阿拉善荒漠区5种植物叶片性状的季节动态

植物叶片性状研究是植物生态学的热点研究领域之一。以阿拉善地区荒漠植物霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylum)、沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)、驼绒藜(Ceratoides latens)、白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)和无芒隐子草(Cleistogenes songorica)为研究对象,采集不同物候期的叶片,分析叶片性状的季节变化特征。结果表明:(1)5种荒漠植物叶片性状在生长季内变化规律不同,即使同种生活型灌木叶片性状也有很大差别。(2)叶片单叶面积和单叶重量在单个植物物种以及整体水平上均表现出显著的幂函数方程曲线。(3)植物叶片元素(C、N、P、K、Ca、Na、Mg)含量在生长季内波动较大,而4种微量元素(Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu)含量在生长季内随月份变化不大,其中,5种植物叶片Zn和Cu含量均维持在"低"水平,对整体植物叶片元素含量变异系数的排序为:NaKPMgZnCaFeCuNMnC。(4)对植物叶片性状之间的相互关系分析显示,在单个物种水平上,5种植物叶片性状之间的相关性差别较大;在整体水平上,植物叶片单叶重量、单叶面积和比叶重与元素C和Cu表现出协同关系,与其余元素均表现出相反的关系。     

甜樱桃重茬土壤有效养分及酶活性的变化

为了探讨甜樱桃重茬土壤中有效养分以及酶活性的变化,在樱桃苗圃地分别从尚未栽种过甜樱桃苗、正茬、重茬区域采集土壤样品,测定土壤有效养分含量(NO3--N、NH4+-N、速效K、有效P及有效B等)和4种土壤酶(脲酶、过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶以及蔗糖酶)的活性。结果表明:与樱桃正茬土壤相比,甜樱桃重茬土壤NO3--N、速效K、有效P、有效B、有效Zn、有效Fe、有效Cu、可交换性Mg含量、脲酶以及碱性磷酸酶活性含量显著降低;与正茬土壤相比重茬土壤中随着土层深度的增加,矿质元素含量(除有效Mn、Fe以及可交换性Ca含量外)和4种土壤酶活性显著降低,但可交换性Ca含量上升;樱桃重茬土壤有效养分比例失调,其中Ca/P、Ca/K及Ca/Zn严重失调,其中0~20 cm土层失调比例高达104.93%、140.45%和184.59%,20~40 cm土层失调比例分别为110.03%、178.42%以及144.47%,Zn/Mn和Zn/Mg失调较严重,失调比例高达50%以上。其中相关性分析表明:茬数与有效Mn含量呈线性极显著正相关;脲酶和碱性磷酸酶与速效K、有效P、有效B、有效Zn及有效Cu呈极显著正相关;蔗糖酶与速效K、有效P和有效Cu呈极显著正相关;脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶与交换性Ca含量呈极显著负相关。总之,重茬土壤的有效养分含量以及土壤酶活性显著降低,养分比例失调。     

干热河谷罗望子人工林凋落物分解及养分释放

通过长期野外监测和分析,研究了金沙江干热河谷罗望子人工林凋落物分解和养分释放动态,结果表明:经过420d分解期,林地A和林地B的凋落物残留率为42.57%和29.22%,半衰期为0.87a和0.75a,周转期为4.81a和3.61a;养分迁移方式,K元素是淋溶-富集-释放;N、Ca、Mg、Cu元素是富集-释放,Fe元素是富集,P元素在林地A和林地B中迁移方式略有差异;养分释放特征,P、Ca、Mg元素表现为净释放,七种元素释放率大小,林地A和林地B均为:Ca﹥K﹥P﹥Mg﹥N﹥Cu﹥Fe;P、K、Ca、Mg元素易分解和循环,返回林地时间较短,易被林木吸收。罗望子林凋落物的分解总体特征符合亚热带气候的地带性特点,受气温和降雨量影响较小。     

肉苁蓉寄生对寄主梭梭体内主要矿质元素含量的影响

对寄生有肉苁蓉的梭梭(HA)与未寄生肉苁蓉的梭梭(CK)不同生长发育时期体内氮、磷、钾、钠、钙、镁、锰、铁等8种矿质营养元素含量的动态变化进行研究。实验结果表明:HA与CK体内的氮、磷、钾、钙、钠以及微量元素铁、锰的含量变化均无显著差异性,只有镁元素二者间差异显著;对于寄生植物肉苁蓉,其体内大量元素氮显著高于HA和CK,磷显著高于HA,而与CK差异不显著,钾、钠、钙、镁、锰、铁6种元素含量均显著性低于HA和CK,同时研究了肉苁蓉寄生后对梭梭体内矿质营养元素的吸收系数的影响,按吸收系数大小排列为N>P>Na>Mg>Ca>K>Mn>Fe。造成以上结果的原因可能与肉苁蓉属于全寄生性植物有关。     

干旱草原牛心朴子全花蛋白质和微量元素分析

对我国北方干旱草原牛心朴子(Cynanchum komarovii)全花的蛋白质、粗脂肪、总糖及钾、钙、镁、磷等9种微量元素进行了测定,并对不同花期微量元素及蛋白质的含量进行了比较研究。实验结果:牛心朴子花含有多种微量元素,并具有高蛋白、低脂肪、低糖的特点。其中,钾、钙、镁、磷元素的含量平均值2 000~10 850 mg/kg,钠、铜、锌、铁和锰元素的含量平均在14~450 mg/kg;初花期的蛋白质含量明显高于其盛花期和末花期。牛心朴子全花营养成分含量丰富,具有一定的开发利用价值。     

宁夏不同地域枸杞子微量元素比较研究

通过采用湿法消化及原子吸收分光光度计测定宁夏不同地域枸杞子中K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn八种微量元素,结果表明:同心、中宁、惠农、银川郊区土壤枸杞子中的微量元素都无显著性差异,从微量元素角度考虑,宁夏几个主要产区间枸杞子质量无显著差异,但从微量元素的协同效应考虑,宁夏四个产区中,中宁枸杞子中的Fe/Mn比值比其他产地都高,并有显著差异性,而上述产地的Zn/Cu无显著差异性。因此,中宁枸杞子中适当的Fe/Mn微量元素比值是导致中宁枸杞品质优良的一个主要原因。     

诊断施肥综合法（DRIS）在渭北旱塬红富士 苹果营养诊断中的应用

本研究通过提前叶片采样时期,运用诊断施肥综合法(DRIS)对不同产量水平红富士苹果进行了叶片矿质营养诊断,以期为早期红富士苹果营养诊断与科学施肥提供依据.测定诊断结果表明,渭北旱塬红富士苹果叶片N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn的适宜值分别为26.04±3.50 g·kg-1、2.84+0.74 g·kg-1、15.05±4.08 g·kg-1、14.25±3.04 g·kg-1、3.15±0.73 g·kg-1、12.69±3.14 mg· kg-1、262.87±82.05 mg·kg-1、96.33±33.35 mg·kg-1、23.57±10.13 mg·kg-1.选择的DRIS诊断参数中,除N/Zn、Cu/P、P/Zn、Ca/Zn、Mg/Zn和Cu/Zn外,30种表示形式的变异系数均表现出低产组(＜ 25 kg·tree-1)大于高产组(＜25 kg·tree-1);高产组和低产组的养分不平衡指数(NII)分别为73和88.相对于高产组,低产组元素间关系更不平衡.总体而言,渭北旱塬区红富士苹果园除产量高于41.3kg· tree-需肥顺序排在第一位的元素为Cu外,其它均为P;需肥顺序排在第二位的元素高产为K,低产果园仅当产量低于10.2 kg·tree-1时为K,其余为Zn;而排在第三位的,高产均为Ca,低产均为Mg.     

割草对典型草原植物营养元素贮量及分配的影响 Ⅳ.土壤—植物营养元素含量的比较

内蒙古典型草原割草地的土壤、羊草的根、植物的留茬部分和割取部分 ,其 9种营养元素含量的月变化各有特点。在割草区和对照区 ,土壤中的含量变化较小 ;羊草根部各营养元素有不同的变化趋势 ;留茬部分和割取部分的变化形式更多 ,而且留茬部分的含量多数低于割取部分。9种营养元素含量的年平均值在土壤和羊草的不同部位亦有很大差异。在割草区 ,土壤以Mg的含量最高 ,为 3 .41 63± 0 .6772 % ,以 Cu最低 ,为 2 0 .2 6± 8.43 10 - 6 ,其余的依次为 K、Ca、Fe、N、P、Mn和 Zn。羊草根部以 N的含量最高 ,为 0 .75 70± 0 .1 40 0 % ,以 Zn最低 ,为 1 6.1 7±4.4610 - 6 ,其余的依次为 Ca、K、P、Fe、Mg、Mn和 Cu。留茬部分和割取部分亦以 N的含量最高 ,分别为 1 .92 1 0± 1 .0 1 1 0 %和 2 .3 0 40± 0 .8680 % ,以 Cu最低 ,分别为 9.97± 7.7710 - 6和 1 5 .48± 1 5 .8710 - 6 ,其余的顺序相同 ,即 K、Ca、P、Mg、Fe、Mn和 Zn。与对照区相比 ,土壤中 9种元素的含量 ,割草区多数低于对照区 ;羊草根部、留茬部分和割取部分是割草区多数高于对照区。根据 9种元素在土壤中的含量可分为三类 ,一类是严重短缺或一般短缺 ,如 N和 P;二类较为丰富 ,如 Ca、Mg、Fe和 Mn;三类为介于一类和二类之间 ,即有时短缺有时     

吉林西部查干湖湖泊沉积物中元素的空间变化及其环境意义

对吉林省西部查干湖湖泊沉积物中元素的空间分布特征及其潜在生态危害进行了研究。得出同吉林西部土壤中元素平均值相比,查干湖湖底表层底泥中明显富Ca、Cl、Mg、Hg、Cd,而贫K、U、Al、Co、Na、有机碳,其中Al2O3、MgO、Fe2O3、CaO、As、Hg、Cr、U、Cu、Zn、Cd、Se、Co、Ni、Th、Mn、N、P等主要来自岩石或土壤的风化作用,表层底泥中Hg、Cd、As、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb的潜在生态危害性均很小;在湖泊沉积柱剖面中,Fe2O3、Cu、Zn、Co、Ni、Cr、Cd具有相同的变化趋势,不同沉积柱中沉积物具有相似的来源,沉积柱中重金属的潜在生态危害程度也很小,预示着在垂直方向上进入查干湖水体的重金属污染物数量也很少;查干湖的水体环境质量较好。     

Floristic composition and vegetation: Environmental relationships of Wadi Fatimah,Mecca, Saudi Arabia

The present study aimed to determine floristic composition, the structure of the vegetation, and species distribution at 16 sample plots in Wadi Fatimah, Mecca, Saudi Arabia, highlighting the ecological factors that affect species distribution. The study revealed 100 plant species belonging to 34 families. Fabaceae and Poaceae were the dominant families, and chamaephytes and therophytes were predominant life forms, which demonstrate a typical desert life-form spectrum. Altitude showed a highly significant association with species frequency distribution. The highest species richness value of 23 species per plot was recorded in the coastal plain (Vegetation groups II & III). The lowest species richness value of 9 species per plot was recorded in the littoral salt marsh (Vegetation group I). Chorological analysis exhibited the Saharao-Arabian–Sudano-Zambezian chorotypes, 47% of the studied species were bi-regional. Using TWINSPAN, DCA, and CCA multivariate analysis, four major vegetation groups were classified into three main ecosystems (I) Halopeplis perfoliata, Suaeda fruticosa, Acacia tortilis, and Suaeda fruticosa, representing the littoral salt marsh; (II) Rhazya stricta and Haloxylon salicornicum, characterized by the coastal plain; and (III) Senna italica, Glinus lotoides, and Tribulus macropterus were the leading groups in the inland mountainous country. The CCA ordination showed that the separation of Vegetation group III along the axis was affected by Mg, K, and P concentration, and VG IV was significantly associated with silt, clay, and fine sand content. Furthermore, the Vegetation group I was significantly correlated with Na and Ca concentration, and VG II group was significantly correlated with heavy metal concentrations of elements as Fe, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cu.     

陕西周原地区全新世黄土-古土壤序列风化程度研究

通过对周原LC全新世黄土-古土壤剖面的元素含量分布及其化学风化程度和元素迁移特征的研究。结果发现:古土壤S₀的CIA和Rb/Sr值高于黄土L₀,Na/K比低于黄土L₀,指示其风化程度强于黄土L₀,形成时期气候比黄土堆积时期温暖湿润;黄土风化成壤过程中,Si,K和Fe相对富集,而Ca,Na,Mg和Ti则迁移淋失,呈现Ca>Na>Mg>Ti>Al>Si>K>Fe的迁移序列;全新世剖面化学风化程度处于脱Na和Ca阶段或早期去K阶段。     

马铃薯块茎中一些矿质元素的含量及其在软腐病发生中的作用

 测定了对细菌性软腐病抗感能力不同的3个马铃薯品种的块茎中14种矿质元素的含量。发现薯肉组织中Cu、Zn的含量高低与品种对伤口侵染的抗性强弱有相关性。Ni、K也有类似情况,而Ca、Mg含量与抗性无关。用溶液渗透法浸泡薯块后,只有CuS0₄能显著抑制软腐病的发生。Zn、Fe、Al等在一定浓度时也有一些作用。Mg处理无效,Ca处理只能使薯块腐烂面积略有减小,而不能减少腐烂病斑数。对于自然带菌和人工接种的薯块。CuSO₄·5H₂O的浓度分别为500和5000mg/L时防效达100%。     

Characteristics of mineral elements in shoots of three annual halophytes in a saline desert,Northern Xinjiang

Halophytes are valuable salt-, alkali-and drought-resistant germplasm resources. However, the characteristics of mineral elements in halophytes have not been investigated as intensively as those in crops. This study attempted to investigate the characteristics of mineral elements for annual halophytes during their growth period to reveal their possible physiological mechanisms of salt resistance. By using three native annual halophytes (Salsola subcrassa, Suaeda acuminate and Petrosimonia sibirica) distributed in the desert in Northern Xinjiang of China, the dynamic changes in the mineral element contents of annual halophytes were analyzed through field sampling and laboratory analyses. The results demonstrated that the annual halophytes were able to absorb water and mineral nutrients selectively. In the interaction between the annual halophytes and saline soil, the adaptability of the annual halophytes was manifested as the accumulation of S, Na and Cl during the growth period and maintenance of water and salt balance in the plant, thus ensuring their selective absorption of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and other mineral nutrients according to their growth demand. By utilizing this property, halophyte planting and mowing (before the wilting and death periods) could bioremediate heavy saline-alkali soil.     

黑龙江松嫩平原土壤有效态中微量元素的空间分布特征

运用地统计学结合GIS技术研究了黑龙江松嫩平原农业区土壤中微量元素的空间分布特征,通过对数转化、域法处理和Box-Cox转化3种数据处理方法对土壤有效钙、有效镁、有效硼、有效铜和有效锌进行了正态分布性检验。结果表明,有效钙原始数据很好的服从正态分布,Box-Cox转化成功地使有效镁、有效硼、有效铜、有效锌含量数据更好的服从正态分布。应用地统计学分析方法进行了半方差函数的计算和最适合模型的拟合,得出各元素最好的理论模型,并绘制了各养分元素的空间分布图。半方差分析的结果显示,各元素具有中等空间相关性,并对造成现有空间分布特征的原因进行了分析。     

不同浓度钾营养液对烟草苗期矿质营养吸收与积累的影响

采用水培的方法,研究了烟草苗期在不同浓度钾营养液中对几种矿质养分的吸收与积累的影响.结果表明,在其它养分形态与浓度一致条件下,随钾浓度从75 mg/L提高到900 mg/L,烟草生长量呈抛物线型变化,在供钾浓度为300 mg/L时积累量最大.烟株中钾、锌含量随供钾水平的提高而增加,当供钾水平为900 mg/L时,钾、锌含量达到最大;钙、镁、铜含量随着钾浓度的提高均减少;氮、磷、锰的含量呈抛物线型变化,但是氮、磷含量在钾浓度为300 mg/L时达到最大,而锰含量在供钾水平为450 mg/L达到最大.随供钾水平从75 mg/L增加到900 mg/L,烟株内氮、磷、钙、锰、钾积累量均呈抛物线型变化,当钾浓度为300 mg/L时,氮、磷、钙、锰积累量达到最大,而钾积累量在钾浓度为450 mg/L时达到最大;镁、铜在烟株内积累量持续下降;而锌积累量则持续上升.烟草叶片中各元素含量和积累量的变化趋势与整株基本一致.     

Herbage mass, nutritive value and palatability of five grass weeds for cattle in the northern Tohoku region in Japan

The objective of this grazing study was to determine the herbage mass, nutritive value and palatability of five grass weed species ( Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn, Paspalum thunbergii Kunth, Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler, Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. var. crus-galli ) as feeds compared with six forage cultivars ( Lolium perenne L., two Lolium multiflorum cultivars and three Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. cultivars). The herbage mass of weed species, with the exception of S. glauca , was most prevalent in August. The total amounts of herbage mass of weed species (except E. indica ) were close to those of the Lolium cultivars, but lower than those of the E. crus-galli cultivars. During the summer, weed species (except E. crus-galli var. crus-galli ) contained favorable levels of total digestible nutrients (TDN), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and mineral contents, and exhibited adequate calcium (Ca):phosphorus (P) ratios of 1:2. All weed species had the recommended ratios of potassium (K):(Ca + [magnesium] Mg) < 2.2:1. By autumn, the summertime levels of nutritive values (TDN, CP, ADF and NDF) in the weed species had severely deteriorated, in contrast with those of the forage cultivars. However, they maintained satisfactory mineral content levels and Ca:P and K:(Ca + Mg) ratios (with the exception of E. indica with poor Ca:P ratios and E. crus-galli var. crus-galli with poor P content and Ca:P ratios). All weed species were acceptable to cattle, although there were some differences in palatability among the species.     

Long-Term Maize,Sorghum, and Millet Monoculture Effects on an Argentina Typic Ustipsamment

Maize, sorghum, and millet monoculture effects on soil properties of a Typic Ustip samment in the semiarid pampa of Argentina were evaluated after 27 years in a plot experiment. A permanent Eragrostis curvula pasture was used as a reference. Millet was the most destructive crop to the soil because it decreased dry aggregate stability by 10%, soil organic matter (OM) by 30%, extractable K by 20%, available P by 44%, inorganic P by 11%, available Fe by 20%, available Zn more than 90%, available Cu by 30%, and available Mn by 26%, and it increased wet aggregate instability by 75%. Grain sorghum was less destructive to the soil than millet because it only decreased OM by 30% and extractable K by 24%. All studied crops decreased the cation exchange capacity of the soil between 20 and 30%, the pH values, and the concentration of soil extractable Mg2+by 38 to 63%. Soil extractable Ca2+ was decreased 30% by the Eragrostis pasture and 40% by maize. The negative effect of millet and grain sorghum on OM was attributed to a low coverage of the soil with plant residues left by these crops as well as the long exposition of the bare soil during temperate and wet periods. Decreases of soil nutrient contents were attributed to plant uptake in all cases, except the Zn concentrations, which were related to variations on soil pH and phosphate concentrations. It was concluded that maize, the most commonly cultivated crop in the region studied, did not affect physical and chemical soil properties to a large extent. Conversely, millet had the most negative effect on physical and chemical properties of the soil.     

Soil Physicochemical Changes Following Buffelgrass Establishment in Mexico

Clearing brush from rangeland and seeding it to buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) is a popular range improvement practice in Mexico, but no data are available on the effects of these practices on soil properties. Twenty-nine study sites were randomly selected across 3 major climatic regions in Mexico: 13 in the northwest, 11 in the northeast, and 5 in the southeast. Soils under buffelgrass stands more than 10 years old and on adjacent virgin rangelands were sampled at 0-10, 10-20, and 20-30 cm depths to quantify sand, silt, clay, organic C, total N, pH, EC, CEC, available P, and exchangeable Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+.Because soil variables were not significantly (P 0.05) different among depths, only data from the surface horizon received further analysis. Soils in the northwest had higher (P 0.05) sand content and were particularly low in total N (0.08%), Ca2+, and K+, while soils of wetter and warmer southeast Mexico were significantly (P 0.05) higher than the other two regions in measures of soil fertility such as organic C (10 times higher), total N, and CEC (both at least 3 times higher). Long-term buffelgrass establishment had the most effect on soils in the southeast and no significant effect (P0.1) on soils of northeast Mexico. Soil organic C and total N both declined (P 0.025) by about 40% under buffelgrass pastures in the southeast; excgangeable Ca2+ decreased (P=0.027) by 21% in the same region, and Mg2+ declined (P=0.03) by 36% under buffelgrass in the northwest. Soil P did not respond to buffelgrass establishment. The findings of this study suggest that high forage yields following conversion of rangeland to buffelgrass pasture will be less sustainable in subtropical regions with high rainfall (mean of 1070 mm in this study) than in the semiarid zone with inherently poorer soils.     

翠香猕猴桃黑点病与果实矿质元素失调相关性

 为明确猕猴桃黑点病的发生与果实矿质元素含量的关系,以期为黑点病的防治提供理论依据和指导方法,本研究通过测定病果与健果的果皮中主要矿质元素N、P、K、Ca、B、Mn,分析各矿质元素含量与发病的相关性,进而采取补施病果中显著缺乏的矿质元素,并测定补施后其对黑点病的预防效果。结果表明:2018—2019年,猕猴桃黑点病普遍发生,病园率高达100%。不同年份、不同果园“翠香”猕猴桃黑点病发病程度不同。通过对比病果与健果中矿质元素含量发现,病果皮中的N、B含量显著高于健果,Ca含量显著低于健果,并且病果皮中N/K、N/Ca、P/Ca和K/Ca比值显著大于健果,而Ca/B和Ca/Mn比值显著低于健果。连续两年田间补施Ca肥,对猕猴桃黑点病的预防效果可达到70%以上。猕猴桃黑点病的发生可能与果园管理中N、B过量以及Ca施用不足引起的矿质元素失衡有关。     

新疆民丰县农田土壤微量营养元素含量及分布

基于新疆民丰县85组农田表层土壤样品中的6种微量营养元素(Fe、B、Mn、Cu、Zn、Mo)的实测含量,运用地统计学方法对研究区土壤中微量营养元素的含量及空间分布进行分析。结果表明:Cu、Fe、Mn元素的块金系数在25%~75%,为中等程度的空间自相关性,空间变异同时受到自然因素和人为因素的影响;土壤B、Zn、Mo元素的块金系数小于25%,具有强烈程度的空间自相关性,空间变异受到影响的因素主要有成土母质、气候等自然条件。Fe、B、Zn元素的平均含量处于较缺乏水平,Mn、Cu元素的平均含量处于中等水平,Mo元素的平均含量处于较丰富水平。研究区土壤中6种微量元素之间存在一定程度的相关性。土壤有机质和pH对土壤微量营养元素含量均有不同程度的影响。