猪源携带质粒介导喹诺酮类耐药基因大肠杆菌气源性传播的研究

为了调查养猪场携带质粒介导喹诺酮类耐药基因大肠杆菌的气源性传播情况,本试验分别在5个猪场舍内及舍外上风向和下风向不同距离收集空气样品,并在舍内随机采集粪便样品,分离大肠杆菌。药敏试验检测其对14种抗生素的耐药性。以质粒介导喹诺酮类耐药基因(qnr、aac(6')-Ib-cr、qepA)为指示基因,利用肠杆菌基因间重复一致序列聚合酶链式反应(ERIC-PCR)鉴定技术,分别对5个猪场不同样品中大肠杆菌的遗传相似性进行分析,评估其向舍外空气的传播情况。结果显示,5个猪场中的大肠杆菌对庆大霉素、卡那霉素、四环素、链霉素、萘啶酸、复方新诺明等12种常用抗生素耐药率较高,且呈现多重耐药。ERIC-PCR结果显示,46.34% (19/41)的舍内空气分离株与粪便分离株来源相同,其中73.68% (14/19)的分离株携带的耐药基因也相同;68.42% (26/38)的舍外空气分离株与舍内空气或粪便分离株来源相同,其中65.38% (17/26)的菌株携带相同的耐药基因。结果表明,起源于舍内粪便的携带质粒介导喹诺酮类耐药基因的大肠杆菌能形成气溶胶污染舍内空气,并借助舍内外气体交换,传播到舍外不同距离空气中(≥400 m),对养殖场周围的环境卫生及社区居民的健康形成威胁。     

陕西地区羊源致病性大肠杆菌耐药性分析与毒力基因检测

旨在了解陕西省部分地区腹泻羊源致病性大肠杆菌(E. coli)耐药性及毒力基因携带情况,本研究从10个养殖场采集54份腹泻羊拭子样品,经分离纯化、生化鉴定及16S rRNA基因序列分析,共分离得到50株E. coli,对分离菌进行药敏试验、耐药基因及毒力基因检测。结果显示,分离菌对氨苄西林、氟苯尼考和磺胺异噁唑耐药率达90%以上,且98%(49/50)为多重耐药菌,对8~11种抗生素耐药的菌株占68%(34/50),仅对美罗培南敏感。所有菌株均携带1~6种不同的耐药基因,其中,Sul1(64%)、TetA(34%)、bla_CTX-M(32%)携带率较高,未检测到bla_SHV。有5株产ESBLs的E. coli携带mcr-1耐药基因。毒力基因检测结果显示,98%(49/50)的菌株携带毒力基因,其中,etrA检出率最高,为80%(40/50)。综上表明,陕西省羊源E. coli多重耐药情况严峻,β-内酰胺类耐药基因与耐药表型不符,提示可能存在其他耐药机制,同时,分离菌具有复杂的毒力谱。本研究为陕西省羊源致病性E. coli感染的防控提供科学依据。     

东南沿海地区水禽源大肠杆菌耐药表型及耐药基因型的调查

为研究水禽中大肠杆菌的耐药表型及耐药基因型,本研究从中国广东、福建、浙江、江苏和山东5个省市的水禽养殖场及周边环境中采集鸭粪便样品、水样以及土样1 505份,采用选择性培养基和基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间(MALDI-TOF-MS)质谱分离鉴定大肠杆菌,采用微量肉汤稀释法检测耐药表型,采用PCR方法筛选大肠杆菌中的25种耐药基因。结果显示,1 505份样品中共分离鉴定出449株大肠杆菌,分离率为29.8%,其中335份来源于粪便,52份来源于土壤,62份来源于水,这些样品中浙江(43.3%)和广东(43.2%)的分离率最高,其次是福建(28.1%)和江苏(23.8%),山东(18.3%)的分离率最低。449株大肠杆菌具有多重耐药性,对氨苄西林、环丙沙星、金霉素、氟苯尼考和磺胺类药物的耐药率分别为90.2%、50.3%、96.7%、87.3%和90.6%,而对替加环素和美罗培南则比较敏感,来源不同省份的大肠杆菌对不同抗菌药呈现出不同的耐药率。PCR检测结果发现,449株大肠杆菌中耐药基因tet(A)检出率最高(88.2%),随后是floR(58.13%)、sul2(57.02%)、tet(B)(53.9%)、cmlA(39.2%)和sul1(36.75%),未检测到qnrA、tet(M)和tet(X)耐药基因的大肠杆菌。在这5个省份中,上述耐药基因在山东省样品中分布均较高,而在浙江省和江苏省样品中分布较低。综上所述,本研究调查了中国东南沿海五省水禽及环境中大肠杆菌的耐药现状,为养殖业抗生素的规范使用提供理论依据。     

Study on Drug Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Chicken and Swine in Organic Farm

To determine the drug resistance of E.coli strains from swine and chicken in organic farm,collection of stool specimens was conducted in one organic farm in Conghua city,Guangdong province in 2014,in which 118 E.coli strains were separated,including 55 from chicken and 63 from swine.The sensitivity of the E.coli strains from swine and chicken to 18 kinds of drugs was detected through agar dilution method.Similar properties in drug resistance were observed both in E.coli strains from swine and chicken in the same organic farm.In consideration of the resistance rate,samples were relatively sensitive to ceftazidime,cefquinome,cefoxitin,amikacin,apramycin,gentamicin,neomycin,florfenicol,chloramphenicol,imipenem,ciprofloxacin and olaquindox (chicken 0 to 21.8%;swine 0 to 14.3%).These isolates showed moderate resistance to ampicillin and streptomycin (chicken 29.1% to 38.2%;swine 23.8% to 27.0%).About 56.4% chicken isolates and 47.6% swine isolates showed resistant to more than 3 kinds of drugs.However,severe resistance was observed in trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole,tetracyclineand and doxycycline (chicken 45.5%,76.4% and 72.7%;swine 50.8%,81.0% and 68.3%).The results also indicated that under organic farming mode,the drug resistance rates of E.coli strains from swine and chicken were relatively low in general.Multi-drug resistance existed but was relatively slight.Although the drug resistance rate to several specific antimicrobials was high,it was still lower than that in conventional farms.Since most studies focused on the drug resistance of the bacteria under conventional farming model,this study filled the blank of the research of drug resistance under organic farming model.     

有机农场鸡、猪源大肠杆菌耐药性研究

为了解有机养殖模式下鸡、猪源大肠杆菌的耐药情况,2014年从广东从化某有机农场鸡、猪粪便中采集并分离出118株大肠杆菌,包括55株鸡源大肠杆菌和63株猪源大肠杆菌,采用琼脂稀释法测定大肠杆菌对18种抗菌药的敏感性。结果发现,同一有机农场中,鸡源大肠杆菌与猪源大肠杆菌在耐药种类及耐药率上均呈现相似规律,对头孢他啶、头孢喹肟、头孢噻肟、头孢西丁、阿米卡星、安普霉素、庆大霉素、新霉素、氟苯尼考、氯霉素、亚胺培南、环丙沙星、喹乙醇等较敏感(鸡0~21.8%,猪0~14.3%),对氨苄西林、链霉素呈现轻度耐药(鸡29.1%~38.2%,猪23.8%~27.0%),对复方新诺明、四环素、多西环素呈现较严重耐药(鸡45.5%、76.4%和72.7%,猪50.8%、81.0%和68.3%)。鸡源大肠杆菌中3耐及3耐以上的菌株占56.4%,猪源大肠杆菌占47.6%。结果表明有机养殖模式下鸡、猪源大肠杆菌耐药率相对较低,多重耐药现象存在但相对轻微,对个别临床常用抗菌药耐药率虽较严重但比常规养殖场低。由于目前国内大部分学者致力于研究常规养殖方式下细菌耐药情况,本研究很好地填补了有机养殖模式下畜禽大肠杆菌耐药性研究的空白。     

同一养殖模式下不同地区猪源大肠杆菌耐药性比较

本试验旨在比较新疆相同养殖模式下不同地区猪源大肠杆菌的耐药情况。分别在某规模化养猪场呼图壁(207份)、玛纳斯(210份)和昌吉(210份)地区采集粪样,共计627份样品,各地区猪源大肠杆菌的分离率均为100.0%。采用微量肉汤稀释法对分离出的大肠杆菌进行临床常用抗菌药物的药敏试验,并通过卡方检验比较3个地区猪源大肠杆菌耐药率的差异。结果显示,呼图壁地区猪源大肠杆菌对安普霉素、阿米卡星、阿莫西林—克拉维酸和头孢噻呋的耐药率均极显著高于另外两地区(P< 0.01);玛纳斯地区猪源大肠杆菌对环丙沙星的耐药率显著高于另外两地区(P< 0.05),对诺氟沙星的耐药率极显著高于另外两地区(P< 0.01);昌吉地区猪源大肠杆菌对诺氟沙星的耐药率极显著高于呼图壁地区(P< 0.01),而对阿莫西林—克拉维酸和氨苄西林的耐药率均显著高于玛纳斯地区(P< 0.05)。呼图壁地区3~8耐菌株占94.7%,玛纳斯地区3~7耐菌株占89.5%,昌吉地区4~8耐菌株占82.4%。不同地区之间3~7耐菌株数差异不显著(P> 0.05)。结果表明,在相同的养殖模式下,不同地区猪源大肠杆菌的耐药情况不同。此外,养殖场猪源大肠杆菌的耐药问题严重,以多药耐药为主,耐药谱型呈多样化。     

Comparison of Drug Resistance of E.coli from Pigs in Different Regions under the Same Breeding Mode

In order to compare the resistance of E.coli from pigs of different regions under same breeding mode in Xinjiang, we collected fecal samples from pig farms of Hutubi (207), Manasi (210) and Changji (210) in a certain scale, respectively, a total of 627 samples, and isolation rate of E.coli from fecal samples were all 100.0%.The broth dilution method was used to detect resistance of E.coli to antimicrobials, and we compared the differences of resistance rate of E.coli from pig farms in three regions by chi square test. E.coli from pig farms of Hutubi region to apramycin, amikacin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and ceftiofur existed extremely significant differences comparing with another two regions (P< 0.01).E.coli from pig farms of Manasi region to ciprofloxacin existed significant differences comparing with another two regions (P< 0.05), and existed extremely significant differences to norfloxacin (P< 0.01).E.coli from pig farms of Changji region to norfloxacin had extremely significant differences comparing with Hutubi region (P< 0.01), and existed significant differences to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and ampicillin comparing with Manasi region (P< 0.05).3 to 8 resistant E.coli strains accounted for 94.7% in Hutubi region, 3 to 7 resistant E.coli strains accounted for 89.5% in Manasi region and 4 to 8 resistant E.coli strains accounted for 82.4% in Changji region, respectively.There was no significant difference among different regions on multi-drug resistance (P> 0.05).The results indicated that E.coli from pigs of different regions under the same breeding mode had different characteristics of resistance.In addition, the resistance of E.coli from pigs were very serious and mainly multi-drug resistant, drug resistance patterns were diversified.     

Screening of Sensitive Drugs for Bovine Pathogenic Escherichia coli and Bacteriostatic Test of Sodium Humate

In order to get more information about the distribution of virulence genes and drug resistance genes of Escherichia coli(E.coli) isolated from calf diarrhea in some large-scale cattle farms in Heilongjiang,sensitive drugs were screened to analyze the preventive and therapeutic effect of sodium humate on E.coli.In this study,40 samples were collected and identified by separation and purification,staining microscopy,biochemical identification and molecular biology,and the virulence and drug resistance genes were detected by PCR and the drug sensitivity was detected by K-B test.The inhibitory effect of different concentrations of sodium humate on E.coli was measured by serial dilution and plate counts.Moreover,the protective effect of sodium humate on mice were studied through gastric administration.The results showed that 30 strains of E.coli were isolated,of which 25 strains had virulence genes and 8 virulence genes were detected out of 10,with detection rate of 83.3%.There were many virulence gene combinations.The highest detection rates for bla_TEM and bla_SHV genes were 100% and 13.3% respectively,and the detection rate of other resistance genes was also high.The results of drug sensitive test showed that 30 isolated strains were most sensitive to meropenem,followed by amikacin.The results of serial dilution and plate counts showed that 5% sodium humate was the most bacteriostatically effective,and the results of toxicity test showed that sodium humate could improve the survival rate of mice.This study provided a basis for the rational use of antibiotics and the clinical application of sodium humate in this area.     

广东鹅场大肠杆菌耐药状况及blaCTX-M基因的传播特征

为揭示广东地区鹅场动物和环境源大肠杆菌的耐药情况及超广谱β-内酰胺酶CTX-M的流行与传播特征,本研究从广东省江门及阳江市共10处鹅场采集鹅及环境样品199份,采用MALDI-TOF-MS法分离鉴定大肠杆菌。采用琼脂稀释法对菌株进行耐药性分析,采用PCR法检测头孢噻肟耐药菌中bla_CTX-M基因及其基因环境,采用脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）、接合转移和质粒复制子分型等方法探究bla_CTX-M基因的传播特征。结果显示,共获得196株大肠杆菌,对氨苄西林、多西环素、氟苯尼考和链霉素耐药率均超过50%,第三代头孢菌素耐药率为10%~25%,其中头孢噻肟耐药菌有49株（24.6%）。阳江地区大肠杆菌对受试药物的耐药率高于江门,且动物源高于环境源,尤其是头孢噻肟和头孢噻呋均存在显著差异（P<0.05）。头孢噻肟耐药菌中共检出19株携带bla_CTX-M基因,包括bla_CTX-M-55（n=17）、bla_CTX-M-27（n=1）和bla_CTX-M-65（n=1）,且bla_CTX-M基因阳性菌均可对5~11种药物耐药,呈现多重耐药的表型。bla_CTX-M-55基因环境均为ISEcp1-bla_CTX-M-55-orf477,且在ISEcp1与bla_CTX-M基因之间有3种长度的间隔序列;而bla_CTX-M-27和bla_CTX-M-65的基因环境均为ISEcp1-bla_CTX-M-27/65-IS903。19株bla_CTX-M基因阳性菌呈现10种PFGE谱型,存在一种主要流行的谱型（47.4%）,其包括多种来源菌株,暗示存在克隆传播现象。12株（63.2%）bla_CTX-M基因阳性大肠杆菌中bla_CTX-M基因转移成功,bla_CTX-M基因阳性接合子携带的复制子型为IncFⅡ（n=10）和IncHⅠ2（n=2）,且存在多西环素和氟苯尼考耐药表型与bla_CTX-M基因共转移现象。研究发现,阳江鹅场大肠杆菌耐药情况较为严重,bla_CTX-M基因存在一定的流行性且以bla_CTX-M-55亚型为主,bla_CTX-M基因阳性菌的克隆传播和质粒及插入序列ISEcp1介导的水平传播是导致该基因在鹅场大肠杆菌中扩散的主要原因,应引起高度重视。     

京津冀部分地区致犊牛腹泻大肠杆菌毒力基因、耐药基因检测及药物敏感性分析

【目的】探明京津冀地区犊牛腹泻大肠杆菌毒力基因与耐药基因流行情况,筛选敏感药物。【方法】于2020年12月至2021年7月从京津冀地区部分牛场采集146份犊牛腹泻样本,通过细菌分离纯化、革兰氏染色镜检及16S rRNA测序进行大肠杆菌分离鉴定;采用PCR方法对分离菌进行毒力基因（F17、K99、F41、STa、stx1、irp2和fyuA基因）和耐药基因（aac（6'）-Ⅰb、bla_CTX-M、bla_TEM、OqxB、tetA和sul1基因）检测;采用K-B纸片法进行药物敏感性试验。【结果】分离菌在鉴别培养基上的生长形态及革兰氏染色镜检结果均符合大肠杆菌生理生化特性,分离菌16S rRNA测序结果呈单一峰值,对拼接序列在NCBI中进行BLAST比对后发现,与大肠杆菌相似性均>96%,确定分离菌为大肠杆菌。试验共分离鉴定大肠杆菌142株,其中有88株携带毒力基因,占61.97%（88/142）,毒力基因F17、K99、F41、STa、stx1、irp2、fyuA阳性率分别为24.65%、0.70%、0、2.11%、1.41%、45.07%和21.83%,其中F17、irp2、fyuA为优势毒力因子,同时携带多重毒力因子的大肠杆菌检出率较低。aac（6'）-Ⅰb、bla_CTX-M、bla_TEM、OqxB、tetA和sul1 6种耐药基因皆被检出,bla_TEM基因检出率最高,为45.77%,aac（6'）-Ⅰb和OqxB基因检出率最低,均为9.15%,分离菌株主要携带1~3种耐药基因。药物敏感性试验结果显示,142株分离菌对诺氟沙星敏感率最高,其次为环丙沙星,对青霉素敏感率为0,耐药现象严重,耐2种以上抗菌药物的菌株达86.62%。【结论】京津冀地区犊牛腹泻大肠杆菌毒力基因与耐药基因流行广泛,耐药普遍,多重耐药现象严重。本研究可为京津冀地区犊牛腹泻的防治提供理论依据。     

西藏那曲市羊源大肠杆菌分离鉴定及耐药性研究

为了解西藏那曲市羊大肠杆菌的耐药情况，指导临床进行合理用药，本试验从那曲市采集羊新鲜无污染腹泻物92份，进行大肠杆菌显色培养基分离、革兰氏染色镜检、生化鉴定、分子生物学鉴定、致泻性大肠杆菌生化鉴定、药敏试验及耐药基因检测。结果显示，分离菌株在大肠杆菌显色培养基上呈蓝色菌落、革兰氏染色为粉红色的短杆菌，通过生化鉴定及23S rRNA的PCR检测得到26株羊源大肠杆菌，分离率为28.3%；其中25株符合致泻性大肠杆菌生化特性，致泻菌株分离率为27.2%。药敏试验结果显示，所得25株羊源大肠杆菌对氨苄西林的耐药性较高，耐药率为24.0%；对羧苄西林、卡那霉素的耐药性次之，耐药率为8%；对哌拉西林、头孢呋辛、庆大霉素、四环素、米诺霉素等药物耐药率为4%；对诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、环丙沙星等药物极为敏感，可作为临床用药。5种耐药基因检测结果显示，bla_TEM基因检出率为100%，表明分离菌均含有相应的耐药基因。以上结果表明，西藏那曲市羊源大肠杆菌对多种药物耐药，提示在临床实践过程中应注重合理用药、联合用药，减缓大肠杆菌耐药性的产生。     

猪源大肠杆菌O157:H7体外氟苯尼考耐药诱导及对抗菌药物敏感性变化研究

为初步研究猪源大肠杆菌O157:H7 (E.coli O157:H7)对氟苯尼考耐药性的产生和消除机制,本研究采用亚抑菌浓度体外耐药诱导的方法将两株猪源大肠杆菌O157:H7诱导成氟苯尼考高度耐药菌株,采用无氟苯尼考压力下连续传代培养的方法将获得的氟苯尼考耐药菌株的氟苯尼考耐药性消除,检测耐药诱导菌和耐药消除菌对抗菌药物的敏感性,并检测菌株质粒携带的耐药基因。结果显示,经氟苯尼考耐药诱导,猪源大肠杆菌O157:H7对氟苯尼考、阿莫西林、头孢唑啉、头孢拉定和头孢噻吩由敏感变为耐药,对头孢噻肟的敏感性由敏感变为中介,对氧氟沙星、环丙沙星和阿奇霉素由中介变为耐药;而经耐药消除后,菌株恢复对上述药物的敏感性;在菌株的质粒中检测到氟苯尼考耐药基因、喹诺酮类耐药基因和β-内酰胺酶基因,与耐药表型相符。结果表明,在氟苯尼考压力的长期存在下,猪源大肠杆菌O157:H7对氟苯尼考产生耐药,且对青霉素类、头孢类和喹诺酮类药物产生交叉耐药,在去除氟苯尼考压力下连续培养,可消除菌株的部分耐药性。     

犊牛腹泻源大肠杆菌耐药情况及HPI相关基因的检测

本研究旨在明确犊牛腹泻源性大肠杆菌的耐药情况、强毒力岛（HPI）标志基因及相关基因的携带情况，以及大肠杆菌分离株与HPI携带的关系。采集犊牛病理性腹泻样本158份，采用麦康凯培养基和伊红美蓝培养基进行筛选，镜检符合大肠杆菌形态的进行VITEK 2 Compact生化鉴定和PCR鉴定，采用K-B纸片法对大肠杆菌分离株进行药敏试验，应用PCR方法进行分离株HPI相关基因携带情况的检测。结果显示，共分离得到75株大肠杆菌，分离株对阿莫西林、哌拉西林、氨苄西林、头孢唑啉、氟苯尼考、恩诺沙星、四环素的耐药率均>90%，对头孢氨苄、头孢拉定、头孢曲松、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星和氧氟沙星的耐药率均≥ 60.00%，对阿米卡星较敏感，耐药率为9.33%；75株大肠杆菌全部耐3种以上药物，多重耐药（≥ 10）的菌株占85.33%，耐药谱集中在耐14~17种药物，5株对19种药物全部耐药。HPI标志基因irp2的阳性率为100%，其他相关基因fyuA、irp3、irp5、irp8和ytbA的检出率在66.00%以上。综上所述，宁夏地区犊牛腹泻源性大肠杆菌耐药普遍，多重耐药现象严重。     

六十二株水貂源大肠杆菌分离株耐药表型与耐药基因及克隆菌群分析

为了调查诸城地区某水貂养殖场粪便源大肠杆菌的表观及其分子特征,采集某个水貂养殖场的水貂粪便进行大肠杆菌分离鉴定,对分离鉴定的大肠杆菌进行血清型鉴定和对14种常见抗菌药物的耐药表型鉴定;使用PCR检测耐药基因以及Ⅰ整合子基因盒的携带情况,利用多位点序列分型（MLST）来分析菌株的克隆关系并构建系统发育树来分析相同克隆群菌株的遗传相似性。结果显示,自82份水貂粪便样品分离到62株大肠杆菌,分离率75.61%;大肠杆菌分离株对AMP和TET的耐药率超过90%,多重耐药菌株（MDR）占比为85.48%。PCR检测到5类耐药基因的存在,qnrS检出率最高,为61.29%（38/62）;aaC2、aaC4、sul1和aac（6'）-Ib-cr耐药基因与菌株产生相应的耐药抗性存在一致性（P<0.01）。分离菌株中Ⅰ类整合子可变区域的优势结构为dfrA27-aadA2-qnrA。鉴定出致病性血清型的存在,且对应菌株都具有多重耐药性,优势血清型为O104：H4。分离株中存在33个STs,ST46为优势STs（16.13%）,具有3个主要克隆群,依次为CC10、CC46和CC176;与致病性相关菌株的STs和人源大肠杆菌具有共同的遗传背景。本研究表明,养殖场的水貂受到致病性和多重耐药性大肠杆菌的污染,相同克隆群菌株的耐药基因分布具有多态性,表观特征差异明显。     

畜禽粪污中金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希氏菌的LAMP检测及其耐药性分析

为深入了解畜禽粪污中金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希氏菌的流行及耐药状况,采用建立的畜禽粪便中金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希氏菌的环介导等温扩增技术（LAMP）检测方法对山东省内牛粪污、猪粪、鸡粪、鸭粪中的金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希氏菌进行检测,进而对检测阳性样品进行分离,并对药敏试验中多重耐药性菌株进行耐药基因预测。结果表明,LAMP方法检测畜禽粪污中金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希氏菌与国家标准方法检测结果符合率为100%,重复性好,特异性高。从80份畜禽粪污样品中分离到的3株金黄色葡萄球菌均对青霉素耐药;34株大肠埃希氏菌对氟苯尼考、利福平的耐药比例高于50%,高于25%以上的还有氨苄西林、四环素、多西环素、磺胺异噁唑、头孢噻吩和头孢噻呋;耐药基因预测结果显示,鸡粪、鸭粪、牛粪和猪粪中的4株大肠埃希氏菌分别携带10、8、20和15种耐药基因;鸡粪中的1株金黄色葡萄球菌携带11种耐药基因。说明山东地区畜禽粪污中金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希氏菌耐药状况严峻,菌株普遍多重耐药,且携带多种耐药基因。     

山东地区乳房炎牛奶中大肠杆菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

试验旨在了解山东地区乳房炎牛奶中大肠杆菌的污染状况及耐药情况。选择山东省3个地区的规模化奶牛场共采集227份牛奶样品，采用细菌学方法对大肠杆菌进行分离鉴定，用微量肉汤稀释法检测分离菌对11种常规抗菌药物的敏感性，采用PCR方法对常见的13种耐药基因、8种毒力基因和Ⅰ类整合子基因盒结构进行分析。结果显示，从227份牛奶样品中共分离出71株大肠杆菌；大肠杆菌对1种及1种以上抗菌药耐药的菌株达到77.5%，多重耐药率为15.5%，其中对多黏菌素耐药率为52.2%，对阿莫西林-克拉维酸耐药率为39.4%，而所有菌株均对新霉素表现为敏感。PCR检测耐药基因、毒力基因和Ⅰ类整合子结果显示，β-内酰胺类耐药基因中bla_TEM基因携带率为100%，其中全部为bla_TEM-1基因，bla_CTX-M基因携带率为32.4%，其中主要为bla_CTX-M-15基因，没有检测到bla_SHV、bla_OXA基因；多黏菌素的耐药基因mcr-1携带率为29.6%；喹诺酮类耐药基因中aac（6'）-Ⅰb-cr基因携带率为29.6%，qnrB基因携带率为20.8%，没有检测到qnrA和qnrC耐药基因；对8种毒力基因检测分析结果显示，仅Hly毒力基因没有被检出，Ecs3703、Irp2基因的检出率较高，分别为90.1%和63.4%，71株大肠杆菌中共有11株携带Ⅰ类整合子，检出率为15.5%，11株大肠杆菌携带6种耐药基因盒结构，最主要的耐药基因盒排列为dfr17-aadA5。本研究结果表明，山东地区乳房炎牛奶中大肠杆菌的耐药现象严重，携带毒力基因Ecs3703、Irp2的大肠杆菌可能是引起奶牛乳房炎的致病菌，Ⅰ类整合子的检测在细菌耐药性与基因携带率方面发挥着关键作用，可为临床预防和治疗奶牛乳房炎大肠杆菌病提供理论依据。     

新疆地区腹泻仔猪源大肠杆菌的分群、血清型鉴定及耐药性分析

旨在了解新疆地区腹泻仔猪源大肠杆菌的系统进化分群、血清型及耐药性。本研究对154份腹泻仔猪粪便样品进行大肠杆菌的分离鉴定,采用多重PCR方法对分离株进行系统进化分群和O血清型鉴定,通过K-B纸片法对其进行药物敏感性检测并通过PCR方法进行耐药基因检测。结果显示：共分离到154株大肠杆菌,包括ETEC(n=24)、STEC(n=21)、EPEC(n=1)、EPEC/STEC(n=2)、ETEC/STEC(n=1)和ETEC/EPEC(n=1),其他104株。系统进化分群显示,多数菌株属于B1(37%)和A群(31%)。定型菌株44株,分别属于10种血清型,以O154、O12、O8、O141和O175为主要流行血清型。151株(98%)为多重耐药菌,对复方新诺明、四环素、氨苄西林、链霉素和氯霉素的耐药率为81%～100%,对阿莫西林/克拉维酸、头孢噻肟、庆大霉素、头孢曲松、环丙沙星和阿米卡星的耐药率为31%～66%,对左氧氟沙星、多黏菌素B、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、氨苄西林-舒巴坦、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦和亚胺培南的耐药率为1%～19%。耐药基因tetA(88%)、tetG(60%)和cmlA(4...     

Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Genes of Campylobacter spp. Isolated from Chicken and Swine Farms in Jiangsu Province

The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes of Campylobacter spp. isolated from chicken and swine farms in Jiangsu Province. Campylobacter spp. were isolated and identified from two hundred and fifty fecal samples collected from twenty-five animal farms in Jiangsu Province. Campylobacter strains were tested for the antimicrobial susceptibility against to 9 kinds of antimicrobial agents by using an agar dilution method. Eight virulence genes (cdtB, cadF, htrB, clpP, csrA, wlaN, cstⅡ, and cgtB) were detected by polymerase chain reaction. Ninety-three Campylobacter strains were isolated and identified from 250 samples, including 45 C. jejuni strains and 48 C. coli strains. The highest percentage of antimicrobial resistance was found for nalidixic acid (80.0%), tetracycline (71.1%) and ciprofloxacin (66.7%) in C. jejuni isolates. The C. coli isolates were most frequently resistant to erythromycin (87.5%), nalidixic acid (79.2%) and azithromycin (72.9%). Moreover, the multi-drug resistance (resistance to three or more antimicrobial classes) was common among Campylobacter isolates with a rate of 67.7%. On the other hand, the 93 Campylobacter strains showed a wide variation for the presence of the 8 virulence genes, cdtB and cadF were positive for all isolates,while htrB, clpP, csrA, wlaN, cstⅡ and cgtB was 97.8%, 76.3%, 18.3%, 5.4%, 2.2%, and 0%, respectively. The results indicated that the multiple drug resistance of Campylobacter strains from animal origin was relatively serious. In addition, the virulence-associated genes were detected widely among Campylobacter strains.     

Screening of Probiotics Inhibiting E. coli K88 in vitro

The probiotics tested in the experiment were isolated from the intestinal of weaning piglets.The isolated probiotics and E.coli K88 were inoculated into the culture of intestinal porcine epithelial cell-1 (IPEC-1).The activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the supernatant was measured after incubating for 2.5 h.At the same time, the probiotics and E.coli K88 were co-cultured in vitro, the number of E.coli K88 was counted and the probiotics which could be resistant to the E.coli K88 were selected 2.5 h later.The results showed that the Lactobacillus casei and Bacillus coagulans could significantly reduce LDH activity (P<0.05), decrease the damage of E.coli K88; Bacillus coagulans could inhibit the growth of E.coli K88.At the same time, Bacillus coagulans could resist high temperature, acid and bile salt.The results showed that Bacillus coagulans strains had great potential as the application of probiotics strains.The methods could be used as a model of screen probiotics which could inhibit the growth of E.coli K88 in vitro.     

牛源致病性大肠杆菌的敏感药物筛选及腐殖酸钠的抑菌试验

为了解黑龙江地区部分规模化牛场犊牛腹泻性大肠杆菌毒力基因和耐药基因分布情况,筛选敏感药物以及分析腐殖酸钠对牛源致病性大肠杆菌的防治作用,本研究收集了40份病料,通过分离纯化、染色镜检、生化鉴定以及分子生物学的方法对分离菌进行鉴定;采用PCR技术进行毒力基因和耐药基因的检测;采用K-B法进行药敏检测;利用稀释平板计数法研究不同浓度腐殖酸钠对大肠杆菌的抑制效果;腐殖酸钠灌胃小鼠研究其对攻毒小鼠的保护作用。结果显示,共分离出牛源大肠杆菌30株;其中25株检出毒力基因,在检测的10种毒力基因中,有8种毒力基因被检出,检出率达83.3%,同时还存在多种毒力基因组合;在检测的7种耐药基因中bla_TEM基因检出率最高,为100%,bla_SHV基因最低,为13.3%,其他耐药基因检出率也较高;药敏试验结果显示,30株分离菌对美罗培南最为敏感,其次为阿米卡星;稀释平板计数结果显示,5%腐殖酸钠的抑菌效果优于其他浓度;攻毒试验结果显示,腐殖酸钠能明显提高攻毒小鼠的存活率。本研究对该地区抗菌药物的合理使用以及腐殖酸钠的临床应用提供了依据。