Effects of long-term cultivation practices and nitrogen fertilization rates on carbon stock in a calcareous soil on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Soil organic carbon(SOC) and soil inorganic carbon(SIC) are important C pools in the Loess Plateau of Northwest China, however, variations of SOC and SIC stocks under different cultivation practices and nitrogen(N) fertilization rates are not clear in this area. A long-term field experiment started in June 2003 was conducted to investigate the SOC and SIC stocks in a calcareous soil of the Chinese Loess Plateau under four cultivation practices, i.e., fallow(FA), conventional cultivation(CC), straw mulch(SM), and plastic film-mulched ridge and straw-mulched furrow(RF), in combination with three N fertilization rates, i.e., 0(N0), 120(N120), and 240(N240) kg N/hm~2. Results indicate that the crop straw addition treatments(SM and RF) increased the contents of soil microbial biomass C(SMBC) and SOC, and the SOC stock increased by 10.1%–13.3% at the upper 20 cm soil depth in comparison to the 8-year fallow(FA) treatment. Meanwhile, SIC stock significantly increased by 19% at the entire tested soil depth range(0–100 cm) under all crop cultivation practices in comparison to that of soil exposed to the long-term fallow treatment, particularly at the upper 60 cm soil depth. Furthermore, moderate N fertilizer application(120 kg N/hm~2) increased SOC stock at the upper 40 cm soil depth, whereas SIC stock decreased as the N fertilization rate increased. We conclude that the combined application of crop organic residues and moderate N fertilization rate could facilitate the sequestrations of SOC and SIC in the calcareous soil.     

博尔塔拉河下游河岸带土壤养分特征及其相关性分析

对博尔塔拉河下游河岸带土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾、pH进行了分析。结果表明：① 土壤有机质在表层和80 cm土层属于强变异;20 cm、40 cm和60 cm土层属于中等变异。② 有机质含量为0.03%～4.19%,差值较大;不同深度土壤有机质含量从表层到深层逐渐减少,递减规律显著;5层（0~10 cm、20 cm、40 cm、60 cm和80 cm）土壤之间有机质含量垂直方向的相关性特征显示,60 cm深度与其他层次土壤有机质含量呈弱正和弱负相关,0 cm与80 cm、20 cm与40 cm之间的相关性极显著。③ 土壤有机质含量与pH、速效钾含量呈负相关,与速效磷含量呈正相关,与全氮呈极显著正相关（[WTBX]R[WTBZ]=0.934）。④ 通过对土壤样品养分含量分级显示,土壤有机质含量和速效磷含量平均值分别为0.44%和1.99 mg•kg^-1,均属于极缺乏型;全氮含量和速效钾含量平均为0.07%和39.78 mg•kg^-1,属于很缺乏型;pH平均为7.47,属于中性。     

Corn straw return can increase labile soil organic carbon fractions and improve water-stable aggregates in Haplic Cambisol

Corn straw return to the field is a vital agronomic practice for increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) and its labile fractions, as well as soil aggregates and organic carbon (OC) associated with water-stable aggregates (WSA). Moreover, the labile SOC fractions play an important role in OC turnover and sequestration. The aims of this study were to determine how different corn straw returning modes affect the contents of labile SOC fractions and OC associated with WSA. Corn straw was returned in the following depths: (1) on undisturbed soil surface (NTS), (2) in the 0-10 cm soil depth (MTS), (3) in the 0-20 cm soil depth (CTS), and (4) no corn straw applied (CK). After five years (2014-2018), soil was sampled in the 0-20 and 20-40 cm depths to measure the water-extractable organic C (WEOC), permanganate oxidizable C (KMnO₄-C), light fraction organic C (LFOC), and WSA fractions. The results showed that compared with CK, corn straw amended soils (NTS, MTS and CTS) increased SOC content by 11.55%-16.58%, WEOC by 41.38%-51.42%, KMnO₄-C and LFOC by 29.84%-34.09% and 56.68%-65.36% in the 0-40 cm soil depth. The LFOC and KMnO₄-C were proved to be the most sensitive fractions to different corn straw returning modes. Compared with CK, soils amended with corn straw increased mean weight diameter by 24.24%-40.48% in the 0-20 cm soil depth. The NTS and MTS preserved more than 60.00% of OC in macro-aggregates compared with CK. No significant difference was found in corn yield across all corn straw returning modes throughout the study period, indicating that adoption of NTS and MTS would increase SOC content and improve soil structure, and would not decline crop production.     

不同耕作措施下陇中黄土高原旱作农田土壤活性有机碳组分及其与酶活性间的关系

通过设置在陇中黄土高原半干旱雨养农业区15年的不同保护性耕作措施长期定位试验,研究了传统耕作(T)、免耕(NT)、免耕结合秸秆覆盖(NTS)、传统耕作结合秸秆还田(TS)4种不同耕作措施下不同土层的土壤总有机碳、土壤活性有机碳、土壤微生物量、碳库管理指数和土壤蔗糖酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶和过氧化物酶等4种参与碳循环土壤酶,并分析了土壤有机碳及其活性碳组分与土壤酶之间的相关关系。结果表明:0~30 cm土层,NTS处理可显著提高土壤有机碳、土壤活性有机碳、土壤微生物量碳及碳库管理指数,分别较T处理增加了16.3%、28.26%、41.88%、37.04%,NT、TS处理较T处理各指标也均有不同程度提高;在0~30 cm土层,NTS、TS、NT处理与T处理相比,蔗糖酶分别提高了33.84%、21.59%、25.15%,淀粉酶活性分别提高了20.90%、13.43%、12.69%,纤维素酶活性分别提高了39.13%、17.39%、4.34%,过氧化物酶活性分别提高了7.81%、2.08%、3.65%;土壤蔗糖酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶、过氧化物酶与各形态有机碳及碳库管理指数均表现为显著或极显著正相关关系;蔗糖酶活性增加对有机碳积累作用最显著,有助于土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳、微生物量碳含量提高,土壤纤维素酶对土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳含量的增加有促进作用,过氧化物酶有利于总有机碳的积累。免耕结合秸秆覆盖是适宜该地区农田生态系统健康稳定发展,减少碳库损失的重要途径。     

30 a耕作对高寒草地土壤碳氮与颗粒组成的影响

根据青海湖流域1987—2010年5期遥感图像解译,在青海湖北部区域存在毗邻的30 a未曾变动草地和耕地。以这两类土壤为研究对象,对其0~60 cm土层的土壤总碳、土壤全氮、土壤粒度组分进行对比研究。结果表明:草地和耕地土壤总碳和全氮含量以30 cm为界,分异明显,界上草地总碳和全氮含量大于耕地,而界下两者之间差异较小。另外,草地总碳和全氮含量最大值出现在0~10 cm,耕地总碳和全氮含量最大值出现在10~20 cm。草地和耕地粒度组成上都属于砂黏壤级,其中草地粉砂和黏粒大于耕地,而砂含量小于耕地。30 cm以上,草地和耕地间土壤粒度组分差异大,30 cm以下差异小。草地土壤黏粒和粉砂组分与总碳(P0.05)、全氮(P0.01)呈显著相关,而土壤砂粒组分与其相关性不显著;耕地总碳和全氮与各土壤粒级组分之间均无显著相关性。     

祁连山排露沟流域青海云杉林土壤养分和pH变化特征

祁连山北坡中山带森林灰褐土是生长青海云杉的集中地带。选择排露沟流域海拔2 900～3 300 m的青海云杉林为研究对象,每隔100 m海拔梯度设置3个调查样地,研究青海结果表明：① 在海拔梯度上,0~40 cm土层土壤有机质、全氮及全磷平均含量高海拔处高于低海拔,而且高海拔与低海拔差异显著（P<0.05）;土壤全钾和速效钾含量则是高海拔低于低海拔,差异亦显著（P<0.05）;速效磷含量随海拔升高没有明显的变化规律,而且海拔间差异不显著（P<0.05）;土壤pH随海拔的升高不断减小,但是海拔间的差异不显著（P＞0.05）。 ② 在不同土层深度,0~10 cm土层土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷和速效钾平均含量均大于10~20 cm和20~40 cm土层,而且0~10 cm土层含量显著大于20~40 cm土层（P<0.05）;土壤pH和全钾含量则随土层深度增加,pH在0~10 cm土层与20~40 cm差异显著（P<0.05）,但全钾含量在不同土层差异均不显著（P＞0.05）。 ③ 在碳、氮、磷、钾营养元素循环中,土壤pH和土壤有机质是影响青海云杉群落养分供应的首要限制因子。     

长期围栏封育对亚高山草原土壤有机碳空间变异的影响

以中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所巴音布鲁克草原生态站的长期围栏封育样地为对象,利用经典统计学和地统计学相结合的方法,研究长期围栏封育对亚高山草原土壤有机碳空间变异特征的影响。结果表明：① 长期围栏封育可以增加土壤有机碳含量,围栏内0~20 cm土壤有机碳含量均值为40.76 g/kg,围栏外土壤有机碳含量均值为38.50 g/kg;围栏内20~40 cm土壤有机碳含量均值为20.98 g/kg,围栏外土壤有机碳含量均值为18.70 g/kg,土壤有机碳在水平方向上围栏内均高于围栏外;② 围栏内土壤有机碳的变异性程度均显著高于围栏外,不管是围栏内外、上层和下层,土壤有机碳均具有中等的空间相关性,且上层土壤的有机碳变异程度均高于下层土壤;③ 土壤有机碳在水平空间分布呈现出不均匀性,围栏内土壤有机碳含量空间分布水平高于围栏外,在空间插值图上看,围栏内外0~20 cm土壤有机碳含量高的位置,在20~40 cm土壤有机碳含量却相反。     

川西北高寒沙地红柳灌丛内外有机碳及腐殖质碳组分变化特征

为了解川西北高寒沙地红柳对土壤有机碳及腐殖质碳组分的影响,选取了沙地上修复24 a的红柳灌丛作为研究对象,通过野外调查并结合土壤样品采集和室内分析,研究了川西北沙地红柳灌丛根区(SR)、灌丛中部(SM)、灌丛边缘(SE)、灌丛外部(SO)的0~20,20~40 cm和40~60 cm土层土壤有机碳及腐殖质碳组分变化特征。结果表明:随着距灌丛植株水平距离的增加,土壤有机碳(SOC)、胡敏酸碳(HAC)、富里酸碳(FAC)和胡敏素碳(HMC)含量均呈现下降的特征;0~20 cm表层土壤,灌丛根区、灌丛中部和灌丛边缘土壤有机碳含量分别为灌丛外部的1.86倍、2.35倍和1.63倍,灌丛根区、灌丛中部和灌丛边缘土壤腐殖质碳含量分别为灌丛外部的1.96倍、0.68倍和1.22倍;在距灌丛植株水平距离相同条件下,随土层深度增加,土壤有机碳及腐殖质碳各组分含量呈降低趋势;在灌丛根区,20~40 cm和40~60 cm土层土壤有机碳相对于0~20 cm土层分别降低了32.31%和38.38%,20~40 cm和40~60 cm土层土壤腐殖质碳相对于0~20 cm土层分别降低了49.34%和53.40%。研究得出,红柳灌丛内外土壤有机碳及腐殖质碳组分存在空间异质性分布。     

Effects of warming and clipping on plant and soil properties of an alpine meadow in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China

Climate warming and livestock grazing are known to have great influences on alpine ecosystems like those of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP) in China. However, it is lacking of studies on the effects of warming and grazing on plant and soil properties in these alpine ecosystems. In this study, we reported the related research from manipulative experiment in 2010–2012 in the QTP. The aim of this study was to investigate the individual and combined effects of warming and clipping on plant and soil properties in the alpine meadow ecosystem. Infrared radiators were used to simulate climate warming starting in July 2010, while clipping was performed once in October 2011 to simulate the local livestock grazing. The experiment was designed as a randomized block consisting of five replications and four treatments: control(CK), warming(W), clipping(C) and warming+clipping combination(WC). The plant and soil properties were investigated in the growing season of the alpine meadow in 2012. The results showed that W and WC treatments significantly decreased relative humidity at 20-cm height above ground as well as significantly increases air temperature at the same height, surface temperature, and soil temperature at the depth of 0–30 cm. However, the C treatment did not significantly decrease soil moisture and soil temperature at the depth of 0–60 cm. Relative to CK, vegetation height and species number increased significantly in W and WC treatment, respectively, while vegetation aboveground biomass decreased significantly in C treatment in the early growing season. However, vegetation cover, species diversity, belowground biomass and soil properties at the depth of 0–30 cm did not differ significantly in W, C and WC treatments. Soil moisture increased at the depth of 40–100 cm in W and WC treatments, while belowground biomass, soil activated carbon, organic carbon and total nitrogen increased in the 30–50 cm soil layer in W, C and WC treatments. Although the initial responses of plant and soil properties to experimental warming and clipping were slow and weak, the drought induced by the downward shift of soil moisture in the upper soil layers may induce plant belowground biomass to transfer to the deeper soil layers. This movement would modify the distributions of soil activated carbon, organic carbon and total nitrogen. However, long-term data collection is needed to further explain this interesting phenomenon.     

长期定位施肥对旱作农田土壤有机碳及其组分的影响

基于田间定位试验,研究了长期施肥对旱作冬小麦农田土壤有机碳及其组分的影响,试验包括4个处理:不施肥(CK)、氮磷配施(NP)、化肥与有机肥配施(NPM)以及长期休闲地(BL)。结果表明:长期持续施肥30年后,在0~30 cm土层,NPM处理土壤有机碳、微生物量碳、潜在矿化碳以及碳库管理指数分别较CK提高了42.2%、55.9%、40.9%和40.0%(P0.05),NP处理土壤有机碳和微生物量碳与CK差异不显著,潜在矿化碳和碳库管理指数分别提高了29.1%和20.0%(P0.05),施肥对两种活性有机碳含量的影响在15~30 cm土层表现更加显著;与种植作物相比,长期休闲显著降低了土壤潜在矿化碳含量,BL处理较CK降低了20.5%(P0.05)。相关性分析表明,土壤有机碳、潜在矿化碳、微生物量碳以及碳库管理指数两两之间存在着显著的相关性,且有机碳组分含量与土壤有机碳含量在处理间变化具有一致性(除NP处理外),两种活性有机碳相对含量在各处理间差异均不显著。总的来说,长期持续施入有机肥能够有效地增加旱作农田土壤有机碳同时增加其活性组分,有助于培肥地力和土壤固碳。     

干旱区荒漠新垦土地土壤有机碳含量特征

以克拉玛依生态农业开发区为例,研究了干旱区荒漠新垦土地不同土地利用方式下的土壤有机碳与活性有机碳含量差异及其剖面分布特征,并讨论了干旱区荒漠开垦利用对荒漠"碳汇"功能的促进作用,以及土地利用方式对土壤有机碳与活性有机碳剖面分布特征的影响。结果表明:克拉玛依生态农业开发区土壤有机碳含量普遍较低。在0~20cm深度内,速生杨林地与苜蓿地土壤有机碳含量随土层加深而降低,棉花地、打瓜-棉花地耕作类土壤有机碳垂直分布相对较均匀,但是表层0~5cm土壤有机碳略低于下层,土壤活性有机碳剖面分布特征与有机碳类似。农田与林地的土壤有机碳与活性有机碳含量均明显高于荒漠,农田对土壤有机碳的汇聚作用优于人工林地。     

沙地樟子松人工林土壤氮矿化特征

土壤氮(N)的有效性是沙地林生态系统生产力和稳定性的关键限制因子。本研究以科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林为研究对象,分析测定了10~60 a林龄土壤NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和矿质N含量、氨化速率、硝化速率和N矿化速率的变化规律。结果表明：樟子松人工林土壤NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和矿质N含量,随着不同林龄在10~60 a内表现出增加的趋势,其中10~30 a增幅较小,40~60 a显著提高;随着土层深度增加而减小,主要集中在0~20 cm,呈现出表聚性。不同林龄樟子松人工林土壤氨化速率、硝化速率和矿化速率均随林龄增加而增加,随土层深度的增加而降低,其中0~40 cm土层明显大于40~100 cm。通过双因素方差分析,得出林龄与土层对各矿化指标影响显著。土壤矿化指标与人工林地上樟子松株高、胸径、冠幅以及土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮有显著的正相关关系。通过冗余分析(RDA)表明,影响不同林龄土壤矿化指标的主要环境因子为全氮、全磷、有机碳;影响不同土层土壤矿化指标的主要环境因子为全氮、碱解氮、有机碳。因此,樟子松人工林能够改善沙地土壤N的有效性,幼龄林和中龄林改善效果较小,近成熟林和成熟林改善效果明显;对表层土的改善效果优于深层土;土壤肥力是影响土壤矿化指标的主要环境因子。     

Effects of long-term fertilization on oxidizable organic carbon fractions on the Loess Plateau,China

The effects of long-term fertilization on pools of soil organic carbon(SOC)have been well studied,but limited information is available on the oxidizable organic carbon(OOC)fractions,especially for the Loess Plateau in China.We evaluated the effects of a 15-year fertilization on the OOC fractions(F1,F2,F3 and F4)in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm soil layers in flat farmland under nine treatments(N(nitrogen,urea),P(phosphorus,monocalcium phosphate),M(organic fertilizer,composted sheep manure),N+P(NP),M+N(MN),M+P(MP),M+N+P(MNP),CK(control,no fertilizer)and bare land(BL,no crops or fertilizer)).SOC content increased more markedly in the treatment containing manure than in those with inorganic fertilizers alone.F1,F2,F4 and F3 accounted for 47%,27%,18% and 8% of total organic carbon,respectively.F1 was a more sensitive index than the other C fractions in the sensitivity index(SI)analysis.F1 and F2 were highly correlated with total nitrogen(TN)and available nitrogen(AN),F3 was negatively correlated with p H and F4 was correlated with TN.A cluster analysis showed that the treatments containing manure formed one group,and the other treatments formed another group,which indicated the different effects of fertilization on soil properties.Long-term fertilization with inorganic fertilizer increased the F4 fraction while manure fertilizer not only increased labile fractions(F1)in a short time,but also increased passive fraction(F4)over a longer term.The mixed fertilizer mainly affected F3 fraction.The study demonstrated that manure fertilizer was recommended to use in the farmland on the Loess Plateau for the long-term sustainability of agriculture.     

三江源区土地利用方式对土壤氮素特征的影响

以三江源区曲麻莱县高寒草甸草原、退化高寒草甸草原、退化高寒草原和人工草地4种土地利用方式为研究对象,研究了不同土地利用方式的土壤全氮、有效氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、无机氮总量及比例,结果表明:4种利用方式土壤的氮素含量均处于较低水平,在0~10 cm土层,土壤全氮与有效氮含量表现出相似的规律性,人工草地最高,退化高寒草甸草原最低。与高寒草甸草原相比,退化高寒草甸草原0~10 cm土层全氮和有效氮含量分别降低了52.4%和76.2%,而10~40 cm土层的全氮和有效氮含量却明显增加。对土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量的研究结果进一步表明,研究区域土壤中无机氮以硝态氮为主,退化导致0~10 cm土层的铵态氮和硝态氮含量降低,退化和人工种植均导致0~10 cm土层硝态氮含量明显降低,而10~20 cm和20~40 cm土层的硝态氮含量明显升高,且这两个土层之间差异不显著,40~60 cm土层又明显降低。因此,退化和人工种植均导致土壤硝态氮沿土壤剖面淋溶下移,并且淋溶主要发生在0~40 cm深度的土壤中。土壤无机氮总量与硝态氮表现出相似的规律性,对土壤无机氮总量和比例的研究也表明退化加剧了土壤氮素的矿化过程。     

干旱区盐渍化荒地不同开垦年限土壤碳氮储量研究

在天山北坡绿洲区分别选取连续开垦3 a、8 a、15 a盐渍化棉田和未开垦的盐渍化荒地,采集0~10、10~20、20~40、40~60、60~100 cm土层土壤样品,测定土壤有机碳、全氮含量。结果表明:盐荒地开垦后棉田0~100 cm土层土壤有机碳含量随开垦年限呈逐渐增加的趋势;开垦后棉田土壤全N含量随开垦年限的增加而增加,但处理间无显著差异;盐荒地与开垦棉田土壤有机碳、全N含量随土层深度增加而降低,其中盐荒地不同土层间土壤有机碳含量差异显著,0~40 cm土层土壤有机碳、全N含量明显高于40 cm以下土层;开垦棉田土壤C/N随开垦年限的增加呈现增加的趋势,盐荒地和开垦棉田土壤C/N随土壤深度的增加而降低,二者之间差异不显著;开垦棉田土壤有机碳储量随开垦年限的增加呈先减少后增加的趋势。结论:干旱区盐荒地开垦后,棉田土壤有机碳、全N含量均随开垦年限的增加而增加,而土壤有机碳储量随开垦年限的增加先减小后增加。盐荒地与开垦棉田土壤有机碳和全N含量随土层深度增加而减少。     

岷江上游干旱河谷山杏幼林地绿肥种植研究

在岷江上游干旱河谷山杏幼林地连续4 a利用雨季种植绿肥压青,增加土壤肥力,提高水分利用率,促进幼树生长研究,结果表明:(1)种植红豆草的土壤0-40 cm含水量旱季增加0.39 g·kg-1,0-20 cm土壤容重降低0.01 g·cm-3;种植草木樨土壤0-40 cm含水量旱季增加0.55 g·kg-1,0-20 cm土壤容重降低0.04 g·cm-3;种植沙打旺土壤0-40cm含水量增加0.30 g·kg-1,0-20 cm土壤容重降低0.03 g·cm-3;(2)种植绿肥压青,土壤有机质增加0.10-0.46 g·kg-1,土壤CaCO3含量下降0.93-1.04 g·kg-1,有效氮增加5.9-19.3 mg·kg-1,有效磷含量增加1.26-2.46 mg·kg-1,CEC比对照增加0.68-1.00 mg·100 g-1;(3)种植红豆草、草木樨、沙打旺绿肥压青对山杏树高、径生长有显著作用,尤其种植红豆草的山杏幼树生长最好,高、径生长为对照的2.1和2.2倍。     

青海湖芨芨草干草原植被退化对土壤温湿特征的影响

芨芨草(Achnatherum splendens）干草原目前退化严重,但对土壤温湿特征的驱动机理仍不清楚。利用2011年连续观测资料分析环青海湖区域的芨芨草干草原原生植被和典型退化区域的0 cm、5 cm、10 cm、20 cm、40 cm和80 cm土壤温度和5 cm、10 cm、20 cm、40 cm和80 cm土壤容积含水量。结果表明:植被退化直接导致0 cm和5 cm表层土壤温度日极大值显著升高了39.04%和13.91%,温度日极小值显著降低,温度日较差升高;而10 cm以下温度日特征无显著响应。原生植被区0 cm逐日土壤温度在植物生长季（5-9月）极显著降低,非生长季5 cm和10 cm则略高。芨芨草植被改变了土壤年均温度垂向扩散特征。植被退化间接导致土壤5 cm土壤容积含水量升高了35.20%,10 cm无差别,20 cm以下显著降低,同时降低了系统土壤含水量的时间稳定性。特征聚类分析结果表明,芨芨草干草原土壤温湿特征对植被退化的综合响应主要表现在7-8月。     

黄土丘陵区不同土地利用方式土壤碳氮磷及其生态化学计量特征

以陕北米脂谷子、苜蓿、柠条和枣树4种不同土地利用方式土壤为研究对象,采集0~100 cm土层土壤样品,采样数共288个,分别对样品土壤的C、N、P及其生态化学计量比C/N、C/P和N/P进行了研究。结果表明：黄土丘陵区土壤C、N、P含量均值分别为2.12、0.21 g·kg^-1和0.43 g·kg^-1;C/N、C/P和N/P均值分别为10.83、5.0和0.48;土壤C、N、P及C/N、C/P和N/P的变异系数均大于10%且小于100%,属于中等变异。土地利用方式对土壤C、N、P含量及其生态化学计量特征有显著影响,其中谷子地0~20 cm土层土壤C含量显著高于柠条地和枣树林（P<0.05）,谷子地20~40 cm土层的C含量显著高于苜蓿地（P<0.05）;0~20、20~40 cm和60~80 cm土层谷子地N含量显著高于柠条地（P<0.05）;苜蓿地P含量在0~20、60~80 cm和80~100 cm土层显著高于柠条地（P<0.05）。谷子地、苜蓿地和枣树林土壤C、N呈表聚性分布,而柠条地随深度增加无明显降低,表明柠条有较好的固碳能力。各土层C/N在不同土地利用方式间存在显著差异（P<0.05）,其中柠条地最高,谷子地最低;80~100 cm土层土壤C/P在柠条地和苜蓿地间具有显著差异（P<0.05）。0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层深度下,土壤N/P在不同土地利用方式之间具有显著差异（P<0.05）,其中谷子地最高,柠条地最低。通过典型相关分析得出,土壤C、N、C/P和N/P与环境因子中的土层深度、粘粒含量和土壤pH值的累积关系较大。     

天山北麓不同土地覆被下土壤有机碳垂直分布特征

利用全国第二次土壤普查数据,对天山北麓不同土地覆被类型下的土壤有机碳分布特征开展研究。结果表明：在0～100 cm土层天山北麓不同土地覆被类型的土壤碳密度差异显著,其均值处于3.65～35.73 kg·m^-2。不同土地覆被类型的土壤碳密度垂直分布差异明显,其中耕地表层(0～20 cm)土壤碳密度占其总量的32.2%,其相邻土层的土壤碳密度占其总量比例的差值较小,最大差值仅为8.1%;高山亚高山草甸、森林和隐域植被表层(0～20 cm)土壤碳密度占其总量的40%以上;荒漠植被、裸地和稀疏植被表层(0~20 cm)土壤碳密度占其总量的比例低于37%,其中裸地与稀疏植被最低,仅为25.4%,其相邻土层土壤碳密度占其总量比例的最大差值低于4.0%。     

水分对不同栽培年限日光温室土壤氮矿化的影响

采用室内短期（84 d）好气培养法评价了不同水分供应水平下（田间持水量的60%、80%及100%,分别用60FC、80FC和100FC表示）陕西杨凌地区不同栽培年限（种植前、种植第二年及种植第三年）日光温室土壤（0~20 cm及20~40 cm土层）氮素矿化特性。结果表明：随着日光温室栽培年限的延长,0~20 cm土层累积净矿化氮量显著增加,且随栽培年限的增加,20~40 cm 土层氮矿化势呈增加的趋势;土壤水分含量由60FC增加到80FC,土壤累积矿化氮量呈增加趋势,但当含水量达到100FC时,土壤累积矿化氮量降低。回归分析结果表明,土壤有机质含量每增加1 g·kg^-1, 60FC、80FC、100FC土壤含水量条件下土壤氮矿化势分别增加 1.62、1.88 mg·kg^-1和1.57 mg·kg^-1;土壤全氮含量每增加1 g·kg^-1,土壤氮矿化势分别增加28.93、33.42 mg·kg^-1和27.82 mg·kg^-1。因此,建议日光温室蔬菜栽培中应综合考虑温室年限及灌溉量对土壤氮素矿化过程的影响。