Application of bispyribac‐sodium provides effective weed control in direct‐planted rice on a sandy loam soil

An increasing water crisis, as well as the unavailability and high cost of labor, in Pakistan has forced rice‐growers to plant rice directly into the field. However, severe weed infestation causes disastrous effects on the productivity of this rice system. In this study, three herbicides (pendimethalin, penoxsulam and bispyribac‐sodium) were evaluated for weed control in direct‐planted rice on a sandy loam soil. Weedy check and weed‐free plots were established for comparison. Weed infestation decreased the rice yield by 75.2%. However, the application of herbicides suppressed the weed infestation, with a simultaneous increase in the rice yield. The postemergence application of bispyribac‐sodium was the most effective herbicide in reducing the total weed density and dry weight over the weedy check, followed by penoxsulam and pendimethalin, respectively. Bispyribac‐sodium increased the number of productive tillers, 1000‐grain weight, number of grains per panicle and grain yield over the control, as well as improved the water productivity and economic returns of direct‐planted rice. The weeds' proliferation increased the number of unproductive tillers and decreased the plant height. In conclusion, the postemergence application of bispyribac‐sodium can be used effectively to control weeds, increase water productivity and improve the economic returns and yield of direct‐planted rice on a sandy loam soil in Pakistan.     

温室地下滴灌灌水控制下限对番茄生长发育、果实品质和产量的影响

用温室小区试验的方法,通过对番茄株高和茎粗、果实品质和产量以及水分生产效率进行比较,探讨了温室栽培茄果类地下滴灌灌水控制下限的适宜取值范围。结果表明:在壤质土壤的试验地上,当地下滴灌管埋深为30 cm、计划湿润层深为15 cm~45 cm(厚度30 cm)、湿润比取0.7、灌水控制上限取田间持水量时,将土壤水吸力30 kPa作为控制灌水的下限,有利于番茄植株生长发育,可以达到高产、优质、节水的目的。     

Efficiency of Subsurface Drip Irrigation for Potato Production Under Different Dry Stress Conditions

Efficient water delivery systems such as drip irrigation can contribute towards increasing crop yield potential, improving crop water and fertilizer use efficiency. However, critical management considerations such as subsurface drip irrigation are necessary to attain improved irrigation efficiencies and production benefits particularly under arid regions. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of two irrigation methods, surface and subsurface drip irrigation combined with four irrigation levels, 100, 80, 60 and 40% of crop evapotranspiration on yield and yield components of potato grown on sandy soil. The field experiments were conducted in the years 2008 and 2009. In terms of soil water availability to plants, subsurface drip provided more favorable growth conditions for plant growth and maintained higher soil water content at the root zone, which resulted in a significant higher potato yield compared to surface drip irrigation. The difference between the two irrigation methods on yield components was concentrated on the mean tuber weight per plant, while no significant difference was found on the tuber number per plant. Reducing the amounts of applied water significantly decreased total potato yield and its components. Under subsurface drip irrigation, reducing amounts of applied water to 80% ETc gave comparable yield and yield components to surface drip at full irrigation supply, indicating that 20% irrigation water can be saved without affecting the potato yield. At all irrigation levels, subsurface drip recorded higher water use efficiency (WUE) over surface drip. Maximum value was observed at 40% ETc. Fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) was also higher under subsurface drip and reduced significantly under both irrigation methods with increasing water deficit. These results suggested that subsurface drip offers the potential of better water management with respect to saving and distribution of water in the root zone and to obtain maximum yield accompanied by highest water and FUE.     

考虑水分再分布的沟灌入渗模拟与春小麦垄作沟灌合理垄宽

垄作沟灌技术具有显著的节水增产作用,但在春小麦种植中应用尚缺乏参数设计方面的理论支撑。本研究采用粉砂质粘壤土与粘土两种典型土壤实测水分运动参数和HYDRUS软件,模拟了梯形灌水沟不同垄宽情况下的土壤水分运动和停水后水分再分布,研究了不同灌水量时湿润锋推进过程和水分再分布后的湿润体变化,分析了设计灌水定额下适宜作物生长湿润体范围,提出了粉砂质粘壤土和粘土宜采用的合理垄宽为20～50 cm和20～35 cm,这一结果为干旱区春小麦垄作沟灌技术推广提供了技术支撑。     

Leaching of aldicarb and thiofanox,and their uptake in soils by sugarbeet plants

The leaching of aldicarb and thiofanox in soils (sandy loam, silt loam and sandy clay loam), and their uptake by sugarbeet plants were studied. Three irrigation levels were maintained: half, normal and double dose. The residues were determined as the sum of the insecticidal metabolites (parent compound + sulphoxide+ sulphone) for both pesticides. Leaching was greatly influenced by the amount of water added and the soil type. Under normal conditions, leaching seemed to proceed very slowly, keeping the chemicals available for uptake by the root systems for a long time. The concentration of insecticide in the leaves was highest in beets grown on sandy loam and lowest in those grown on sandy clay loam. The quantity of irrigation did not influence the residue concentration in the leaves greatly, although its influence was obvious on the total residue present (μg per plant). Increasing the water dose always resulted in a higher total residue, and a greater plant weight. The breakdown in the soils was directly related to the water dose. The experiments show that thiofanox was more stable than aldicarb and was taken up by sugarbeet to a greater extent.     

土壤底墒与苗期灌溉量对玉米出苗和苗期生长发育的影响

采用二次回归正交设计方法,进行了土壤底墒和苗期灌溉量对玉米出苗和苗期生长发育影响的盆栽试验研究,分别建立了苗期株高、总干重与土壤底墒、灌溉量关系回归模型。研究结果表明,土壤底墒显著影响玉米出苗率,玉米出苗率最高时的壤土和沙土底墒分别为20.6%和13.6%;土壤底墒和苗期灌溉量的交互作用对株高和单株干物质重量具有相互协同效应和替代效应;玉米苗期株高和总干重最大时的壤土底墒均为15.1%,最佳灌溉量分别为86.7 mm和91.7 mm;玉米苗期株高和总干重最大时的沙土底墒分别为12%和13%,最佳灌溉量均为76 mm。     

Effects of Irrigation Water Salinity and Water Depth On Growth and Yield Parameters of NERICA Rice (Oryza sativa L. × Oryza glaberrima L.)

NERICA rice was developed through the hybridization of Oryza Glaberrima and Oryza sativa in an attempt to produce a higher yield in areas with a limited water supply. This study investigated the interactive effects of irrigation water salinities (0.38, 1.5, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0, 10.0 and 15?dSm^?1) for various water depths (5, 10 and 15?cm) on crop yield and related components of NERICA rice variety. This study showed that increased levels of irrigation water salinity resulted in reduced rice yield, biomass weight, plant height, harvest index, 1000 grain weight, evapotranspiration, water use efficiency, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll content, and increased plant sterility for all irrigation water depths. The threshold values of soil salinity for the NERICA rice for the 5, 10, and 15?cm depths were 2.14, 81 2.80, and 1.98 dSm^?1, respectively. The study showed that the optimum salinity/water depth condition for the production of transplanted NERICA rice is irrigation water salinity <?1.50 dSm^?1, and a 10?cm water depth. This irrigation water salinity level maintains the soil ECe at or below the salinity threshold value of 2.80 dSm^?1. This study showed that NERICA rice has a salinity threshold value of 2.80 dSm^?1. Since rice is generally considered to be more salt-sensitive during germination, it is recommended that farmers apply the least saline water available during the rice germination stage of growth. Information from this study will assist policymakers and farmers to better manage NERICA production in Sub-Saharan Africa.

     

基于HYDRUS-1D的不同质地土壤入渗过程数值模拟

基于HYDRUS-1D软件,对不同土质(淤泥、粉砂壤土、砂质粘壤土)的灌溉方案进行了系统的数值实验,模拟灌溉结束时及灌溉结束24 h之后的土壤剖面含水量和土壤湿润锋的变化情况。结果表明:在不产生径流的情况下,灌溉结束24 h后土壤的含水量分布和湿润深度只与土壤种类和灌溉量有关,与灌溉速度无关;对透水性较好的土质,灌溉水分重分布明显,以粉砂壤土灌溉速率0.7 cm·h~(-1)和灌溉时间3 h为例,灌溉结束时和灌溉24 h后土壤湿润深度分别为9.2 cm和20.6 cm,有55.3%的灌溉水参加了水分重分布;土壤湿润深度与灌溉量之间存在线性关系,拟合直线的斜率介于5.15(淤泥)和5.95(砂质黏壤土)之间。     

旱区“环状毛细芯渗灌”对葡萄生长发育和果实品质的影响研究

"环状毛细芯渗灌"是利用毛细现象的原理,在已有的毛细直芯基础上增加一个毛细环,通过毛细芯浸润方式给植物根部供水的节水渗灌方法。试验在宁夏自治区永宁县玉泉营农场的红地球(Vitis vinifera L.cv.red globe)葡萄园内进行,灌溉方式为环状毛细芯渗灌与常规沟灌(CK);毛细芯渗灌的灌水次数分为一次和两次,每次灌满一桶水(100L),水由毛细芯慢慢渗出,常规沟灌的灌水次数为两次;环状毛细芯的埋藏深度分为两种:30cm深和土壤表面(0cm深)。试验结果表明,处理0*1(环状毛细芯表面渗灌、一次灌水)下副稍增长量最大,与常规沟灌存在显著差异(P0.05)。在相同灌水量下,处理0*1副稍增长量高于处理30*1(地下30cm深的环状毛细芯渗灌、一次灌水)。处理0*2(表面渗灌、两次灌水)叶中脉长势最好。处理0*2、0*1相比于其它处理果实粒径增长量最大,处理0*1横径增长速度比CK提高了55.6%,这说明环状毛细芯渗灌有效促进了葡萄果实的增长。在相同灌水量下,表面渗灌下葡萄粒径的长势明显好于30cm深的渗灌。处理30*2(地下30cm深的环状毛细芯渗灌、两次灌水)百粒重比相同灌水量下的CK提高了30%。常规沟灌下脯氨酸含量最高,处理30*2脯氨酸含量最低;在相同灌水量下,表面渗灌下脯氨酸含量高于30cm深的渗灌,这说明30cm深的毛细芯渗灌能较好地减轻植物的水分胁迫。处理30*2与30*1的可溶性固形物较高,处理30*1的糖酸比最高;在相同灌水量下,30cm深的渗灌下葡萄糖酸比高于表面渗灌。从最终产量和果实品质的角度看,处理30*2是旱区葡萄着色期~成熟期最好的组合。     

地埋滴灌对紫花苜蓿耗水、产量及水分生产率的影响

为了探索地埋滴灌紫花苜蓿的最佳灌水量和滴灌带埋设深度,采用田间试验设置15.0、22.5 mm和30.0 mm三种灌水水平与10、20 cm和30 cm三种滴灌带埋设深度处理,研究灌水量、滴灌带埋深对紫花苜蓿耗水量、产量及水分生产率的影响。结果表明:地埋滴灌紫花苜蓿耗水量、产量和水分生产率均随灌水量的增加而显著增加(P0.01),均随滴灌带埋深的增加先增大(P0.01)后减小(P0.05);总生长季紫花苜蓿总耗水量为400~500 mm,总产量为7 500~12 000 kg·hm~(-2),水分生产率为1.80~2.50 kg·m~(-3)。建议地埋滴灌紫花苜蓿采用滴灌带埋深为20 cm,灌水定额为22.5~30 mm,灌水周期5~7 d的灌溉制度。     

Sulcotrione soil persistence and mobility in summer maize and winter wheat crops

Sulcotrione soil persistence in spring maize ( Zea mays L.) crops grown on a sandy loam soil was greater at pH 5·5 and 6·0 (soil half-life T _1/2≈58 days) than at pH 7·1 ( T _1/2 = 44 days). Sulcotrione was also applied as recommended on a summer maize crop at the five- to six-leaf growth stage, grown on a sandy loam soil. Sulcotrione soil half-life was 44 days, and the herbicide remained mainly in the 0- to 5-cm surface soil layer during the cropping period, in spite of the high water solubility and the heavy rains at the end of August; lower sulcotrione concentrations (10–18% of the total during the 2-month period after sulcotrione application) were detected in the 5- to 10-cm surface soil layer. The herbicide was applied pre-emergence to winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) at four sites that differed in their soil texture and composition: loamy sand, sandy loam, loam and clay loam. Persistence was greater in the soils containing more organic matter. In soils having similar organic matter contents, persistence was lower in the soil containing more sand relative to loam and clay. During the winter crops, sulcotrione moved down to the 10- to 15-cm soil layer, in spite of the fact that the rains were lower in winter than in summer. Sulcotrione most generally was not detected in the 15–20 cm soil layer of the maize and winter wheat crops.     

不同生育阶段灌水处理对糜子农艺性状及产量的影响

在年降雨量不足40 mm的甘肃省敦煌市,以陇糜10号为指示品种,研究了不同生育阶段灌水处理对糜子主要农艺性状及产量的影响,应用灰色关联度法分析了主要农艺性状与产量的相关性。结果表明：水分亏缺延迟糜子成熟,延长了拔节至抽穗阶段的生长发育天数;生育期内任何阶段水分亏缺都降低了糜子株高、千粒重和产量,主穗长缩短,主茎粗变细,抽穗灌浆期水分亏缺极显著地影响单株穗重、单株粒重及单位面积穗数。不同土壤水分条件下,糜子单株粒重、单株穗重、千粒重、株高、主茎粗、主穗长、单位面积穗数都与糜子产量相关性较大。     

不同生态型杂草稻对水稻生长及产量的影响

通过田间试验初步研究采自上海市青浦区、浦东新区、嘉定区等地的籼型和偏籼型杂草稻以及采自崇明区的粳型杂草稻对水稻生长、产量构成因子和产量的影响。结果表明,在水稻营养生长期,不同籼型、偏籼型杂草稻密度对水稻基本苗、株高、单株鲜质量、分蘖数、倒二叶长、倒二叶宽均未有明显影响;而籼型和偏籼型杂草稻密度对产量构成因子有效穗数、穗长、一次枝梗数、穗粒数、千粒质量、结实率等均能产生一定影响,而粳型杂草稻只对水稻有效穗数、结实率、千粒质量等产生一定影响,实际产量等均随杂草稻密度的增加呈下降趋势。青浦区、浦东新区、嘉定区等地的籼型、偏籼型杂草稻和崇明区粳型杂草稻导致水稻产量损失50%时的密度分别为8.19、12.82、15.45、19.82株/m~2。     

油葵蕾期对微咸水水质的适应性研究

采用田间试验的方式,分别以淡水和矿化度为3 g/L、4 g/L、5 g/L、6 g/L的微咸水作为油葵蕾期水,以蕾期缺水处理作为对照,研究了油葵蕾期对微咸水矿化度的适应程度.结果表明:油葵整个生育期结束时,各处理主根层土壤含盐量均达到底墒水前的初始值附近,无显著的脱盐与积盐现象;蕾期采用3 g/L的微咸水灌溉, 对油葵生长非但不会造成抑制,反而还有一定的促进作用,使其株高、茎粗、盘粒数、百粒重及产量均超过淡水处理;油葵蕾期采用矿化度为5 g/L以下的微咸水进行灌溉,产量不会显著降低;在淡水资源不足或有限的情况下,6 g/L也可以考虑用于油葵蕾期灌溉,虽然会造成一定程度的减产,但与蕾期缺水的情况相比较,在不显著增大土壤含盐量的情况下仍然可以较大程度提高产量.     

Effects of Irrigation and Verticillium dahliae on Cauliflower Root and Shoot Growth Dynamics

ABSTRACT Cauliflower root and plant growth and Verticillium wilt development were evaluated under different moisture regimes in the presence or absence of V. dahliae. Treatments included two main plots (V. dahliae-infested and fumigated), two subplots (furrow and subsurface drip irrigation), and three sub-subplots (deficit, moderate, and excessive regimes) that were arranged in a split-split-plot design in the field. Soil cores with roots were periodically sampled at 5 and 25 cm distance from plants. Total roots in each soil core were extracted with a hydropneumatic root elutriator, and root length from each sample was determined with a digital image analysis system. Incidence and severity of Verticillium wilt, plant height, number of leaves, and dry weights of leaves and roots were determined on 10 plants sampled at 7- to 10-day intervals 1 month after cauliflower transplanting and continued until harvest. To evaluate the effects of Verticillium wilt-induced stress on cauliflower plants, stomatal resistance was measured in upper healthy and lower (or diseased) leaves. Root length density at 5 and 25 cm from plant was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in subsurface drip than in furrow irrigation. Root length density was significantly higher in excessive irrigation regime than in the other regimes. Concomitantly, there was higher wilt incidence and severity in excessive and moderate regimes than deficit regime regardless of the irrigation method. Plant height was affected by irrigation methods and deficit regime. Neither the method of irrigation nor the quantity of water affected the other variables. Stomatal resistance in lower diseased leaves was significantly higher in infested than in fumigated plots but it was not in the upper healthy leaves. In this study, cauliflower yield was not affected by V. dahliae and irrigation method, but the deficit irrigation regime resulted in reduced yield even though it suppressed wilt in cauliflower. Thus, higher moisture levels resulted in higher root length density in V. dahliae-infested plots that in turn lead to greater incidence of Verticillium wilt and severity. The pathogen also affected physiological processes such as hydraulic conductance of cauliflower leaves, but not shoot growth or yield under these experimental conditions.     

敦煌绿洲区覆膜补灌对谷子光合特性农艺性状及产量的影响

在年降雨量不足40 mm的敦煌绿洲灌区,以谷子为材料,采用裂区试验,研究了覆膜栽培条件下拔节、抽穗和灌浆各阶段灌一次水对其光合特性、农艺性状及产量的影响。结果显示:在播前统一灌600 m~3·hm~(-2)底墒水的情况下,抽穗期灌600 m~3·hm~(-2)水处理(A3),谷子的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)及叶绿素含量显著的高于生育期内不灌水(A1)、拔节期灌600 m~3·hm~(-2)水(A2)和灌浆期灌600 m~3·hm~(-2)水(A4)处理,胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)因品种不同各处理间也存在较大差异;抽穗期灌600 m~3·hm~(-2)水(A3)不仅抽穗明显提前,株高、主穗长、单株穗重、单株粒重、单株草重显著高于A1、A2、A4,且产量也极显著高于A1、A2、A4;相关分析表明,不同处理净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、叶绿素含量均与产量显著正相关,光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度间彼此极显著相关。     

禹城沙地节水试验滴灌设计

本文结合禹城沙地的具体特征进行以水为目的的滴灌设计。本设计参数经水力计算确定：给水强度不小于３ｍｍ／ｄ，滴头流量不少于３１／ｈ，轮灌周期不少于１天，滴水均匀度不少于８０％。实验区按照实验日的的需要分成滴灌区和漫灌区。管道系统布置成于管、支管、毛管、微管四个等级。并计算于管使用φ４０ｍｍ胶管，支管使用φ３２ｍｍ．φ２５ｍｍ，φ２０ｍｍ三种管径组合，毛管全部采用φ１０ｍｍ的胶管。根据使用年限设计全部管道均埋地下。最后提出暗管除污的几种措施：水源采用水井的净水，首部枢纽使用过滤器，整个管道系统形成０．０５ｍ的地势差，便于微管除沙尘，配有吸气球。以上设计结果使整个滴灌地达到湿润度３０％的效果。     

Evaluation of the efficiency of irrigation methods on the growth and survival of tree seedlings in an arid climate

Scarce and scattered precipitation in arid regions is detrimental for newly planted seedlings. It is essential to provide required water storage for seedlings in restoration projects in the first year of their establishment. The subsurface irrigation can be much more effective than the surface irrigation because of the regulation of water availability and reduction in water evaporation. We studied the effect of surface and subsurface irrigation methods on the growth and survival of four common tree species including heaven tree(Ailanthus altissima(Mill.) Swingle), China berry(Melia azedarach L.), white mulberry(Morus alba L.), and black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia L.) by installing underground clay reservoirs with different permeabilities in Isfahan City, Iran. Different amounts of animal manure and wheat straw were mixed with clay fraction and cooked in a pottery kiln at 900°C to produce reservoirs with different permeabilities. The experimental treatments consisting of irrigation and tree species were considered with a factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with three replications in 2016 and 2017. Leaf water potential of seedlings, which is indirectly related to drought resistance, was measured by a portable pressure chamber. The results showed that saplings height, basal diameter, number of leaves, chlorophyll content and stomatal conductance were significantly(P0.05) higher in the subsurface irrigation with low permeability than in the surface irrigation, but the number of branches of the studied species were not significantly(P0.05) affected by the irrigation methods and different permeabilities of clay reservoirs. The clay reservoirs with low and medium permeabilities constantly provide better conditions for plant growth, and water with lower pressure and longer time intervals to the plant roots as compared with the reservoirs with high permeability. Analysis of variance of the data showed that year and interaction between year and permeability of reservoir had significant effects(P0.05) on all growth parameters, except for the chlorophyll content. In addition, the highest percentage of survival was 100% associated with the subsurface irrigation and the control treatment had the lowest survival percentages of 60%, 70%, 80% and 100% for M. alba, M. azedarach, A. altissima and R. pseudoacacia, respectively. Finally, the values of leaf water potential showed that R. pseudoacacia was the most drought resistant species.     

Effect of time of irrigation on the distribution of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane in soil after shallow injection

The effect of irrigation time on the dispersion of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloroproparie (DBCP) in soil after a shallow injection treatment was determined for Yolo fine sandy loam. When injections equivalent to 23.5 litres of DBCP/ha at a depth of 7 to 8 cm were subsequently followed by 15 cm of irrigation water, adequate distribution of DBCP was obtained if the soil was irrigated within 5 days. However, the most rapid and deepest penetration of fumigant was obtained by irrigating 2 to 5 days after application. There was insufficient downward movement of DBCP in non-irrigated soil.     

Activity,adsorption, mobility and field persistence of sulfosulfuron in soil

Petri dish bioassays, based on root response of corn grown in soil or in perlite, were used to study the activity, adsorption, mobility and field persistence of sulfosulfuron in a silty clay loam and a sandy loam soil. Both bioassays indicated that activity of sulfosulfuron increased with increasing herbicide concentration, and to a slightly greater degree in sandy loam soil than in silty clay loam soil. More sulfosulfuron was adsorbed on the sandy loam (not biologically available) than on the silty clay loam soil. Consequently, slightly greater amounts of sulfosulfuron were leached through the silty clay loam than through the sandy loam soil. Biologically available sulfosulfuron was not detected at depths below 40 cm after application in sandy loam, but this was not the case for the silty clay loam soil. In 2002, all sulfosulfuron rates showed field persistence of less than 5 months. On the other hand, in 2003, biologically available sulfosulfuron was detected in the 0–10-cm soil depth 150 days after application. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 6, 2004.