的表达存在差异,其中肝脏CD46表达丰度最高,其表达丰度显著高于肺脏、脾脏、肾脏、胃、小肠、大肠、卵巢和乳腺（P< 0.05）。本研究对新疆褐牛各组织CD46基因的表达规律进行初步分析,为CD46基因表达规律与其生物功能研究的开展提供了参考依据。     

影响新疆褐牛产奶量主要因素的相关分析

对乌鲁木齐种牛场562头新疆褐牛1997年至2003年奶牛的产犊间隔、产奶量、产犊季节、产犊胎次、犊牛初生重、犊牛性别、体尺等基础资料进行统计分析,分析研究了上述各因素与产奶量之间的关系.为有计划的开展配种工作和提高奶牛的终生产奶量提供科学依据.结果表明:产犊间隔、产犊季节、胎次、体斜长对产奶量有极显著的影响(P＜0.01);犊牛性别、体高、胸围对产奶量无显著影响(P＞0.05).综合分析认为新疆褐牛适宜的产犊间隔为410d,适宜的产犊季节为秋、冬季.     

新疆褐牛体尺性状指标与体重的主成分分析

选择30头18月龄左右新疆褐牛进行体尺、体重测定,选择累计贡献率达89.505%的7个主成分进行分析。结果表明,新疆褐牛体尺指标尻长、腰角宽、髋宽、坐骨宽及体重的变异较大,选育潜力大;体重与体斜长、胸围、腰角宽、髋宽等指标存在极显著相关（P＜0.01）,与管围呈显著相关（P＜0.05）;从主成分的特征根与累计贡献率来看,第1至第3主成分起主导作用的第1主成分主要反映体型外貌特征,第2主成分主要反映尻部特征,第3主成分主要反映后躯特征。     

不同月龄新疆褐牛阉牛胴体性状及肉品质比较研究

选择相同营养模式下低月龄组(28~30月龄)12头、高月龄组(32~34月龄)8头新疆褐牛阉牛进行屠宰,分别对胴体性状、营养成分、部分食用品质指标进行测定和比较分析,旨在探索新疆褐牛阉牛生产高档牛肉的适宜月龄。结果表明,高月龄组大理石花纹、胴体等级、脂肪、肉色均优于低月龄组,低月龄组脂肪色泽、水分、蛋白质、蒸煮损失、剪切力值优于高月龄组,且脂肪、肉色L^*值差异显著(P<0.05),其余组间差异均不显著(P>0.05);上脑、里脊、外脊作为高档牛肉,除肉色、pH外,脂肪、蛋白质、水分、蒸煮损失、剪切力值指标均优于其他部位,表现出了极好的营养价值和食用品质。28~34月龄阶段的新疆褐牛阉牛可以生产高档牛肉,其肉品都可作为牛排和涮牛肉的原材料。     

Comparative Study on Carcass Traits and Meat Quality of Different Month Old of Xinjiang Brown Cattle Steers

In this research,12 heads of 28 to 30 months (low months age group) and 8 heads of 32 to 34 months (high months age group) Xinjiang Brown cattle steers which fed in the same mode of nutrition were chose for the slaughter test,in which the carcass traits,nutrient composition and some edible quality index were measured and comparative analyzed,a research which through comparative analysis the carcass traits and meat quality of nutritional components of different months of Xinjiang Brown cattle steers was carried out.The results indicated that the marbling,carcass grade,fat,meat color of high months age group were better than that of low months age group,the traits of the low months age group on fat color,moisture,protein,cooking loss and shear force value were better than that of high months age group,and there were significant difference on the traits of fat and meat color L^* between the two groups (P<0.05),while the differences of other traits between them were not significant (P>0.05);As high-grade beef,in addition to the traits of meat color and pH value of the chunk roll,tenderloin and striploin,each site of the meat traits on the fat,protein,moisture,cooking loss,shear force value indicators were all better than other parts,and showed the best of nutritional value and edible quality.28 to 34 months of Xinjiang Brown cattle steers could produce high-grade beef,the meat could be used as the raw materials of steak and boiled beef.     

新疆褐牛产奶量校正系数的制定

为了制定新疆褐牛产奶量校正系数,收集了新疆褐牛17 962条月测定记录。采用5个数学模型(Wood不完全伽玛函数模型、Nelder逆多项式模型、多项式回归模型(六次)、Ali-Schaeffer模型和Wil mink模型)通过SAS(8.1)软件的非线性过程(NLIN)对泌乳曲线进行拟合。结果表明:5个模型的拟合度R2在0.834 0～0.921 4,确定逆多项式模型为新疆褐牛泌乳曲线最佳拟合模型,绘制了不同胎次的泌乳曲线,制定了一套不同胎次的泌乳天数产奶量校正系数。结果提示,新疆褐牛泌乳高峰日出现在20～50 d,第一胎泌乳高峰值最低,第三胎泌乳高峰日来得最早;随胎次的增加,母牛产奶量不断提高,在第五胎达到最高,以后逐渐下降,平均305 d产奶量为4 445.3kg。     

不同饲养方式与新疆褐牛伊犁母牛群体选育

新疆褐牛是伊犁地区优秀的乳肉兼用型品种。通过测定新疆伊犁州8县1市的1724头新疆褐牛成年母牛的体高、体长、胸围、管围和体重,研究了伊犁州新疆褐牛群体基本情况,利用生物统计学分析不同饲养管理条件(牧区、农区、城郊)对新疆褐牛母牛体尺体重性状的影响,以期为伊犁地区新疆褐牛品种改良提供理论依据。     

美国褐牛杂交改良新疆褐牛效果的研究

[目的]旨在为研究美国褐牛对新疆褐牛杂交改良的效果。[方法]选取伊犁新褐种牛场纯种新疆褐牛母牛30头作为对照组、美新 F1代母牛30头作为试验组,跟踪测定两组0~36月生长发育性能指标,进行体重、体尺对比分析,计算体尺指数,构建体重、体尺生长曲线,分析体重、体尺相对增长曲线。[结果]表明：美新 F1代母牛在18~36月龄体高、体长、胸围和体重等指标极显著高于新疆褐牛母牛（P 〈0.01）;新疆褐牛、美新 F1代母牛6~36月龄体重体尺整体呈现快速增长趋势,且美新 F1代母牛各项指标总体上均高于新疆褐牛母牛;新疆褐牛、美新 F1代母牛在12月龄之前体重、体尺增加速度均较快,12月龄之后增加速度均减慢。[结论]表明两组牛早期生长强度明显高于后期,体重的增加速度和强度一直高于体尺,且美新 F1代母牛6~24月龄体尺指标相对增长值要高于新疆褐牛母牛。     

新疆褐牛不同生长阶段体尺体重的遗传参数估计

试验旨在构建新疆褐牛不同生长阶段体尺体重性状的遗传参数估计模型,估计新疆褐牛生长发育性状的遗传参数,为新疆褐牛育种目标性状的确定和综合选择指数的制定提供理论依据。以1983－2017年收集的4个新疆褐牛核心育种场81头公牛后代的2 504条新疆褐牛体尺体重数据为研究材料,以初生及6、12和18月龄阶段的体重、体高、体斜长和胸围性状为研究对象,通过DMU软件构建多性状动物模型,以场、出生年份、出生季节和性别为固定效应,以加性效应和母体效应为随机效应,估计各性状的遗传力和遗传相关。结果显示,新疆褐牛初生至18月龄阶段体重遗传力估计值为0.22~0.61,体高遗传力估计值为0.43~0.46,体斜长遗传力估计值为0.29~0.52,胸围遗传力估计值为0.35~0.61。相同和不同生长阶段新疆褐牛各体尺体重性状间均呈现正的遗传相关和表型相关,其中相同生长阶段各体尺体重性状间的遗传相关系数为0.11~0.92,表型相关系数为0.05~0.92;不同生长阶段各体尺体重性状间的遗传相关系数为0.08~0.92,表型相关系数为0.01~0.72。18月龄与其他各生长阶段间体尺体重性状的遗传相关系数较高,且均属于中高遗传力性状。因此,在制定新疆褐牛综合选择指数时,应重点考虑18月龄阶段的体尺体重性状,从而进一步提升新疆褐牛生长发育性状的遗传进展。     

新疆褐牛乳用性能的研究

本研究旨在比较舍饲与放牧条件下新疆褐牛乳成分的差异,分析乳成分变化的规律及产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率之间的相关性。试验选用昭苏县草原放牧新疆褐牛52头和乌鲁木齐种牛场舍饲新疆褐牛154头,跟踪测定其产奶量、乳成分。结果显示,新疆褐牛放牧条件下主要乳成分指标极显著高于舍饲条件下（P<0.01）;产奶量与乳脂率、乳蛋白率呈负相关,相关系数分别为-0.174（P<0.01）、-0.245（P<0.01）;乳脂率和乳蛋白率呈正相关,相关系数为0.411（P<0.01）。因此,新疆褐牛舍饲条件下产奶量高于放牧条件下产奶量;除电导率和体细胞数外,新疆褐牛其它乳成分指标在放牧条件下均高于舍饲条件下。