黄土高原生物结皮对土壤水分入渗的影响

利用圆盘入渗仪测量6种处理（无生物结皮、生物结皮、长芒草、长芒草＋生物结皮、柠条、柠条＋生物结皮）下水分的入渗特征,并进行对比分析。结果表明：①无论有、无植被,生物结皮的存在都会阻碍水分的入渗,无生物结皮的稳定入渗速率和累积入渗量均大于有生物结皮;植被的存在,加剧了生物结皮的阻水性。②Kostiakov模型对无结皮、长...     

荒漠生物结皮研究中的几个问题

生物结皮在干旱区生态系统中扮演着一个关键的角色,它可以影响干旱区土壤的结构、功能、生产力,包括土壤稳定性、土壤保水力、碳、氮的固定和土壤的肥力等。结合国内外生物结皮的研究,提出生物结皮的影响因子、生物结皮与周围植物的关系、生物结皮形态的变化与分布的异质性等几个问题并进行了讨论。     

古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮影响下土壤水分的日变化

对新疆古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮影响下土壤水分的日变化特征进行了定量研究,结果表明:①无论是结皮覆盖区还是无结皮覆盖区,其土壤含水量随深度的变化均表现出明显的层次性,其中以距地表 20 cm处的土壤含水量最高.②结皮覆盖区距地表5 cm和10 cm处的土壤含水量显著高于无结皮覆盖区(LSD检验, p ＜0.05);而45 cm和60 cm处的土壤含水量则表现为结皮覆盖区极显著低于无结皮区(LSD检验,p＜0.05),说明生物结皮具有较强的保持土壤表层水分的能力.③结皮覆盖区与无结皮覆盖区土壤水分的日变化特征明显不同于距地表5 cm处,而其他各土层的变化趋势则较为一致.无结皮覆盖区距地表5 cm处土壤水分的日变化呈先上升后下降的趋势,而结皮覆盖区的变化则恰恰相反.     

沙坡头地区土壤结皮形成机理的研究

本文通过大量的事实和依据论述了结皮形成的物质来源和结皮的形成与土壤性质的关系，表明了粉粒（０．０５－０．０１ｍｍ）含量是结皮形成的关键，并从结皮的发育过程、剖面变化、地理位置和养分含量等方面说明了粉粒的分选和聚积过程，进而论述了粉粒的累积机理、结皮的形成过程及结皮形成－破碎的动态变化。     

黄土地与沙地生物结皮的发育特征及其生态功能异同

基于课题组已有研究成果,选取陕北水蚀风蚀交错区内气候条件相同但土壤质地迥异的试验区,探讨黄土地和沙地生物结皮发育特征及其生态效应的异同。结果表明:(1)苔藓结皮是2种土地生物结皮的重要类型,其中,黄土地的优势藓种为尖叶对齿藓[Didymodon constrictus(Mitt.)Saito.]、真藓(Bryum argenteum Hedw.)、狭网真藓(B.algovicum Sendt.);沙地的优势藓种为黄色真藓(B.pallescens Scheich.)、弯叶真藓(B.recurvulum Mitt.)、银叶真藓(B.argenteum Hedw.)。沙地乔灌植物下生物结皮盖度(77.5%)、厚度(11.8 mm)及容重(1.9 g·cm~(-3))均高于黄土地生物结皮,而黄土地多年生草本植物下生物结皮抗剪强度(26.5 k Pa)高于沙地生物结皮,总体上,沙地生物结皮发育的更好。(2)黄土地的入渗增幅和0~200 cm剖面的平均土壤含水率增幅均显著高于沙地(P0.05),且在旱季和雨季其0~200 cm剖面的平均土壤含水率增幅分别比沙地高1.4%和1.9%。(3)两地生物结皮均表现出了较好的减蚀作用,其减蚀效率分别为81.0%和90.6%。     

黄土高原藓结皮覆盖土壤导水性能和水流特征

生物结皮具有特殊的水文物理性质,为探究其对土壤水分渗透性和水流特征的影响,以黄土高原风沙土和黄绵土上3种典型地表覆盖类型(裸地、藓结皮、藓结皮-草本植物混合)为对象,采用环刀法和染色示踪法对其导水性质与水流特征进行探究。结果表明:藓结皮对2种土壤类型0~5 cm土层土壤理化性质影响较大,与裸地相比土壤容重降低了9.85%~10.00%,土壤黏粒含量增加了1.01~1.29倍,表层有机质含量提高了2.73~3.02倍;藓结皮使0~5 cm土层土壤饱和导水率降低了61.32%~88.89%,而在5~10 cm土层饱和导水率则有明显上升。另外,由于草本植物的影响,藓结皮-草本植物0~5 cm土层与藓结皮土壤相比土壤饱和导水率提高了1.32~6.43倍;黄绵土藓结皮与藓结皮-草本植物的染色面积比均高于裸地,且水分下渗深度增加了10 cm,而风沙土藓结皮与风沙土裸地的染色面积比差异不明显。综上所述,藓结皮和藓结皮-草本植物的存在改变了表层土壤水分渗透性以及水流运动特征和水分下渗深度,影响着黄土高原土壤水分保持和生态恢复。     

不同沙丘部位和不同结皮类型对土壤种子库的影响

采用萌发法对古尔班通古特沙漠沙垄不同部位生物结皮类型的种子库进行研究,发现不同沙丘部位和结皮类型种子分布特征有一定的规律性:藻类结皮的种子数量、丰富度和多样性均显著高于地衣和苔藓结皮。生物结皮从藻类到地衣和苔藓的演替,有降低种子数量和种子多样性的现象。在不同沙丘部位,沙丘顶部流沙的种子数量和多样性较低,与丘顶流沙相比沙丘底部的藻类结皮显示出较高的丰富度和多样性,但沙丘底部的地衣和苔藓结皮与丘顶流沙相比未表现出明显的差异。背风坡中部的藻类结皮种子多样性较高,显著高于迎风坡中部的藻类结皮。     

北方农牧交错带沙地生物结皮研究

为了解我国北方农牧交错带生物结皮的生态意义,本文以宁夏盐池为例,采用样线调查法进行结皮及植被调查,并在有结皮和无结皮覆盖两种情况下进行入渗试验。研究表明:北方半干旱区生物结皮对植物生长存在先促进、后抑制的过程。在风蚀环境条件和不稳定的土壤条件下,生物结皮的出现可创造适合植物生长的微环境,为植物的生长提供了条件。方差分析显示有结皮时的植被盖度明显高于无结皮覆盖的植被盖度。当环境条件改善时,结皮开始抑制植物的生长,两者存在一种显著的线性负相关关系。研究区从封育边缘到核心,结皮盖度为核心>边缘,植被盖度正好相反,两者的相关系数高达-0.920;生物结皮对入渗具有明显的阻碍作用,结皮盖度与入渗深度之间呈线性负相关,相关系数为-0.765,说明结皮的存在使土壤水分呈现浅层化趋势。     

Effects of biological soil crusts and drought on emergence and survival of a Patagonian perennial grass in the Monte of Argentina

Biological soil crusts are widely distributed in arid and semiarid regions. They have an important eco- logical role, especially by modifying physical and chemical properties of soils. Biological crusts may also modify seed germination and seedling establishment. The effects vary widely according to the type of crust and the vas- cular plant species. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of moss-dominated biological soil crusts on the emergence, biomass and survival of Poa ligularis Nees ex Steud. under different irrigation regimes. We col- lected seeds of P. ligularis and biological soil crusts composed of two species of mosses： Syntrichia princeps （De Not.） Mitt and Ceratodon purpureus （Hedw.） Brid. from an area in the Monte of Argentina. The result showed that seedling emergence of P. ligularis was higher in treatments with bare soil than in soil covered by crusts, and also in those with watering to field capacity. Mean emergence time was higher in treatments with bare soil and watering to field capacity. Seedling biomass also showed significant differences between treatments. These results suggest that biological soil crusts dominated by mosses do not promote P. ligularis emergence, although they would not affect its survival.     

生物结皮发育对地表蒸发过程影响机理研究

生物结皮的形成与发育显著改变了土壤地表特征及下伏土壤性质,对地表蒸发过程产生深远影响.但目前已有研究对生物结皮存地表蒸发过程中的作用仍存在很大争议.文中通过覆盖结皮和模拟降水的方法对土壤蒸发过程进行研究,以期初步揭示生物结皮发育影响地表蒸发过程的机理.结果表明:生物结皮主要通过结皮层对降水的截留和阻碍扩散作用及对下伏土...     

一株葡萄孢属(Botrytis)真菌结皮效果的研究

从陕北毛乌素沙地生物结皮的下层中筛选得到一株真菌,经鉴定,表明该菌株属于葡萄孢属(Botry-tis)。它能在生长繁殖过程中分泌出大量胞外黏多糖,室内摇瓶振荡培养3 d黏度可达9 860 mPa.s,产量达19.246g/L,通过采用薄层层析法对多糖的组分的测定,初步表明该多糖主要由D-甘露糖和D-半乳糖组成。通过结皮试验,结果表明该株真菌菌剂喷洒于流沙表面后,能够形成约8.2 mm厚的一层具有粘结沙粒、保持水分的生物结皮层,同时具有明显的减缓土壤中水分蒸发的效果。表明该菌株在荒漠化治理、恢复和保护生态环境方面具有重要的应用潜力。     

Effects of artificially cultivated biological soil crusts on soil nutrients and biological activities in the Loess Plateau

Biological soil crusts （BSCs） play an important role in the early succession of vegetation restoration in the Loess Plateau, China. To evaluate the effects of artificially cultivated BSCs on the soil surface micro-envir- onment, we obtained natural moss crusts and moss-lichen crusts from the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi province, and subsequently inoculated and cultivated on horizontal and sloping surfaces of loess soil in a greenhouse. The chemical and biological properties of the subsoil under cultivated BSCs were determined after 10 weeks of cul- tivation. The results indicated that BSCs coverage was more than 65% after 10 weeks of cultivation. Moss crust coverage reached 40% after 5 weeks of cultivation. Compared with the control, soil organic matter and available nitrogen contents in moss crust with the horizontal treatments increased by 100.87% and 48.23%, respectively; increased by 67.56% and 52.17% with the sloping treatments, respectively; they also increased in moss-lichen crust with horizontal and sloping treatments, but there was no significant difference. Available phosphorus in cultivated BSCs was reduced, soil pH was lower and cationic exchange capacity was higher in cultivated BSCs than in the control. Alkaline phosphatase, urease and invertase activities were increased in artificially cultivated BSCs, and alkaline phosphatase activity in all cultivated BSCs was obviously higher than that in the control. Numbers of soil bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes were increased in the formation process of cultivated BSCs. These results indicate that BSCs could be formed rapidly in short-term cultivation and improve the mi- cro-environment of soil surface, which provides a scientific reference for vegetation restoration and ecological reconstruction in the Loess Plateau. China.     

Effects of structural and depositional crusts on soil erosion on the Loess Plateau of China

Conventional tillage practices used on the Loess Plateau lead to different soil surface micro-topography which results in forming two types of soil crusts. The objective of this study was to explore the formation position, properties and erosion characteristics of structural crusts and depositional crusts under the influences of the microtopography in the rainfall experiments. Two simulated rainstorms were applied in the experiments. The first rainfall event was used for soil crust formation, then the following simulated rainfall storms at 40 mm h^?1, 60 mm h^?1, and 80 mm h^?1 rates were applied to the soil boxes set to a 17.6% (10°) slope under three tillage types (contour tillage, artificial digging, and straight slope conditions) to investigate the resulting runoff discharge rate and sediment yield on crusted soil surface. Results show that: (1) structural crusts formed on the mounds, and depositional crusts formed in the depressions after the first rainfall events; structural crusts exhibit a lower thickness, bulk density, higher porosity and shear strength than depositional crusts; (2) structural crusts increased the runoff yield less and decreased the sediment yield more than depositional crusts; and (3) the runoff yield was significantly greater, and the sediment yield was lower on the crusted soil surface than that on the uncrusted soil surface, regardless of the effect of the tillage treatments.     

Gross nitrogen transformations and N_2O emission sources in sandy loam and silt loam soils

The soil type is a key factor influencing N(nitrogen) cycling in soil; however, gross N transformations and N_2O emission sources are still poorly understood. In this study, a laboratory ~(15)N tracing experiment was carried out at 60% WHC(water holding capacity) and 25℃ to evaluate the gross N transformation rates and N_2O emission pathways in sandy loam and silt loam soils in a semi-arid region of Heilongjiang Province, China. The results showed that the gross rates of N mineralization, immobilization, and nitrification were 3.60, 1.90, and 5.63 mg N/(kg·d) in silt loam soil, respectively, which were 3.62, 4.26, and 3.13 times those in sandy loam soil, respectively. The ratios of the gross nitrification rate to the ammonium immobilization rate(n/ia) in sandy loam soil and silt loam soil were all higher than 1.00, whereas the n/ia in sandy loam soil(4.36) was significantly higher than that in silt loam soil(3.08). This result indicated that the ability of sandy loam soil to release and conserve the available N was relatively poor in comparison with silt loam soil, and the relatively strong nitrification rate compared to the immobilization rate may lead to N loss through NO_3~– leaching. Under aerobic conditions, both nitrification and denitrification made contributions to N_2O emissions. Nitrification was the dominant pathway leading to N_2O production in soils and was responsible for 82.0% of the total emitted N_2O in sandy loam soil, which was significantly higher than that in silt loam soil(71.7%). However, the average contribution of denitrification to total N_2O production in sandy loam soil was 17.9%, which was significantly lower than that in silt loam soil(28.3%). These results are valuable for developing reasonable fertilization management and proposing effective greenhouse gas mitigation strategies in different soil types in semiarid regions.     

Topographic differentiations of biological soil crusts and hydraulic properties in fixed sand dunes,Tengger Desert

Biological soil crusts(BSCs) play an important role in surface soil hydrology. Soils dominated with moss BSCs may have higher infiltration rates than those dominated with cyanobacteria or algal BSCs. However, it is unnown whether improved infiltration in moss BSCs is accompanied by an increase in soil hydraulic conductivity or water retention capacity. We investigated this question in the Tengger Desert, where a 43-year-old revegetation program has promoted the formation of two distinct types of BSCs along topographic positions, i.e. the moss-dominated BSCs on the interdune land and windward slopes of the fixed sand dunes, and the algal-dominated BSCs on the crest and leeward slopes. Soil water retention capacity and hydraulic conductivity were measured using an indoor evaporation method and a field infiltration method. And the results were fitted to the van Genuchten–Mualem model. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivities under greater water pressure(–0.01 MPa) and water retention capacities in the entire pressure head range were higher for both crust types than for bare sand. However, saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivities in the near-saturation range(–0.01 MPa) showed decreasing trends from bare sand to moss crusts and to algal crusts. Our data suggested that topographic differentiation of BSCs significantly affected not only soil water retention and hydraulic conductivities, but also the overall hydrology of the fixed sand dunes at a landscape scale, as seen in the reduction and spatial variability in deep soil water storage.     

古尔班通古特沙漠不同类型生物结皮对草本植物多样性影响

选择古尔班通古特沙漠的北部(一号点)、中部(二号点)、南部(三号点)3个不同样点的裸沙和藻结皮、地衣结皮与苔藓结皮3种生物结皮类型,对比研究了草本植物多样性的差异性及其主要环境影响因素.结果表明:(1)不同生物结皮类型的土壤理化性质有明显差异,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量以及黏粒、粉粒和细沙的含量随生物结皮演替显著...     

我国干旱沙漠地区不同类型土壤结皮的理化性质研究

本研究对我国干旱沙漠地区不同类型土壤结皮的理化性质特征进行了系统研究。研究结果表明:无论是不同地区还是同一地区不同发育程度的土壤结皮机械组成,它们的共同特征都是砂粒和粗粉粒含量相对较多,细粉粒和粘粒含量相对较少;从流沙到土壤结皮的形成过程中,粗粉粒是土壤结皮形成的关键基础。通过对同一地区不同发育程度的结皮机械组成比较说明结皮形成初期对颗粒组成有一定的要求,组成达到一定范围才能形成结皮,结皮一旦形成,随时间的增加,结皮厚度在不断增加,但质地基本不变。土壤结皮的形成过程是土壤养分和有机质不断富积的过程。各研究区的土壤结皮pH值相差不大,均在8左右,呈弱碱性;碱化度均≥5,处于碱化发育过程中。由于各地降水量和土壤母质发育的不同,不同地区以及同一地区不同发育程度的土壤结皮之间的CaCO3含量差异较大;同一地区土壤结皮的全盐量差异不大;不同地区土壤结皮的阴阳离子交换量差异较大,同一地区之间差异不大。该文对进一步研究土壤结皮的形成有一定的参考价值。     

生物土壤结皮结构、功能及人工恢复技术

生物土壤结皮作为典型的有机地被层,广泛分布在干旱半干旱地区.由于其具有良好的水土保持及土壤稳定等功能,可有效控制土地沙漠化,防治水土流失,因此,生物土壤结皮恢复被看作是荒漠生态系统修复和重建的关键.本文系统综述了国内外学者在生物结皮领域开展的研究工作,包括生物土壤结皮的生物组成、演替过程、生态功能、干扰响应、人工培育及...     

基于HYDRUS-1D的不同质地土壤入渗过程数值模拟

基于HYDRUS-1D软件,对不同土质(淤泥、粉砂壤土、砂质粘壤土)的灌溉方案进行了系统的数值实验,模拟灌溉结束时及灌溉结束24 h之后的土壤剖面含水量和土壤湿润锋的变化情况。结果表明:在不产生径流的情况下,灌溉结束24 h后土壤的含水量分布和湿润深度只与土壤种类和灌溉量有关,与灌溉速度无关;对透水性较好的土质,灌溉水分重分布明显,以粉砂壤土灌溉速率0.7 cm·h~(-1)和灌溉时间3 h为例,灌溉结束时和灌溉24 h后土壤湿润深度分别为9.2 cm和20.6 cm,有55.3%的灌溉水参加了水分重分布;土壤湿润深度与灌溉量之间存在线性关系,拟合直线的斜率介于5.15(淤泥)和5.95(砂质黏壤土)之间。     

土壤吸附作用对土壤水分有效性的影响

围绕土壤结皮生物是否可以对夜间土壤吸附水输入产生响应展开研究。假定-1.5 MPa作为土壤水分有效性的临界值,通过观测降水后清晨和午后0~3 cm土壤含水量,分析土壤水分的有效性和空间异质性;并利用连续记录气象数据,建立表层土壤含水量与水汽压饱和差数量关系。结果表明:土壤吸附作用提高了土壤水分对土壤结皮生物的有效性,并延长了土壤结皮生物对降水脉冲的响应时段。在古尔班通古特沙漠东南部的不同部位,凝结吸附作用对沙面水分条件影响很大(特别是干旱季节),水分条件由好到坏依次为:沙垄西坡面、沙垄垄顶、沙垄东坡面和垄间低地。