毛皮动物大肠杆菌对氟喹诺酮类药物及中药的耐药性研究

本试验旨在了解毛皮动物源大肠杆菌的耐药性,有效控制毛皮动物细菌病的发生.针对14株分离自毛皮动物的大肠杆菌,采用PCR方法检测氟喹诺酮类耐药基因gyrA的携带情况,并对扩增得到的gyrA基因进行克隆测序和同源性分析;进一步针对gyrA基因制备地高辛标记的核酸探针,使用斑点杂交检测大肠杆菌对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药情况;使用牛津杯法检测了大肠杆菌分离株对复方中药的敏感性.结果显示,PCR检出gyrA基因的阳性携带率为57.1%,斑点杂交检出耐氟喹诺酮类大肠杆菌的阳性率为50.0%,对复方中药的耐药率为28.6%.结果表明,毛皮动物对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药性非常严重,对中药表现较高的敏感性,研究结果将为临床毛皮动物大肠杆菌病的防制提供依据.     

Prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance qnr genes in poultry and swine clinical isolates of Escherichia coli

The prevalence of qnr genes was investigated in veterinary clinical isolates of Escherichia coli in Guangdong province, China, and the aac (6')-Ib gene and the mutations in QRDRs of gyrase and topoisomerase IV were examined in qnr-positive strains. A total of 232 E. coli strains isolated from pig and poultry were screened for the presence of the qnrA, qnrB and qnrS genes by PCR and sequencing. The aac (6')-Ib gene was detected in qnr-bearing strains by PCR and sequencing. For all strains carrying qnr, MICs for six quinolones were determined. Mutations within the gyrase and topoisomerase were analyzed by PCR and sequencing for all the QRDRs of gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE. Among 232 E. coli isolates, 14 (6%) isolates were positive for the qnr gene, including one for qnrB, 13 for qnrS, but no qnrA was identified in this population. Detection of the aac (6')-Ib gene showed that one qnrS-positive isolate from pig and one qnrB-positive isolate from duck carried aac (6')-Ib gene, and both were the cr variant allele of aac (6')-Ib. All of the 14 isolates had MICs of ciprofloxacin more than 0.25 mg/L. Mutations in the QRDR of gyrA mutations were observed in 5 (35.7%) of the 14 strains. Three fluoroquinolone-resisting strains showed one mutation S83L of gyrA, while one S83I. One high-level resistance strains harboured gyrA S83L and A87N of gyrA. A singe mutation in site 58 of parC was detected in 3 (21.4%) strains. None mutations were found in QRDRs of gyrB and parE. The emergence of qnr genes in veterinary clinical E. coli isolates is described for the first time. This is also the first report of aac (6')-Ib-cr gene in E. coli isolates from food-producing animals.     

鸡大肠杆菌O78对喹诺酮类药物高耐药株的分子鉴定

就临床分离的鸡大肠杆菌O78对喹诺酮类药物的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）进行了测定，得到对喹诺酮类药物有不同耐药水平的细菌23株。根据GenBank已公布的QRDRs序列，设计了分剐扩增gyrA、gyrB、parC和parE基因的4对引物，以筛选的23株耐药菌DNA为模板，进行了PCR扩增。序列分析及AcrA的Western blotting检测结果表明，临床分离的鸡大肠杆菌对喹诺酮类药物的耐药水平与GyrA和ParC的突变密切相关，而AcrAB外输泵的表达水平无显著变化。提示临床分离的鸡大肠杆菌O78的耐药水平与喹诺酮类药物的选择性压力有关，它诱导了DNA旋转酶和拓扑异构酶IV的基因突变，可能不能激活AcrAB外输泵。     

Vertical transmission of a fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli within an integrated broiler operation

The epidemiology of an enrofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli clone was investigated during two separate outbreaks of colibacillosis in the Danish broiler production. In total five flocks were reported affected by the outbreaks. Recorded first-week mortalities were in the range of 1.7-12.7%. The clone was first isolated from dead broilers and subsequently demonstrated in samples from associated hatchers and the parent flock with its embryonated eggs, suggesting a vertical transmission from the parents. The second outbreak involved two broiler flocks unrelated to the affected flocks from the first outbreak. However, the clone could not be demonstrated in the associated parent flock. Furthermore, samplings from grand-parent flocks were negative for the outbreak clone. The clonality was evaluated by plasmid profiling and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. None of the recognized virulence factors were demonstrated in the outbreak clone by microarray and PCR assay. The molecular background for the fluoroquinolone-resistance was investigated and point mutations in gyrA and parC leading to amino-acid substitutions in quinolone-resistance determining regions of GyrA and ParC were demonstrated. Vertical transmission of enrofloxacin-resistant E. coli from healthy parents resulting in high first-week mortality in the offspring illustrates the potential of the emergence and spreading of fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria in animal husbandry, even though the use of fluoroquinolones is restricted.     

Characterization of fluoroquinolone resistance in Escherichia coli strains from ruminants.

Thirty-seven fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli strains from ruminants (according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines) were screened by molecular methods for mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of the gyrA and parC genes and for the presence of the qnrA gene. One of the strains studied was an enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) strain potentially pathogenic for humans. Three E. coli strains resistant to enrofloxacin (minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC] = 2 microg/ml) but not to ciprofloxacin (MIC = 1 microg/ml) presented single mutations in the gyrA and parC genes, while 34 strains resistant to both fluoroquinolones presented double and single mutations in gyrA and parC, respectively (31 strains), or double mutations in gyrA and parC (3 strains). The EHEC strain presented a double amino acid substitution in the GyrA protein (Ser-83-->Leu and Asp-87-->Gly) and a double amino acid substitution in the ParC protein (Gly-78-->Cys and Ser-80-->Arg), one of which has not been previously described. The present study shows that most of the mutations in the QRDR of the gyrA and parC genes of fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli strains from ruminants are the same as those seen in E. coli strains from other animal species and humans and that there are no differences in mutation patterns in the QRDR of E. coli strains from healthy ruminants and those with diarrhea. No strains carried qnrA, which indicates that this gene does not play an important role in the selection of fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli strains from ruminants.     

耐氟喹诺酮类药物禽源大肠埃希菌gyrA基因的检测分析

探讨不同禽源大肠埃希菌中喹诺酮类药物的耐药情况及耐药基因gyrA的分布和突变特征。采用K-B药敏纸片法、gyrA基因的PCR扩增,对9株大肠埃希菌进行喹诺酮类药物试验,并将gyrA基因的PCR产物测序,对测序结果采用DNA MAN、DNA Star、MEGA6等软件分析。药敏试验结果表明,C1、C2、C3菌株对左氧沙星、氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星敏感,D1、D2、D3、B1、B2和B3菌株对左氧沙星、氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星均表现为耐药和中介;gyrA基因的测序结果表明,除B1菌株有1处核苷酸突变位点和B2菌株有14处核苷酸突变位点;B2菌株gyrA基因的氨基酸突变发生在87位Ile→Val替代、101位Leu→Met替代、102位Ala→Ser替代、129位Lys→Gln替代。9株禽源大肠埃希菌的同源性和进化树分析表明,不同禽源耐氟喹诺酮类药物的大肠埃希菌菌株中B2菌株gyrA基因与其他9株菌株相比,同源性在90%左右,进化树不在一个分支上,研究中的B2菌株将为大肠埃希菌的氟喹诺酮类耐药机制的研究提供候选菌株。     

中药与抗菌药物联用对猪源大肠杆菌耐药性的抑制作用

为了探讨中药与抗菌药物联用对大肠杆菌耐药性的作用效果，本研究对河南部分地区采集的样品（50份）进行分离鉴定、生化试验及致病性试验，对分离鉴定后的致病性猪大肠杆菌选用12种中药采用K-B法进行耐药性检测，将筛选出来的中药与抗生素进行中西联用对致病性大肠杆菌做体外抑菌试验，并分析中西药联用对大肠杆菌的抑制作用。结果显示，采集的50份样品有23株菌符合大肠杆菌的分离培养特性和生化特性，且23株菌均为致病性大肠杆菌；通过耐药性检测，23株试验菌株对测试的中药均有不同程度的耐药性，其中试验菌株对甘草耐药率最高（82.6%），其次为生地（78.2%），而对黄柏（17.3%）和白头翁（21.7%）耐药性较低，具有一定的敏感性；体外抑菌试验结果发现，中药与抗生素联用均有不同程度的抑菌效果，其中黄柏、白头翁与抗菌药物联用的抑菌效果最明显。以上结果说明中药与抗菌药物联用不仅可以抑制大肠杆菌的耐药性，还可以延缓大肠杆菌耐药性的产生。     

中草药对大肠杆菌体外抑菌试验

选用27种不同的中草药制剂(煎剂、挥发油、蒸馏液),以平板稀释法和纸片法对同一株肉鸡源的大肠杆菌进行体外抑菌试验.结果表明,有14种中药对此株大肠杆菌有不同程度的抑制作用.试验还表明中药制剂的配方工艺不同,其抑菌的效果亦有不同.     

从微血管内皮细胞角度研究用中药防治鸡大肠杆菌病

主要通过从鸡大肠杆菌病的研究现状、与微血管内皮细胞之间的关系、中药对鸡大肠杆菌病的防治等方面阐述中药在治疗鸡大肠杆菌病过程中所具有的独特优势。     

中兽医药防治鸡大肠杆菌病应用

鸡大肠杆菌病是由埃希氏大肠杆菌引起,以心包炎、肝周炎、气囊炎、腹膜炎、输卵管炎、滑膜炎等主要病变。目前鸡大肠杆菌病的流行日趋复杂化,防控难度加大,发病率和死亡率均较高,给养鸡业带来严重经济损失。抗生素在一定程度上能够起到较好的治疗效果,但是由于长时间不规范的应用,致使大肠杆菌的耐药菌株不断出现,疗效越来越不明显。中兽药由于无抗药性,在防治鸡大肠杆菌病中已取得显著效果。     

Genetic diversity in fluoroquinolone and macrolide-resistant Campylobacter coli from pigs

The genetic diversity of 115 Campylobacter coli strains, isolated from pigs of 59 geographical distant farms in Switzerland, were characterized on the basis of their DNA fingerprints and resistance to macrolides and fluoroquinolones. Sequence analysis showed that the macrolide-resistant isolates had a point mutation in the 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes (A2075G) and that the fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates had a point mutation in the gyrase gene gyrA (C257T). One fluoroquinolone-resistant strain had an additional transition mutation in the gyrB gene (A1471C). The flaA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) genotyping revealed that 57% of the isolates were genetically different. Point mutations in the 23S rRNA and gyrA genes could be found in both genetically distant and genetically related isolates. Additionally, isolates with and without point mutations were found within individual farms and on different farms. This study showed that the ciprofloxacin and erythromycin-resistant C. coli population present on the pig farms is not issued from a common ancestral clone, but individual Campylobacter strains have most likely mutated independently to acquire resistances under the selective pressure of an antibiotic.     

银染mRNA差异显示法克隆柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eimeria tenella)抗药性相关基因

以柔嫩艾美耳球虫（Eimeria tenella）敏感株、地克珠利抗药株和马杜拉霉素抗药株孢子化卵囊为材料，用银染mRNA差异显示方法筛选和克隆与球虫抗药性相关的基因。首先提取这3个虫株孢子化卵囊的总RNA为模板．用Oligo（dT）12GG为锚定引物和2个10碱基随机引物组合进行RTPCR，产物经变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳后银染。分别切取5务差异条带，进行2次PCR扩增，产物回收后与PGEM—T—easy Vector连接转化。经PCR鉴定正确后，再进行斑点杂交试验、序列分析和同源性比较。结果发现，地克珠利抗药株和马杜拉霉素抗药株分离的差异片段中都有2个cDNA片段（可能为新的基因片段），这为克隆全长cDNA和探索球虫抗药性产生的分子机理奠定了一定的基础。     

A nucleotide mutation associated with fluoroquinolone resistance observed in gyrA of in vitro obtained Rhodococcus equi mutants

In this study, the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) in gyrA and gyrB of in vitro fluoroquinolone-resistant Rhodococcus equi mutants was sequenced. These mutants were selected from four R. equi strains on blood agar plates containing ciprofloxacin or enrofloxacin. Each mutant became 8- to 64 or greater-fold resistant to fluoroquinolones compared with their parent strains. From the results of sequence analysis of QRDR in gyrA and gyrB, a nucleotide mutation of codon GAC for GGC in gyrA was detected in all mutants, but no mutation was observed in gyrB. This mutation leads to amino acid substitution of Asp for Gly in putative GyrA in R. equi. The position of this substitution corresponds to position 87 of GyrA in Escherichia coli. Our results suggest that the mutation of QRDR in gyrA, which was observed in in vitro fluoroquinolone-resistant R. equi mutants in this study, is closely associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.     

Molecular characterisation of quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli from animals in Turkey

The aim of this study were to detect the gyrA, parC and marR mutations and qnr genes (qnrA, qnrB and qnrS) in 120 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from animals. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests, respectively, were used to determine fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance, and molecular methods were used to detect the mutations and the genes. E coli isolates with an MIC of ≥8 mg/l had mutation at Ser-80 in parC in addition to mutations at Ser-83, Asp-87 or both in gyrA. The nucleotide change was detected in marR (Ser-3?→?Asn, Ala-53?→?Glu, Gly-103?→?Ser, Tyr-137?→?His). Only four E coli isolates (3.3 per cent) contained qnrA and qnrS, and qnrB was not detected. Two E coli isolates from healthy calves also contained qnrA and qnrS. The MICs of enrofloxacin and danofloxacin for qnr-containing E coli isolates ranged from 32 mg/l to 256 mg/l. The results of this study indicated that the FQ-resistant E coli isolates presented an alteration in gyrA (Ser-83?→?Leu, Asp-87?→?Asn) and parC (Ser-80?→?Ile) with high MICs (8-256 mg/l), and there was a low prevalence of qnr genes among E coli isolated from animals.     

沙门氏菌耐药株gyrA基因和parC基因突变特征分析

提取沙门氏菌染色体DNA，设计引物扩增gyrA基因和parC基因片段，克隆测序寻找耐药菌株的突变位点，通过系统的比较，分析氟喹诺酮类药物（以环丙沙星为代表）对各沙门氏菌MIC和耐药突变位点之间的关系。通过对耐药突变位点的研究，可以为下一步研究耐药性监测的快速方法提供理论基础。     

鸭源致病性大肠杆菌耐氟苯尼考floR基因的克隆与序列分析

为调查鸭源致病性大肠杆菌氟苯尼考耐药基因floR的存在情况,利用PCR对20株临床分离的耐氟苯尼考的致病性大肠杆菌进行floR分子检测,分子检测结果显示,全部菌株floR基因阳性;对其中2株大肠杆菌的氟苯尼考耐药基因floR进行了克隆和测序,结果表明,鸭源大肠杆菌floR基因片段的克隆测序结果与预期所得片段结果相符,长度为753 bp,2株鸭源大肠杆菌floR基因的同源性为99.6%,与牛源、鸡源等floR基因的同源性为84.8%~99.9%。系统发育分析发现,2株鸭源大肠杆菌floR基因不在同一支上,亲缘关系较远,表明floR基因的亲缘关系与该基因的来源动物无关。     

鸭大肠杆菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶的检测及药物敏感性分析

分析鸭大肠杆菌的耐药性与超广谱β-内酰胺酶的关系,为临床相关感染的治疗提供理论依据。采用CLSI推荐的初步筛选试验和表型确证试验方法,检测了临床分离的12株鸭大肠杆菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶的情况,用微量稀释法测定了环丙沙星等9种抗菌药对其的抗菌活性。临床分离的12株鸭大肠杆菌中,有4株产超广谱β-内酰胺酶,检出率为33%。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶的菌株对多种药物耐药,对氟喹诺酮类药物之间产生交叉耐药,对氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类、头孢菌素类产生多重耐药性,产酶菌的耐药性明显大于非产酶菌。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶是鸭大肠杆菌对抗菌药物产生耐药性的主要机制之一。     

山东地区乳房炎牛奶中大肠杆菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

试验旨在了解山东地区乳房炎牛奶中大肠杆菌的污染状况及耐药情况。选择山东省3个地区的规模化奶牛场共采集227份牛奶样品,采用细菌学方法对大肠杆菌进行分离鉴定,用微量肉汤稀释法检测分离菌对11种常规抗菌药物的敏感性,采用PCR方法对常见的13种耐药基因、8种毒力基因和Ⅰ类整合子基因盒结构进行分析。结果显示,从227份牛奶样品中共分离出71株大肠杆菌;大肠杆菌对1种及1种以上抗菌药耐药的菌株达到77.5%,多重耐药率为15.5%,其中对多黏菌素耐药率为52.2%,对阿莫西林-克拉维酸耐药率为39.4%,而所有菌株均对新霉素表现为敏感。PCR检测耐药基因、毒力基因和Ⅰ类整合子结果显示,β-内酰胺类耐药基因中blaTEM基因携带率为100%,其中全部为blaTEM-1基因,blaCTX-M基因携带率为32.4%,其中主要为blaCTX-M-15基因,没有检测到blaSHV、blaOXA基因;多黏菌素的耐药基因mcr-1携带率为29.6%;喹诺酮类耐药基因中aac(6’)-Ⅰb-cr基因携带率为29.6%,qnrB基因携带率为20.8%,没有检测到qnrA和qnrC耐药基因;对8种毒力基因检测分析结果显示,仅Hly毒力基因没有被检出,Ecs3703、Irp2基因的检出率较高,分别为90.1%和63.4%,71株大肠杆菌中共有11株携带Ⅰ类整合子,检出率为15.5%,11株大肠杆菌携带6种耐药基因盒结构,最主要的耐药基因盒排列为dfr17-aadA5。本研究结果表明,山东地区乳房炎牛奶中大肠杆菌的耐药现象严重,携带毒力基因Ecs3703、Irp2的大肠杆菌可能是引起奶牛乳房炎的致病菌,Ⅰ类整合子的检测在细菌耐药性与基因携带率方面发挥着关键作用,可为临床预防和治疗奶牛乳房炎大肠杆菌病提供理论依据。     

Rapid detection of virulence-associated genes in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli by multiplex polymerase chain reaction

Based on recently published prevalence data of virulence-associated factors in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) and their roles in the pathogenesis of colibacillosis, we developed a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a molecular tool supplementing current diagnostic schemes that mainly rely on serological examination of strains isolated from diseased birds. Multiple isolates of E. coli from clinical cases of colibacillosis known to possess different combinations of eight genes were used as sources of template DNA to develop the multiplex PCR protocol, targeting genes for P-fimbriae (papC), aerobactin (iucD), iron-repressible protein (irp2), temperature-sensitive hemagglutinin (tsh), vacuolating autotransporter toxin (vat), enteroaggregative toxin (astA), increased serum survival protein (iss), and colicin V plasmid operon genes (cva/cvi). In order to verify the usefulness of this diagnostic tool, E. coli strains isolated from fecal samples of clinically healthy chickens were also included in this study, as were uropathogenic (UPEC), necrotoxigenic, and diarrhegenic E. coli strains. The application of the multiplex PCR protocol to 14 E. coli strains isolated from septicemic poultry showed that these strains harbored four to eight of the genes mentioned above. In contrast, those isolates that have been shown to be nonpathogenic for 5-wk-old chickens possessed either none or, at most, three of these genes. We found only one enterohemorrhagic (EHEC), one enteropathogenic (EPEC), and two enterotoxic (ETEC) E. coli strains positive for irp2, and another two ETEC strains positive for astA. As expected, UPEC isolates yielded different combinations of the genes iss, papC, iucD, irp2, and a sequence similar to vat. However, neither the colicin V operon genes cva/cvi nor tsh were amplified in UPEC isolates. The multiplex PCR results were compared with those obtained by DNA-DNA-hybridization analyses to validate the specificity of oligonucleotide primers, and the protocol was concluded to be a useful, sensitive, and rapid assay system to detect avian pathogenic E. coli and differentiate them from nonpathogenic strains and those belonging to other pathotypes.     

鸡源性沙门氏菌DNA旋转酶与耐氟喹诺酮类药物关系研究

取临床分离的、对5种氟喹诺酮类药物（环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、恩诺沙星、单诺沙星和沙拉沙星）均耐药的9株鸡源性沙门氏菌耐药株,提取其染色体DNA。设计引物gyrAF和gyrAR、gyrBF和gyrBR,分别扩增菌株DNA旋转酶gyrA基因和gyrB基因的氟喹诺酮类耐药决定区（QRDR）,对PCR扩增产物进行测序及序列分析。与质控菌株相比,9株临床分离耐药株中只有菌株38和60的gyrA基因发生单碱基突变,菌株38的gyrA基因第371位碱基发生C→T突变,菌株60的gyrA基因第350位碱基发生A→C突变,两处突变均位于QRDR内,其余菌株的核苷酸未发生任何突变。菌株38的碱基突变导致gyrA基因第99位氨基酸发生R→C取代,即Arg→Cys;菌株60的碱基突变导致gyrA基因第92位氨基酸发生M→L取代,即Met→Leu。9株临床分离鸡源性沙门氏菌氟喹诺酮类耐药株gyrB基因QRDR的核苷酸序列与质控菌株完全相同;只有菌株42的gyrB基因第1592位碱基发生C→A突变,但其位于gyrB基因QRDR之外,且菌株42的gyrB基因的碱基突变并没有导致相应氨基酸的改变。上述结果提示,DNA旋转酶gyrA基因和gyrB基因QRDR突变可能并非沙门氏菌耐药性产生的主要原因。