Snowmelt-induced soil erosion on gentle slopes in the southern Cis-Ural region

It has been revealed that, in the years when the freezing depth of leached chernozems on slopes in the southern Cis-Ural region is in the range of 30–38 cm, no surface runoff is observed in the spring regardless of the snow cover, soil wetting, or vegetation; the critical freezing depth under forest is half that on the open surfaces. When the freezing depth is deeper, the critical volume of the spring runoff is mainly determined by the meteorological conditions, the water permeability of the soil, and its protection by plants.     

不同降雨强度下土壤结皮强度对侵蚀的影响

为定量分析土壤结皮对坡面侵蚀的影响,该文选择塿土、黄绵土、黑垆土和黄墡土4类土壤,分析其在3种雨强(60、90、120 mm/h)下的结皮强度变化规律。结果表明,当土壤含水率高于30%时,不同降雨强度下结皮强度差异不显著(P0.05),当含水率小于30%时,结皮强度随降雨强度增大而增强。以杨凌塿土10°坡面为例,进行坡面人工模拟降雨试验,分析计算不同强度结皮坡面的侵蚀产沙、径流剪切力、阻力系数以及流速,结果表明:结皮对坡面产流的影响并不显著,但其存在有效地减少坡面的侵蚀产沙量。结皮存在能有效地减少坡面产沙量,无结皮坡面的产沙量是结皮坡面产沙量的1.24~8.72倍。相同降雨条件下,结皮强度越大,其产沙量越小。进一步通过灰色关联分析得出:随着坡面结皮强度增加,水流功率对坡面侵蚀的作用效益不断减小,而阻力系数的作用效益增加,即水流增加产沙的正效应不断减弱;另一方面,结皮强度增大使得坡面土壤抗蚀性增强,因此,结皮强度越大,坡面侵蚀量将大幅度减少。研究可为准确有效预报坡面土壤侵蚀提供重要依据。     

Effects of rainfall intensity and slope gradient on the dynamics of interrill erosion during soil surface sealing

Soil erosion during rainfall is strongly affected by runoff and slope steepness. Runoff production is drastically increased when a seal is formed at the soil surface during rainfall. Therefore, a complex interaction exists between soil erosion and surface sealing. In this study, the dynamics of interrill erosion during seal formation is studied under different simulated rainfall and slope conditions. A sandy soil was exposed to 70 mm of rainfall at two intensities, 24 mm h^− 1 and 60 mm h^− 1, and five slope gradients, from 5% to 25%. Infiltration, runoff and soil loss rates were monitored during rainfall. Final infiltration rates increased with slope gradient at both rainfall intensities, this effect being stronger for the higher intensity. Cumulative runoff at the end of the rainfall event was lower as slopes were steeper, while an opposite trend was obtained for soil loss. For the 5% and the 9% slopes, the sediment concentration in runoff reached quickly a stable value during the whole rainfall event, while it reached a peak value before declining for the higher slopes. The peak value and its timing were rainfall intensity dependent. Soil erodibility during seal formation was evaluated using two empirical multiplication-of-factors type models. It seems that slope and rainfall erosivity are accounted for only partly in these models. For mild slope gradients below 9%, the value of K_i estimated by means of the two expressions becomes practically constant shortly after runoff apparition. Consequently, the estimates resulting from this type of expressions remain valuable from the practical point of view.     

黄土坡面不同微坡位上糙度对降雨侵蚀的响应

通过人工模拟降雨试验,结合高精度三维激光扫描技术研究了黄土坡面不同微坡位上糙度对降雨侵蚀的响应特征.结果表明,在同一条件下,坡顶、坡面和洼地上高程统计特征具有明显的差异;在降雨过程中,由于糙度所处的位置不同,对降雨侵蚀的响应特征也不同;地表糙度与微坡度之间存在显著的线性关系.因此,地表糙度对降雨侵蚀的响应规律具有一定的空间差异性.     

Effects of forest plantations on rainfall redistribution and erosion in the red soil region of Southern China

To evaluate the effects of different forest plantations on rainfall redistribution, we measured throughfall, stemflow, interception loss, surface runoff and soil loss from July 2004 to September 2005 in the three types of forest plantations Eucommia ulmoides, Vernicia fordii and Pinus massoniana. The results showed that differences in throughfall and stemflow between the three forest plantations were significant (p < 0·05). Throughfall was highest in the V.fordii plantation and stemflow was highest in the E.ulmoides plantation. Throughfall plus stemflow below the E.ulmoides canopy was greater than that underneath the other forest types. Moreover, significant spatial variation in throughfall was observed. Throughfall in P.massoniana was 28·0–39·7% higher at a stem distance < 60 cm or 11·5% lower at a stem distance > 120 cm than in the other forests, but the difference was not significant between E.ulmoides and V.fordii. Moreover, the difference in throughfall at stem distances 60–120 cm was not significant between the different forest plantations. For E.ulmoides, throughfall under the peripheral crown part was 16·1% higher than that close to the stem. In contrast to E.ulmoides, P.massoniana had 26·8% lower throughfall under the peripheral crown part than close to the stem. No significant difference was found in throughfall for the various stem distances underneath V.fordii. Stemflow in E.ulmoides was 2–3 times higher than in the other forests (p < 0·01). Interception loss accounted for 19·9% of gross rainfall for E.ulmoides, 20·8% for V.fordii and 27·2% for P.massoniana. Surface runoff and soil loss differed considerably among the three types of forest plantations. Annual runoff and total soil loss were lowest in the P.massoniana forest and highest in the V.fordii forest. This study indicated that P.massoniana, as a reforestation tree species, had the most positive effect on soil and water conservation among the three forest plantations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

降雨强度、坡度及坡长对细沟侵蚀的交互效应分析

为了对细沟侵蚀影像因素的交互效应分析方法进行探索,通过2个降雨强度(1.5和2 mm/min)、4个坡度(10°、15°、20°、25°)和2个模拟坡长(5、10 m)进行室内模拟降雨试验,采用回归分析的方法来探讨降雨强度、坡度及坡长对坡面产流、产沙及水流速度是否存在交互效应。结果显示:1)以单宽产流速率作为试验中坡面产流的表征指标,对其有显著影响的是降雨强度、坡度的主效应,以及坡长坡度的交互效应;2)含沙量是由降雨强度及坡度共同作用的结果;3)细沟间片流流速主要受降雨强度、坡度、距坡顶距离主效应的促进影响,无交互效应存在,而细沟间水流的变化中不仅有3因素的正向主效应影响,而且坡度与距离的交互效应也对其影响显著,但此交互效应表现为负。     

红壤裸露坡地次降雨土壤侵蚀规律

揭示红壤裸露坡地次降雨土壤侵蚀规律可为红壤坡地水土流失防治和水土保持效益评价提供科学依据。该文基于典型红壤区裸露坡地试验小区134场次降雨气象、水文观测资料,选取雨量、历时和雨强为特征指标,综合采用快速聚类和判别聚类,划分确定出3种雨型:A雨型(高频次、短历时、小雨量、大雨强),B雨型(中频次、中历时、中雨量、中雨强)和C雨型(低频次、长历时、大雨量、小雨强)。其中,A雨型是造成红壤裸露坡地土壤侵蚀的主要降雨类型。通过Pearson相关分析和Mann-Kendall检验表明,红壤裸露坡地土壤侵蚀主要受雨强和雨量共同影响,雨强的指标中以最大30 min雨强与其关系最为密切,是导致土壤侵蚀变化的直接因素,雨量则通过改变雨强产生一定的间接影响。土壤侵蚀强度随最大30 min雨强增大过程中,在15 mm/h处存在明显转折,最大30 min雨强小于该值前,侵蚀强度呈缓慢增大,大于该值后,侵蚀强度快速增大。土壤侵蚀与雨量整体呈同步增大,但不同雨型的单位雨量侵蚀能力表现为A雨型B雨型C雨型。在排除前期降雨影响的前提下,利用数理统计方法建立了南方红壤裸露坡地次降雨土壤侵蚀强度与雨量和最大30 min雨强的幂函数统计关系,用于3类雨型下的侵蚀预报时整体精度较好,且更适于短历时暴雨。以上研究将为深入揭示红壤坡地土壤侵蚀规律和构建预报模型提供有益参考。     

雨强和坡度对红壤坡耕地地表径流及壤中流的影响

地表径流和壤中流是坡面重要水文过程,雨强和坡度是影响坡面地表径流和壤中流产流主要因素。为研究降雨强度和地表坡度对坡耕地地表径流和壤中流的影响,该文采用人工模拟降雨试验法,在长3.0 m、宽1.5 m、深0.5 m土槽,设计4个不同坡度(5°、10°、15°、20°)和3个不同雨强(30、60、90 mm/h)对红壤坡耕地地表径流及壤中流产流过程进行模拟试验。结果表明:1)壤中流开始产流时间滞后于地表径流,降雨强度从30到90 mm/h,地表径流、壤中流产流开始时间均随雨强增大而减小,壤中流比地表产流开始滞后时间随着雨强增大先增大后趋于稳定;2)地表径流强度随雨强增大而增大,壤中流初始径流强度随雨强增大而增大,不同雨强下壤中流径流峰值相近;3)地表径流和壤中流产流过程曲线有明显差异,地表径流产流过程线先增大后趋于稳定,壤中流产流过程线呈抛物线型即先增大后减小;4)从5°到20°,地表产流开始时间随坡度增大而减小,壤中流产流开始时间随坡度增大先减小后增大;5)从5°到20°,地表径流强度先增大后减小,10°为转折坡度,壤中流产流峰值随坡度增大而减小,并且随着坡度增大达到壤中流峰值时间不断减小。     

雨强对红壤坡耕地泥沙流失及有机碳富集的影响规律研究

在典型红壤丘陵区平均坡度为10?的坡耕地径流小区 (2 m?5 m) 上进行降雨强度为1.69 mm min-1（大雨强）、1.31 mm min-1（中雨强）和0.64 mm min-1（小雨强）的模拟降雨试验,并对模拟降雨过程中泥沙的迁移规律和泥沙有机碳的流失富集规律进行了研究。研究结果表明：侵蚀作用下泥沙流失量随着降雨强度的增大而增加,并与径流量呈显著的立方关系,径流量是坡耕地土壤流失的重要影响因素;土壤有机碳流失以泥沙结合态为主,泥沙态有机碳流失量占总有机碳流失量的84%以上,最高达到97.6%;泥沙中有机碳富集比随着降雨强度的增大而逐渐减小,有机碳的选择性迁移在低强度降雨条件下表现更为明显;中雨强和小雨强下有机碳的富集比与黏粒的富集比分别呈极显著和显著正相关,而大雨强泥沙有机碳富集比与黏粒富集比没有显著的线性关系。雨强是影响泥沙流失和泥沙有机碳迁移的重要因素。     

降雨和上方来水条件下工程堆积体坡面土壤侵蚀特征

定量分析降雨和上方来水共同作用下堆积体坡面产流产沙过程,对于完善多驱动力条件下堆积体坡面土壤侵蚀特征具有重要意义。该研究运用人工模拟降雨和冲刷试验,在野外径流小区（7 m×1 m×0.5 m,坡度36°）上分别开展5个降雨强度（40、50、70、100、120 mm/h）、4个上方来水强度（10、15、20、25 L/min）单独作用及共同作用下坡面土壤侵蚀过程试验,比较2种驱动力单独作用及共同下堆积体坡面土壤侵蚀与形态特征。结果表明：1）降雨条件下,堆积体坡面侵蚀过程呈现阶段性差异发育,中小雨强（40、50和70 mm/h）条件下,产流率和产沙率随历时延续呈现2个不同阶段（波动、平稳）,侵蚀形态为不连续跌坎,大雨强（100和120 mm/h）条件下,产流率和产沙率随历时的延续呈现3个不同阶段（波动、平稳、剧烈）,坡面侵蚀形态为细沟。2）上方来水条件下,堆积体坡面侵蚀过程呈现相对平稳发育,坡面侵蚀形态均为细沟。3）上方来水与降雨共同作用下,堆积体坡面侵蚀过程呈现剧烈波动发育,产沙率随历时的延续呈现持续\     

降雨强度和坡度对东北黑土区顺坡垄体溅蚀特征的影响

坡耕地溅蚀特征研究可揭示和反映溅蚀的发生和发展机理,而以往研究大多在无垄作坡面进行,较少涉及顺坡垄体。为此,该研究基于野外人工模拟降雨试验,设计3个降雨强度（30、60和90 mm/h）和2个坡度（3°、5°）,研究降雨强度和坡度对典型黑土（Mollisol）农田顺坡垄体溅蚀量、溅蚀过程和溅蚀分选特征的影响。研究结果表明：当降雨强度由30 mm/h增加到90 mm/h时,总溅蚀量增加2.5～17.9倍。当坡度由3°增大到5°时,总溅蚀量增加30.52%～74.08%。当降雨强度为30和60 mm/h时,总溅蚀率随降雨历时呈迅速减小-缓慢减小-波动稳定的趋势。当降雨强度为90 mm/h时,总溅蚀率随降雨历时呈迅速增加-迅速减小-波动稳定的趋势。整体而言,总溅蚀量随降雨强度和坡度的增加呈幂函数关系。各试验处理下,溅蚀分选水稳性团聚体中均以<1 mm粒级的团聚体为主,平均占总量的79.01%,以0.5～1 mm粒级最多,2～5 mm粒级最少,分别占总量的32.94%和3.36%。30和60 mm/h降雨强度下,分别为<0.25和<2 mm的各粒级团聚体在降雨后期达到波动稳定,其中<0.25 mm的团聚体均呈迅速降低-缓慢降低-波动稳定的变化趋势。90 mm/h降雨强度下,1～5和<0.25 mm各粒级团聚体均呈线性平稳变化,其中<0.25 mm的团聚体呈线性减少趋势。研究可为东北黑土区水蚀防治提供科学依据。     

Assessing interrill erosion rate from soil aggregate instability index, rainfall intensity and slope angle on cultivated soils in central Greece

In order to develop a new formula for assessing interrill erosion rate by incorporating the soil aggregate instability index, β, erosion plots at seven sites in central Greece were used to measure interrill erosion rate under natural rainfall conditions during a 39-month period. Soils classified as Alfisols, Inceptisols and Entisols with slopes 7–21%, moderately well to excessively drained, clay to loamy textured, were studied. Runoff and total sediment were collected after each ponding rainfall event. The equation E_i=0.628 β S_t^1.3 e^{0.0967I₃₀} was finally proposed (R²=0.939,P<0.001) to describe interrill erosion rate. The term, S_t represents the tangent of the slope angle, and I₃₀ represents the maximum rainfall intensity in 30 min. The addition of the aggregate instability index to improve existing methodologies provide was considered to provide an easy to determine and reliable measure of soil erodibility. Validation with independent data showed that the model predicted interrill erosion well (R²=0.766, P<0.001). Therefore, the proposed model based on the aggregate instability index, β, has the potential to improved methodology for assessing interrill erosion rate.     

降雨和径流条件下红壤坡面细沟侵蚀过程

为明确第四纪黏土发育红壤坡面侵蚀过程特征,采用人工模拟降雨和径流冲刷相结合试验,研究坡度、流量和降雨因素对坡面细沟侵蚀过程影响。结果表明:1)坡面侵蚀过程呈现明显阶段性,试验条件下侵蚀前3 min为层状面蚀为主的初始阶段,细沟出现后转变为细沟侵蚀为主的细沟发育阶段。降雨以及增加坡度和流量能加快细沟发育速度和侵蚀速率;2)各侵蚀阶段平均侵蚀速率关系为初始阶段细沟发育阶段细沟稳定阶段。初始阶段侵蚀速率对各水动力学参数响应关系为水流功率坡度水流剪切力单位水流功率=流速流量。细沟发育阶段平均侵蚀速率与水流功率、水流剪切力和坡度关系密切,而细沟稳定阶段侵蚀速率只与坡度和流量相关;3)水流功率是与初始阶段和细沟发育阶段关系最密切的水动力学参数,侵蚀初始阶段的层状面蚀、单独径流冲刷和降雨-径流作用下细沟侵蚀发生的临界水流功率分别为0.091、0.121、?1.691 N/(m·s)。试验在小尺度条件下初步揭示了红壤坡面细沟侵蚀过程特征,为南方红壤丘陵区土壤侵蚀预报模型和侵蚀防治提供理论参考。     

降雨强度对黄土坡面矿质氮素流失的影响

利用室内模拟降雨试验，研究了黄土区土壤矿质氮素随地表径流迁移流失和入渗的动态变化，初步探讨了径流与土壤矿质氮素的作用深度EDI，并提出了EDI深度的确定方法。结果表明：土壤矿质氮素流失是降雨、径流与表层土壤矿质氮素作用的结果，随径流流失量显著高于随泥沙流失量，地表产流过程径流养分浓度呈现高—低—较高变化；降雨(降雨强度)和径流是土壤溶质迁移的动力，对土壤矿质氮素随径流流失和入渗有着重要影响。雨强增大，土壤矿质氮素流失量、径流作用深度(EDI)和土壤硝态氮入渗锋值深度均增加；同一坡面不同坡位土壤NO^－₃-N与径流有效作用深度(EDI)和浓度锋值深度不同，坡中下部最深，坡顶部和坡底部较浅；土壤NO^－₃-N和土壤NH⁺₄-N入渗和再分布过程截然不同。     

Interrelationship among slope steepness,tillage practice and rainfall properties with surface runoff and soil loss on Mollisols in Northeast China

ABSTRACT

Soil erosion and rainfall-induced runoff are well studied yet remain somewhat unpredictable from one natural rainfall to the next, due to interactions between erosion parameters. This study quantified the relationship between annual (2011–2016) and individual (2016) rain events with overland flow (runoff) and soil loss in China’s northern ‘corn-belt’. Two tillage practices and slopes were evaluated (no-till and conventional till, 5° and 7° slopes). Results showed 54 rainfall events for a total of 394 mm precipitation ranging between May and October 2016. Runoff occurred 13 times in the conventional till with 7° slope, accounting for 25.9% of the precipitation volume and caused 15.6 t ha^?1 erosion. It occurred twice in the no-till with 5° slope plot and caused 0.2 t ha^?1 erosion., Thus the no-till with 5° slope treatment is the best tillage system to protect soil in Mollisols in Northeast China. Broad analysis coupled with a detail review of three rainfall events demonstrates that water either runs off plots quickly or rapidly infiltrates while sediment moves in a pulsing manner.     

岷江源头区农林复合景观变化对土壤侵蚀强度的影响

研究植被景观对土壤侵蚀的影响对旨在控制水土流失的流域生态恢复工作来说十分重要。该文利用遥感和GIS技术对岷江源头区的农林复合景观和土壤侵蚀强度的变化进行分析,并从景观角度分析了该区域农林复合景观变化对土壤侵蚀强度变化的影响。从不同景观类型对土壤侵蚀强度的控制能力大小看：针叶林＞落叶阔叶林＞针阔混交林＞灌丛＞草地＞农用地。对于除农用地以外的其他植被景观类型来说,增加其平均斑块面积和形状的复杂性会在一定程度上减少土壤侵蚀强度。而对于农用地来说,斑块形状的简单化以及均匀镶嵌的分布形式则是减少土壤侵蚀强度的有效手段。     

基于WEPP模型的紫色土坡面水蚀预报

应用水蚀预报项目（Water Erosion Prediction Project,WEPP）模型评价紫色土坡面水蚀强度,提出模型参数的估算方法,并利用四川省遂宁水土保持试验站长期径流小区观测资料,验证和检验模型预测的精度和敏感性;探讨该模型在川中丘陵紫色土地区应用的可能性及模型参数选择存在的问题。运用WEPP模型进行降雨侵蚀预测,并与实测值进行比较。结果表明,WEPP模型在大多数情况下预报值较合理,低坡度坡面上模拟预测值高于实际观测值,高坡度坡面上模拟预测值低于实际观测值,不仅在一定程度上模拟值与实测值接近,而且模型还可估算土壤侵蚀的时空分布及全坡面或坡面任意一点的净土壤流失量及随时间的变化。这对布置水土保持管理措施具有重要意义。     

红壤丘陵区坡长对作物覆盖坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响

坡长对坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响随雨强的不同而变化,为解决南方红壤丘陵区坡耕地水土流失问题,该文采用野外人工模拟降雨的方法,研究了南方红壤丘陵区作物覆盖坡耕地上不同雨强下坡长对其土壤侵蚀的影响,并探讨了侵蚀增强的临界雨强和设置水土保持措施的合理坡长,结果表明:产沙量随坡长延长整体呈增大趋势,但存在一定的波动,二者的关系可用幂函数(决定系数0.84)表示。坡长延长相同长度时,产沙量不呈比例增加,但每隔4 m产沙量增量有减少的趋势,且径流侵蚀产生的泥沙中主要为粒径0.002~0.02 mm的粉粒及粒径0.002 mm的黏粒,加剧了耕地土壤粗化,因此,可每隔4 m设置水土保持措施,有效减少坡耕地水土流失。坡面径流侵蚀产沙量随着雨强的增大而增加,坡长越长,产沙量随雨强增加速度越快,二者呈幂函数关系(决定系数0.76),60 mm/h是红壤丘陵区侵蚀增强的临界雨强;雨强、坡长与产沙量均呈正相关关系,且雨强对坡耕地产沙量的影响较坡长大。对不同雨强下坡长对作物覆盖坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响研究,可以为南方红壤丘陵区坡耕地水土流失的治理提供一定的理论依据。     

坡度和雨强对崩岗崩积体侵蚀泥沙颗粒特征的影响

不同侵蚀条件下崩积体的侵蚀产沙特性是阐明崩积体侵蚀机理的关键。采用人工模拟降雨试验,研究不同坡度和雨强条件下崩积体坡面侵蚀泥沙颗粒的变化特征。结果表明:随着雨强和坡度的增大,泥沙粗颗粒含量及粗颗粒的富集率均增加;侵蚀物质随降雨过程逐渐变粗,后趋于稳定,大雨强条件下细沟侵蚀阶段表现为对供试土壤的"整体搬运";侵蚀泥沙颗粒的平均重量直径(Mean weight diameter,MWD)随雨强的增大而增大,1.00 mm min-1和1.33 mm min-1雨强下,细沟间及细沟侵蚀泥沙的MWD随坡度变化均存在临界坡度(30°~35°之间),其他雨强条件下则无此种情况;雨强对侵蚀泥沙MWD的影响大于坡度。     

基于同位素法监测岩溶槽谷区山坡土壤侵蚀和养分流失

该文利用137Cs、土壤营养元素结合表聚系数分析岩溶地区山坡水土流失,为研究区水土流失治理提供科学依据。研究表明：岩溶地区随着山坡坡位的降低营养元素含量没有增加。土壤营养元素在0～10 cm土层（表聚系数>0.25）和0～20 cm土层（表聚系数>0.5）表聚现象明显。在岩溶地区,计算土壤流失量,需要用岩石裸露率和岩溶裂隙发育程度2个指标。对137Cs计算土壤侵蚀量的公式进行修正。该研究有助于更好地了解岩溶地区水土流失特征,为治理水土流失和防治石漠化提供参考。