啶虫脒和阿维菌素在4种不同类型土壤中的吸附及迁移

采用薄层层析和平衡振荡法,分别测定了啶虫脒和阿维菌素在紫色土、砖红土、黄壤土和黑土4种不同类型土壤中的迁移率(Rf )和吸附常数(Kd),比较了2种农药在单用及混用下迁移和吸附行为的差异。结果表明:2种农药在单用及混用下的迁移行为几乎不存在差异,在4种土壤中的Rf 值大小顺序均为:黄壤土>紫色土>黑土>砖红土;2种农药的吸附过程均符合经典的Freundlich模型,混用时阿维菌素对啶虫脒的吸附无影响,但啶虫脒的存在会减少土壤对阿维菌素的吸附,表现为竞争吸附作用。     

精异丙甲草胺在土壤中的吸附行为及环境影响因素研究

采用平衡振荡法研究了精异丙甲草胺在粘壤土、粘土及砂壤土中的吸附和解吸附行为。结果表明,3种土壤的吸附等温线均属L型并符合Freundlich模型,吸附常数(Kf)分别为4.01、6.15及8.62,且Kf 和1/n(n为经验常数)的乘积与土壤有机质含量呈正相关性。解吸附实验结果表明,精异丙甲草胺在土壤中的解吸附与吸附并不一致,显示出明显的滞后性。温度及pH值等环境因素对吸附影响的结果显示,随温度升高精异丙甲草胺在土壤中的吸附量有所减少,中性环境下土壤吸附量较低。     

不同形态氧化铁对黄土性土壤吸附铅的影响

针对土壤含氧化铁的普遍性以及氧化铁对土壤理化性质的重要影响,探求氧化铁对土壤吸附重金属离子的作用与影响。采用了化学选择性溶提技术,分别去除黄土性母质上发育的古土壤、淋溶褐土和黄褐土中不同形态的氧化铁,采用了等温吸附试验,并以Langmuir和Freundlich方程拟合参数为指标,分析去除不同形态氧化铁前后土壤对Pb~(2+)的吸附特征。结果表明:原土壤对Pb~(2+)的吸附曲线逐渐递增,并无明显阶段特征,且更符合Freundlich方程;而去除不同形态氧化铁后的3类土壤对Pb~(2+)的吸附曲线均为L型,阶段特征显著,更加符合Langmuir方程,且土壤对Pb~(2+)的亲和力(KL)成倍增加;去除络合态铁和无定形氧化铁后,土壤对Pb~(2+)的最大吸附量均有不同程度增加,其中去除无定形氧化铁之后,古土壤对Pb~(2+)的最大吸附量增幅最大,增加了14.71 mg·g-1;去除游离态氧化铁后古土壤、淋溶褐土对Pb~(2+)的吸附量分别下降了5.95、3.10 mg·g-1,黄褐土对Pb~(2+)的吸附量则增加了2.98 mg·g-1。土壤中氧化铁对Pb~(2+)吸附能力与吸附容量的影响不完全依赖于氧化铁的含量,在很大程度上依赖于土壤中氧化铁的形态。对于不同氧化铁形态的土壤采用相应的化学溶提技术,能够获得具有较高吸附性能的粘土矿物环境材料。     

三氟苯嘧啶在5种土壤中的吸附与解吸附行为

为研究三氟苯嘧啶的吸附-解吸附特性,采用振荡平衡法研究了三氟苯嘧啶在采集于吉林通化、江苏扬州、江西萍乡、广西南宁和海南海口等地的5种土壤中的吸附-解吸附行为及其环境影响因素。结果表明:三氟苯嘧啶在土壤中的吸附动力学符合Elovich模型,吸附和解吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型,吸附常数在1.886~7.626。温度的升高更有利于吸附,土壤对三氟苯嘧啶的吸附主要是物理吸附;随着溶液中pH值的升高,土壤对三氟苯嘧啶的吸附能力逐渐下降。除广西南宁黏壤土外,三氟苯嘧啶在5种土壤中的解吸附过程中存在滞后现象,不易在土壤中长期积累,具有一定的迁移特性。     

苯噻酰草胺在海泡石和凹凸棒石中的吸附行为

吸附是农药在土壤环境中行为和归宿的重要过程,农药在土壤矿物上的吸附直接影响其在土壤中的迁移、转化和生物利用等过程。了解农药在土壤中的吸附,对于预测和评价农药对土壤、地下水存在的潜在危害,开展土壤修复具有十分重要的意义。本研究通过批量平衡试验,研究了苯噻酰草胺在海泡石和凹凸棒石中的吸附行为及机理。结果表明:苯噻酰草胺在海泡石和凹凸棒石中的吸附分为快速反应阶段和慢速平衡阶段,吸附平衡时间约为6 h。其吸附动力学曲线符合准二级动力学方程,线性方程和Freundlich吸附等温方程能较好地描述其在海泡石和凹凸棒石中的吸附行为,海泡石对苯噻酰草胺的吸附容量高于凹凸棒石。傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和X-射线衍射(XRD)分析显示:苯噻酰草胺在海泡石和凹凸棒石中的吸附不仅发生在其表面层,还进入了其内层。机理分析推测:苯噻酰草胺主要是通过氢键、电荷转移和电荷-偶极键形式吸附在黏土矿物中。     

烟嘧磺隆在土壤中的吸附及与土壤性质的相关性研究

采用平衡振荡法研究了烟嘧磺隆在8种不同类型土壤中的吸附,结果表明,其吸附过程均符合经典的Freundlich模型,最大吸附常数为6.891,最小吸附常数为0.798。根据土壤有机吸附常数和吸附自由能的大小对该除草剂的移动性能进行了评价,认为其在8种土壤中均以物理吸附为主,且具有中等或较高的移动性能。通过对吸附常数Kf与土壤有机质含量、粘土含量和pH值的关系进行分析,发现土壤有机质含量、粘土含量和pH值在吸附过程中均属支配因素,Kf与土壤有机质含量、粘土含量呈正相关,而与土壤pH值呈负相关。     

Bentazone Leaching in Spanish Soils

Adsorption, incubation and soil-column experiments with bentazone [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] were carried out in ten different soils from the marches surrounding the Doñana National Park (Huelva, SW Spain). Adsorption isotherms for the different soils showed a good fit with the Freundlich equation. Bentazone was poorly adsorbed in all the soils studied, with no significant relationship between theK_f values and soil characteristics. A significant correlation was obtained between the soil organic matter content and the distribution constant values (K_d) calculated at an equilibrium concentration of 200 μg cm⁻³. The low adsorption and non-degradation of bentazone on these soils suggest that the herbicide readily percolates through soils to reach the surface and ground waters. The mobility of bentazone through three soil columns was also studied. The mass balances carried out showed that bentazone was totally eluted from the soil columns. The theoretical model applied to explain bentazone leaching under our experimental conditions seems to be suitable for soil columns with a uniform water-flow rate.     

Adsorption and degradation of thiazopyr in compost‐amended and non‐amended soils

Adsorption and degradation of thiazopyr on two unamended soils and a soil amended annually during 8 years with compost were studied under laboratory conditions and compared with the results obtained on soils amended with fresh sewage sludge compost. The adsorption isotherms fitted the Freundlich equation well and a marked sorption increase was found in amended soils. Degradation data followed first‐order kinetics and thiazopyr had a half‐life of about 75 days at 25 °C and 60% water‐holding capacity of soil. The addition of fresh compost markedly decreased the rate of thiazopyr degradation, whereas the compost mineralised in the field after annual additions had only a small influence. Incubation studies with sterile soils showed a very significant decrease of the degradation rate, indicating that degradation by micro‐organisms was the main pathway of thiazopyr degradation in the soils studied. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Influence of the physical and chemical properties of soil on the retention process of isoxaflutole and its two main derivatives

Isoxaflutole is a new pre‐emergence herbicide for use in maize and sugarcane. Its two main derivatives are a diketonitrile derivative, the 2‐cyano‐3‐cyclopropyl‐1‐(2‐methanesulfonyl‐4‐trifluoromethylphenyl)propan‐1,3‐dione, named DKN, and a benzoic acid derivative, the 2‐methanesulfonyl‐4‐trifluoromethylbenzoic acid, named BA. The adsorption/desorption processes have never been studied for isoxaflutole (IFT) at high concentrations nor for BA, and the present work aimed at completing the knowledge of the behaviour of these three molecules in conditions close to those encountered in the context of agricultural use. The adsorption/desorption study was conducted on seven soils of different physical and chemical properties, using the batch equilibrium technique. During the experiments, IFT was chemically converted into DKN in a continuous manner. This reaction appeared to be dependent on the pH of the soil and was taken into account in the calculations of the adsorbed and desorbed amounts. The adsorption isotherms obtained were predominantly C‐shaped for IFT and DKN and S‐shaped for BA, but some differences appeared on a few soils. They fitted well the Freundlich equation, and the values of the Freundlich coefficient K_fa showed that, whatever the soil, IFT was more adsorbed than its two derivatives. The main parameter influencing the adsorption of IFT appeared to be the organic matter content, whereas this effect was not evident for DKN and BA. No correlation was found between the extent of adsorption and either clay content or pH of the soil, for the three molecules.     

环丙酰草胺在土壤中的迁移特性

为研究环丙酰草胺在土壤中的吸附迁移规律，分别采用批平衡法和柱淋溶法测定了环丙酰草胺在江西红壤、太湖水稻土、常熟乌杉土、陕西潮土和东北黑土5种土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性，并运用数学模型对其在土壤中的吸附及迁移特性进行了分析。结果表明:环丙酰草胺在5种土壤中的等温吸附曲线符合线性吸附方程，吸附常数K_d在1.41~7.08之间；环丙酰草胺在5种土壤中的淋溶性大小依次为:东北黑土>陕西潮土>常熟乌杉土>太湖水稻土>江西红壤。通过对吸附常数K_d与土壤有机质含量和pH值的关系进行分析，发现土壤pH值在吸附过程中属主要因素，K_d与土壤pH值呈负相关。上述结果表明，环丙酰草胺在供试的5种土壤中比较容易迁移，影响其迁移的主要因素是土壤pH值。环丙酰草胺在使用过程中应关注其对地表水和地下水造成的风险。     

Micronutrient Distribution in Different Physiographic Units of the Siwalik Hills of the Semiarid Tract of Punjab,India

We investigated the profile distribution of total and diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid ( DTPA )- extractable micronutrients ( Zn , Mn , Cu , Fe ) in soils developed on six physiographic units of the semiarid Siwalik hills of Punjab in northwest India . The soils showed a gradual fining of texture from shoulder slopes to toe slopes . All soils were alkaline and calcareous . In general , total and DTPA-extractable micro nutrients were higher in surface horizons and decreased in subsurface horizons . However , none of the micronutrients exhibited any consistent pattern of distribution with depth on different geomorphic surfaces . Physiography had a strong influence on the spatial distribution of total and available micronutrients . Contents of all micronutrients and their forms were higher in fine-textured and uneroded soils than in coarse-textured eroded soils . Soil pH , calcium carbonate , organic matter , and size fractions had strong influence on the distribution of total and extractable micronutrients . Based on linear coefficients of correlation , total content of micro nutrients increased with increase in clay content , whereas DTPA - extractable micronutrient content increased with increase in organic carbon and decreased with increase in pH and CaCO3 content . Except for Cu , no other micronutrient showed influence of total reserves on availability of the respective micronutrient . Among the various micronutrients , deficiency of Zn was found to be widespread , followed by Fe and Cu in the cultivated soils on foot slopes , toe slopes , and floodplains .     

黑河流域中部土壤微量元素有效态含量的空间变异及丰缺评价

基于G IS技术,通过地统计学方法对张掖临泽、山丹、民乐县和甘州区农田表层土壤有效Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn、N i和Co含量的空间变异、丰缺状况及影响因素进行了研究。结果表明:有效Fe含量的最适模型为球状模型,Cu、Zn和N i为指数模型,Mn和Co为高斯模型;有效N i和Mn具有强烈空间相关性,有效Fe、Cu、Zn和Co具有中等空间相关性;各微量元素有效态含量均具有各向异性。研究区域有效Fe、Cu、Zn和N i含量在甘州区最高,有效Mn和Co含量由东南到西北逐渐减小;有效Cu和N i含量大部分面积处于中等及丰富水平,而有效Fe、Zn和Mn含量为中等及偏低水平。土壤有机质与六种微量元素有效态含量均呈显著或极显著正相关;pH与有效Fe、Cu、Zn和N i含量呈显著或极显著负相关。     

双氟磺草胺在不同类型土壤中的吸附与淋溶特性研究

农药在土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性是评价其环境行为的重要指标。采用批量平衡法和土柱淋溶法,研究了双氟磺草胺在小麦种植区3种代表性土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性。结果表明:双氟磺草胺在安徽黏土、山东砂质壤土和河南砂质黏壤土中的吸附规律均可以较好地用Freundlich方程描述,其吸附系数(Kf)在0.39~0.62之间;土壤有机碳归一化吸附系数(Koc)在66.91~81.35之间,表明双氟磺草胺在3种土壤中均属于难吸附型;吸附自由能(ΔG)在-10.90~-10.42kJ/mol之间,均属于物理吸附。双氟磺草胺在3种土壤中的淋出率在71.7%~74.1%之间,说明其在3种土壤中的淋溶性均较强。双氟磺草胺初始添加量和腐殖酸对淋出率具有一定影响。综合试验结果,认为双氟磺草胺在3种土壤中的吸附和淋溶可能受土壤有机质含量、黏粒含量、阳离子交换量和土壤pH值等多个因素的综合影响,其对地下水的污染风险较大,因此应引起高度重视。     

氯胺嘧草醚在土壤中的吸附行为研究

为评价氯胺嘧草醚的环境安全性,采用批量平衡法测定了氯胺嘧草醚在5种土壤中的吸附-解吸行为,并运用数学模型对其吸附-解吸特性及移动性能进行了分析。结果表明:氯胺嘧草醚在5种土壤中的等温吸附-解吸曲线符合Freundlich模型,吸附常数（Kf值）范围在6.991~18.49之间;不同土壤对其的吸附作用强弱依次为:黑土 > 水稻土 > 褐土 > 潮土 > 红土。氯胺嘧草醚在5种土壤中的有机碳吸附常数（KOC）范围在704.4~1 579之间,推测其在土壤中具有低移动性;薄层层析试验也表明,氯胺嘧草醚在土壤中的移动性较弱。氯胺嘧草醚在5种土壤中的吸附自由能绝对值均小于40 kJ/mol,表明其吸附机理主要是物理吸附。其Kf值与土壤有机质含量、黏粒含量呈正相关,而与土壤pH值呈负相关。解吸试验表明,氯胺醚在其中3种土壤中的解吸过程存在滞后现象。研究表明,在正常使用情况下,氯胺嘧草醚不易对地表水或地下水造成污染风险。     

西北旱作农田黄土对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附-解吸行为研究

采用静态批次试验法研究西北旱作农田黄土对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附等温线和动力学特性,通过正交试验揭示Pb(Ⅱ)的解吸行为。结果表明:黄土对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附过程更好地符合Langmuir等温线方程和准二级动力学方程,拟合系数R2分别为0.9937和0.9964;Langmuir方程计算得出的黄土对Pb(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量qm为17.0068mg/g。吸附过程自发、吸热,反应后体系自由度略有增加。对比极差R值发现:影响解吸过程的主要因素为水土比和解吸时间,在水土比为150mL/g、解吸时间为3 h、解吸液pH值为5和解吸温度为288 K时,Pb(Ⅱ)的平均解吸率r为50.15%。去除有机质农田黄土对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附量qe仅为6.6814mg/g,推测有机质在Pb(Ⅱ)的去除过程中有重要贡献。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤微量元素空间变异特征及其影响因素

以安塞县为研究区,运用地统计学和GIS技术相结合的方法研究了黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤中有效态Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn的空间变异特征及其影响因素。结果表明:四种微量元素的变异系数在14.81%～22.49%之间,都属于中等变异性;块金效应值在11.76%～46.94%之间,Zn的空间相关性较强,Fe、Mn和Cu的空间相关性中等;各微量元素含量在空间分布上呈现出由北部和南部向中部递减的趋势。土壤类型对Mn和Cu的含量有显著影响,灰褐土中Mn和Cu的含量高于黄绵土。相对高程与Fe、Mn和Zn呈极显著负相关;坡度与Mn和Cu呈显著或极显著负相关;地形起伏度与Fe和Cu呈显著或极显著负相关。有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾与Cu呈显著或极显著负相关,与Zn呈极显著正相关;速效钾与Fe和Mn呈极显著正相关;pH值与各微量元素均呈显著或极显著负相关。     

省道路边菜地土壤重金属含量分布及污染评价

采集西安市S107省道路边菜地土壤样品,利用XRF法测定土壤样品中重金属的含量,研究路边土壤中重金属的含量变化特征及污染水平。研究结果显示,路边菜地土壤中存在着Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Mn、Ni和V的累积现象。土壤重金属含量空间变化分析表明,防护林能够有效限制扩散能力强的Pb和Cr的传播范围,可阻挡通过大颗粒污染物扩散的Cu、Zn、Mn、Ni、V和As进入菜地土壤。单项污染指数评价结果显示,菜地土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Mn、Ni、V单因子污染指数均在1.0～1.7范围内,都达到了轻度污染,其中Pb、Cr污染指数能达到1.6和1.7,污染相对较重。路边菜地土壤重金属的综合污染指数分别为1.9和1.8,污染水平为轻度。     

沙漠颗粒物对磷酸盐的吸附行为研究

研究了乌兰布和沙漠和库布齐沙漠颗粒物中的磷含量及其在黄河水体中对磷酸盐（P）的等温吸附行为。结果表明：（1）不同沙漠颗粒物中无机磷（IP）、有机磷（OP）和总磷（TP）含量有所差别,其平均值分别为257.70μg/g、42.65μg/g和312.39μg/g;（2）沙漠颗粒物对磷的吸附行为既受温度影响,也随颗粒物的种类...     

THE ADSORPTION OF UREA AND SOME OF ITS DERIVATIVES BY A VARIETY OF SOILS

Summary. The absorption of urea and a number of its derivatives by different soils was investigated using a slurry-type procedure. The materials could be listed in the following order of increasing tendancy to be adsorbed: urea, fenuron, methylurea, phenylurea, monuron, monolinuron, diuron. linuron, neburon and chloroxuron. Both N -aryl and N -alkyl substituents appeared to play a part in adsorption. Increasing chain length in the alkyl substituents and chloro- and chlorophenoxy substitution in the aryl substituent increased adsorption. There was no relationship between adsorption and water solubility.
Organic matter content was the only soil property that could be related to adsorptive capacity. The evidence of Langmuir isothermal equilibrium plots suggests that only a fraction of the total soil surface is available for the adsorption of substituted ureas.
L'adsorption Je l'uré de ses dérivés sur dfférents sols     

施磷对不同生育期棉田土壤磷素吸持特性的影响

以两种质地棉田土壤为材料,研究不同施磷处理对不同生育期棉田土壤磷吸附与解吸的影响.结果表明:各生育期磷素等温吸附曲线与Langmuir,Temkin和Freundlich方程拟合度均达极显著水平,尤以Freundlich方程拟合度最高,相关系数均在0.96以上;磷的吸附饱和度(DPS)、零净吸附浓度磷(EPC_0)、吸附量、解吸量和解吸率随施磷量的增加均呈增长趋势,而标准需磷量(SPR)呈下降趋势;以Freundlich方程估算原状棉田土壤各个生育期的需磷量,壤质棉田苗期、花铃期和吐絮期的需磷量(按含P_2O_5 46%的磷肥折算)分别为143.7,137.4 kg/hm~2和160.2 kg/hm~2,砂壤质棉田苗期、花铃期和吐絮期的需磷量分别为106.6,251.1 kg/hm~2和173.0 kg/hm~2.