甜荞产量与农艺性状和生理生化性状的灰色关联度分析

以12个甜荞品种为试验材料,采用灰色关联度分析法,对甜荞的7个农艺性状和6个生理生化性状与产量的关联度进行评价分析,探讨甜荞主要农艺性状和生理生化性状指标对产量影响的主次关系。结果表明,农艺性状与产量的关联度由大到小依次为结实率（0.8666）、单株粒数（0.8221）、株高（0.7720）、茎粗（0.7140）、千粒重（0.7004）、开花总数（0.6975）、干重（0.6243）;生理生化性状与产量的关联度由大到小依次为：叶绿素含量（0.7171）、丙二醛（MDA）含量（0.7035）、脯氨酸（Pro）含量（0.6372）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性（0.6369）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性（0.6191）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性（0.6028）。研究结果表明：选择结实率高、单株粒数多、叶绿素含量和MDA含量高的品种是甜荞生产中获得高产的重要途径。     

金定鸭体型性状的主成分分析研究

为了对金定鸭体型性状的选育提供方向和重点。通过测定金定鸭的10个体型性状,计算各性状的平均数与变异性指标和性状间的相关系数。结果表明：种公鸭的10个体型性状可简化为3个主成分（占信息总量的85.441%）,可从这3个主成分中选取体重、胸深、骨盆宽、胫围和颈长为代表性的性状指标。蛋母鸭的10个体型性状可简化为4个主成分（占信息总量的85.244%）,可从这4个主成分中选取体重、骨盆宽、胸宽、胸深、胫长和颈长为代表性的性状指标。对金定鸭体型性状进行主成分分析,有利于明确金定鸭的体型特征,所研究的结果为金定鸭的选育研究提供参考依据。     

小麦主要品质性状的遗传模型研究

以６个小麦品种及其双列杂交组合为材料，研究了小麦子粒蛋白质含量和主要品质性状的遗传模型，估算了各性状的遗传参数。结果表明：（１）子粒蛋白质含量、容重、干面筋含量、湿面筋含量、降落值及沉淀值等性状符合加性－显性模型。（２）降落值的高值与隐性基因有关，低值与显性基因有关；子粒蛋白质含量、容重、湿面筋含量、干面筋含量及沉淀值等性状的高值与显性基因有关，低值与隐性基因有关。（３）除沉淀值的遗传表现为超显性外，其余各性状的遗传均以基因的加性效应为主，且平均显性度（Ｈ１／Ｄ）均小于１，表现为部分显性。（４）除沉淀值外，各性状的狭义遗传力表现较高，说明可在早代进行选择     

南阳盆地适宜机械化收获绿豆品种（系）农艺性状分析

绿豆机械化生产是未来绿豆生产可持续发展的方向。在南阳盆地种植28个绿豆品种（系）,分析其农艺性状与第1批荚果产量的关系,为适宜机械化的绿豆育种提供参考。结果表明,第1批荚果产量与其主要性状的关联顺序为单株荚数>单荚粒数>主茎节数>株高>生育期>荚长>百粒重>主茎分枝数,其中与单株荚数呈极显著的正相关性（P<0.01）,与单荚粒数、主茎节数、株高、生育期和荚长呈极显著的负相关性;通过表型聚类发现,绿豆品种（系）遗传基础狭窄,在改良适宜机械化生产性状的同时,应拓宽品种（系）的遗传背景。     

覆盖野生稻基因组的染色体片段替换系的构建及其米质相关数量性状基因座位的鉴定

染色体片段替换系（CSSL）是基因组水平快速初步定位数量性状基因位点（QTL）的良好材料，而水稻的品质性状是多基因控制的数量性状，因此可用替换系鉴定控制水稻品质性状的QTL。郝伟等利用分子标记辅助选择技术（MAS）构建了由133个株系组成的以“特青”（籼稻品种）为轮回亲本，以海南的一种普通野生稻（外观品质较好）为供体亲本，覆盖绝大部分野生稻基因组的染色体片段替换系。利用这套替换系，初步定位了控制稻米外观和理化品质性状的15个QTL，为今后水稻品质性状QTL的克隆以及稻米品质相关性状的改良提供了依据。     

小麦角质率和主要品质性状的相关性

小麦角质率和主要品质性状的相关性林成锵，钱家崇（黑龙江省农垦科学院红兴隆科研所友谊县１５５８１１）（黑龙江省农场总局种子管理处）１９９２年在全农场总局范围内按不同生态区域采集生产品种２００份，每份２～３ｋｇ。然后按同区域同品种合并整理。选用克丰３、４...     

中国野生大豆(G.soja)籽粒性状的遗传多样性及其地理分布

本文分析了中国野生大豆资源５２７９份百粒重、种皮色、泥膜、脐色等籽粒性状的多样性及其地理分布。发现：（１）８１．１％材料的百粒重≤２．５ｇ。（２）百粒重的大小与种皮色、泥膜、脐色有密切联系。（３）籽粒性状的变异中心主要分布在黄河流域和东北地区的东南部。根据中国野生大豆籽粒性状的综合表现，讨论了：（１）根据百粒重，野生大豆分型如下：百粒重≤２．５ｇ为“野生型”。２．５１－５ｇ为“半野生Ｉ型”，〉５ｇ     

黄淮南片新育成小麦品种（系）主要性状的综合性分析

以2017-2018和2018-2019年度国家黄淮南片区试冬水组的39份冬小麦品种（系）为材料,通过多样性指数、聚类分析、相关性分析和主成分分析等对参试小麦的10个主要性状进行综合评价。结果表明,10个主要性状的多样性指数（H′）为1.56~2.01,平均为1.88,其中面粉吸水率H′最大,面团稳定时间H′最小。面团稳定时间的变异系数最大（71.93%）。主成分分析将10个性状归为4个主成分,可解释73.76%的性状信息。在欧式距离6.5处可将39份小麦品种（系）分为5大类群,每个类群各有侧重,优质小麦呈现聚类特征;小麦的性状综合评价值（D）越高,其综合性状越优秀,总体呈现出强筋小麦>中强筋小麦>中筋小麦的特点。黄淮区试小麦品种（系）具有较高的遗传多样性。综合性状较好的新麦45、山农116和轮选2000等品种（系）可作为小麦育种的首选杂交亲本。     

陆地棉品种间杂种F_2代优势研究及经济农艺性状的通径分析

用７个Ｆ１代具高竞争优势的陆地棉品种间杂种Ｆ＿２代和高产、优质、多抗的品种鄂棉１５（对照）为材料，研究了Ｆ＿２代及皮棉产量等经济性状的竞争优势，又对它们与株高等在艺性状进行了通径分析。结果表明：正确选配亲本，能将高产、优质、早熟综合于一体，多代利用陆地棉品种间杂种。３８４×３６１Ｆ＿２，鄂荆１号（３２４７）×３６１Ｆ２显著优于对照，分别增产１５．４９％、１２．１６％，且纤维长度、早熟性与对照相近，在生产上有很大的利用价值。决定Ｆ＿２代皮棉产量主要是单株铃数、衣分以及它们之间的互作。同一农艺性状对不同经济性状影响程度很不相同，每个经济性状一般都受１～３个主要农艺性状和它们之间，或它们与其他农艺性状互作所制约。在湖北生态条件下，高产、优质、早熟的陆地棉品种间杂种Ｆ＿２代应具备棉抹较高，果位适中而果高偏低，纵横比较大，果枝夹角较小及主茎节距较大等农艺性状     

宁夏春小麦农艺性状与主要品质性状间相关分析

研究了宁夏50年代至今的主栽及新育成品种（系）的农艺性状，主要品质性状表现及其两者的相关性。表明主要农艺性状呈递增或递减规律性变化，品质性状无规律变化。籽粒产量与蛋白质呈显著负相关，与沉降值也呈负相关，但相关系数仅为负0.2012。品质育种的方向应稳定蛋白质含量，主攻沉降值等加工品质。     

水稻品种倒伏指数QTL分析

利用由98个株系组成的Nipponbare（粳）/ Kasalath（籼）∥Nipponbare 回交重组自交系群体,对水稻倒伏指数与株高、茎粗及单株生物量等性状进行了相关分析,并对水稻倒伏相关性状QTL进行了分子标记定位和遗传效应分析。结果表明,株高、茎粗、单株生物量3性状与倒伏指数的相关系数均达1%显著水平。利用基于性状-标记多元线性     

利用极端材料定位水稻粒形性状数量基因位点

利用极端大粒材料GSL156(千粒重71.9 g)与特小粒材料川七(千粒重12.1 g,轮回亲本)杂交、回交获得的BC₂F₂ 216个个体为作图群体,在北京进行稻谷粒长、粒宽、粒厚、长宽比、千粒重等粒形性状的鉴定。采用单标记分析和复合区间作图法,利用SSR标记对粒形性状进行数量性状基因座检测。结果表明,上述粒形性状在BC₂F₂群体均呈正态连续分布,表现为由多基因控制的数量性状;共检测到与粒形性状相关的QTL 28个,分布于第1、2、3、4、5、6和12染色体上。其中qGL3-2、qGL3-3、qGT12-1、qGT2-1、qGT5-1、qGW1-1、qGW12-1、qGW2-1、qGW5-1、qRLW3-1、qTGW12-1、qTGW2-1、qTGW3-3和qTGW5-1对表型变异的贡献率分别为13.70%、52.51%、21.13%、18.79%、20.92%、14.59%、18.33%、30.03%、20.05%、24.53%、13.47%、11.43%、21.30%和15.68%,为主效QTL。其中,第3染色体上检测出来的QTL最多。在所有检测到的28个QTL中,6个QTL的增效等位基因来源于小粒亲本川七,而其余QTL的增效等位基因均来源于大粒亲本GSL156,基因作用方式主要表现为加性或部分显性。第3染色体RM7580~RM8208区间是分别与粒宽、长宽比和千粒重相关的3个主效QTL的共同标记区间,第2染色体的RM7636~RM5812区间、第5染色体的RM3351~RM26区间和第12号染色体的RM1103~RM17区间是分别与粒宽、粒厚和千粒重相关的3个主效QTL的共同标记区间,这些区间对粒形贡献率较大,为进一步精细定位或克隆这些新的粒重或粒形QTL奠定了基础。同时大粒亲本对稻谷粒长、粒宽、粒厚和千粒重等性状的增效作用显著。     

Quantitative trait loci for agronomic traits in soybean

There continues to be improvement in seed yields of soybean by conventional breeding, but molecular techniques may provide faster genetic gains. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with the agronomic traits seed yield, lodging, plant height, seed filling period and plant maturity in soybean. To achieve this objective, 101 F₆‐derived recombinant inbred lines (RIL) from a population developed from a cross of N87‐984‐16 × TN93‐99 were used. Experiments were conducted in six environments during 2002–2003. Heritability estimates on an entry mean basis from data combined across environments ranged from 0.12 to 0.65 for seed yield and seed filling period, respectively. Composite interval mapping detected one QTL for yield (near Satt076), two for lodging (near Satt225 and Satt593) and four for maturity (near Satt263, Satt292, Satt293 and Satt591) in this population. Additional environmentally sensitive QTL for these traits, and for seed filling period and plant height are also reported. The QTL associated with agronomic traits that we report and the recently released germplasm (PI 636460) from this population may be useful in soybean breeding programmes.     

烤烟6个农艺性状的QTL定位

由于烟草的分子标记开发和遗传图谱构建十分困难,迄今烟草中有关数量性状基因座(QTL)的定位研究仍非常有限。本研究利用一个由207个株系组成的烤烟DH群体及基于该群体所构建的含有24个连锁群、611个SSR标记,总长为1 882.1 cM的遗传图谱,采用复合区间作图方法,对株高(PH)、茎围(SG)、节距(IL)、叶片数(LN)、最大腰叶长(LWL)和最大腰叶宽(WWL) 6个与叶片产量有关的农艺性状进行QTL定位分析。共检测到69个QTL,大部分QTL的效应值较小,仅有4个具有较大的效应值,可解释大约15%~20%的表型变异。6个性状之间大多彼此相关。与此相符,在基因组中发现存在许多小区域,每个区域包含两个或两个以上紧密连锁的不同性状的QTL。     

Use of component analysis in QTL mapping of complex crop traits: a case study on yield in barley

Genes contributing to the quantitative variation of a complex crop trait can be numerous. However, using existing approaches, the number of quantitative trait loci (QTL) detected for a trait is limited. Therefore, rather than looking for QTL for a complex trait itself, determining QTL for underlying component traits might give more information. In this study the potential of component analysis in QTL mapping of complex traits was examined using grain yield in spring barley as an example. Grain yield was divided into three components: number of spikes/m², number of kernels/spike, and 1000‐kernel weight. These traits were measured for individuals of a recombinant inbred‐line population in field trials conducted over 2 years. By the use of an approximate multiple QTL model, one to eight QTL were detected for each trait in a year. Some QTL were mapped to similar positions in both years. Almost all QTL for yield were found at the position of or in close proximity to QTL for its component traits. A number of QTL for component traits were not detected when yield itself was subjected to QTL analysis. However, relative to the QTL for yield itself, all component‐trait QTL did not explain the variation in yield better. The results in relation to the potential of using component analysis in studying complex crop traits are discussed.     

甘蓝型油菜产量及相关性状的QTL分析

高产是甘蓝型油菜育种的重要目标之一，产量是多基因控制的数量性状。本文通过QTL作图分析了产量及其相关性状的数量性状位点，以甘蓝型油菜中油821和保604 F₁代小孢子培养获得的DH系为作图群体，构建了由20个连锁群组成的，包括251个分子标记( 2个RFLP标记，72个RAPD标记，91个SSR标记，86个SRAP标记)的遗传连锁图(10个标记没有分配到连锁群中)。图谱的平均图距为6.96 cM，共覆盖油菜基因组1 746.5 cM。在此图谱基础上采取复合区间作图法，检测到与油菜产量及其相关性状有关的QTL共17个。其中控制株高的3个分别位于第4、第9和第10连锁群上，对性状的解释率为9.42%～17.58%；与分枝部位有关的4个分别位于第4、第6和第7连锁群上，其中Bp1 和Bp2 均位于第4连锁群，对性状的解释率为8.13%～15.20%；与主花序有效长有关的3个分别位于第4、第10和第16连锁群上，对性状的解释率为7.49%～23.36%；与一次有效分枝有关的2个分别位于第1、第4连锁群上，对性状的解释率为15.29%～19.58%；与角果总数和千粒重有关的分别位于第4连锁群和第9连锁群上，贡献率分别为17.42%和7.64%；与单株产量有关的3个分别位于第3、第4和第15连锁群，共解释26.60%的表型变异。部分性状的QTL在连锁群上成簇分布,对性状贡献率很大，表现主效QTLs的特点，相应的性状之间也呈显著相关，这表明一因多效或者相关的QTLs之间紧密连锁是性状相关的遗传基础。本研究中与主效QTLs连锁的标记可用于油菜产量性状的分子标记辅助选择。     

Quantitative trait loci for early maturity and their potential in breeding for earliness in Brassica juncea

A doubled haploid population of Brassica juncea, developed from a cross between two parental lines differing for days to maturity, was used to study the efficiency of indirect selection for a primary trait through selection of secondary trait(s) over direct selection for the primary trait when quantitative trait loci information is available for both primary and secondary traits, and applied. Days to maturity was considered as primary trait, while days to first flowering, days to end of flowering, flowering period and plant height were considered as secondary traits. An RFLP linkage map was employed for QTL analysis of maturity and maturity-determinant traits, and a stable QTL B6 simultaneously affecting these two types of traits was identified. This linked QTL explained 11.7% phenotypic variation for days to maturity, 20.7% variation for days to first flowering, 24.3% variation for days to end of flowering and 14.4% variation for plant height. Phenotypic evaluation of maturity and/or maturity-determinant traits, viz. days to first flowering, days to end of flowering and plant height revealed that limited genetic advance for early maturity can be achieved through phenotypic selection of the primary and/or the secondary trait(s). However, the estimates of genetic advance for early maturity based on combined phenotypic evaluation and linked QTL data was found to be, at least, three times higher compared to genetic advance based on phenotypic evaluation only, demonstrating the potential of marker-assisted selection in breeding for early maturity in B. juncea.     

Associations between 23 Quantitative Traits and 10 Genetic Markers in a Barley Cross

Associations of 23 quantitative traits and 10 genetic marker characters were examined in 63 chromosome-doubled lines (DH-lines) derived from the F₁- generation of a cross between an old and a modern spring barley variety. One fourth of the marker × trait combinations showed significant associations. More than two thirds of these associations were to earliness (heading date). Earliness was found to be controlled by two loci: the previously known eak locus and a new locus designated Ea. It is concluded that the associations of quantitative traits with the earliness loci were caused by pleiotropy. Associations were found between two absolutely linked C-bands on chromosome 3 and QTLs (quantitative trait loci) for lodging, straw diameter, and length of top internode of the straw. The three loci on chromosome 5, eak and the two linked powdery mildew loci, Mla9 and Mlk, were associated with a possible QTL for magnesium concentration in grain. Association to the C-band on chromosome 6 suggests QTLs for TGW (thousand grain weight), straw diameter and magnesium concentration in grain. Locus Estl on chromosome 3 was not associated with any of the quantitative traits.     

Quantitative trait loci for phytate in rice grain and their relationship with grain micronutrient content

Phytate (inositol-hexa-phosphate) has an important role in plants but it also may have anti-nutritional properties in animals and humans. While there is debate within the plant breeding and nutrition communities regarding an optimum level in grain, there appears to be little information at the molecular level for the genetics of this trait, and its association with important trace elements, in particular, Fe and Zn. In this preliminary study, quantitative trait loci (QTL) for grain phytates, Zn and Fe in glasshouse-grown rice lines from an IR64 × Azucena doubled haploid population were identified. Correlations between phytate and essential nutrients were also studied. Transgressive segregation was found for most traits. Phytate and total P concentrations had one QTL in common located on chromosome five with the (high concentration) allele contributed from Azucena. There were significant positive correlations between phytate and inorganic phosphorus (P), total P, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn concentrations for both grain concentration and content. However, the QTLs of phytate were not located on the same chromosomal regions as those found for Fe, Zn and Mn, suggesting that they were genetically different and thus using molecular markers in breeding and selection would modify the phytate level without affecting grain micronutrient density.     

大豆数量性状定位的研究进展

大豆的许多重要农艺性状和经济性状是受多基因控制的数量性状。针对大豆产量性状、种子品质性状和重要病害的抗性等，综述了近年来大豆数量性状基因座位(quantitative trait locus, QTL)定位研究的进展,并讨论了目前大豆QTL定位研究存在的问题及解决途径。