烤烟坡耕地壤中流氮、磷浓度的动态特征

选取我国西南部抚仙湖流域典型小流域——尖山河流域为试验区,以流域主要土地利用类型——烤烟坡耕地土壤为研究对象,在天然降雨条件下,原位监测了作物整个生长期,坡耕地土壤不同坡位壤中流（0～2 m）中磷、氮的浓度垂直分布特征及其时间动态变化规律。结果表明,不同坡位各层壤中流总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）浓度变化趋势基本一致,但不同坡位壤中流中TP浓度随深度的变化呈波动递减规律,随深度的增加变异系数变小。坡位对0~50 cm的壤中流氮、磷浓度影响最大,坡下部明显大于坡中部。翻耕导致各层壤中流氮、磷浓度差异显著增大。各层氮、磷浓度与降雨量呈负相关。在2 m深处TN和TP浓度的平均值分别为6.371mg.L-1和0.024 mg.L-1,超出相邻水体（抚仙湖）中氮、磷浓度的控制要求。这一结果表明,尖山河流域土壤表层中的氮、磷含量较高,丰富的降雨-壤中流过程极易推动土壤氮、磷传输。因此,除了地表径流传输控制外,如何有效抑制壤中流中的氮、磷迁移对该区域水环境污染的治理十分关键。     

次降雨条件下鲁中南山区砂质壤土赤松林地产流与氮磷流失特征

为了研究水源地上游林地产流及其氮磷运移规律,采用人工模拟次降雨试验方法,选择鲁中南山区泰安市黄前水库上游药乡小流域赤松林地作为研究对象,以荒草地为对照,对其地表径流和壤中流及其氮磷流失特征进行研究。结果表明:(1)次降雨条件下赤松林地地表径流量低于荒草地,而荒草地壤中流量低于赤松林地,赤松林地及荒草地土壤入渗量与植被覆盖度呈正相关。随着降雨的进行,赤松林地和荒草地地表径流产流量不断增加且趋于稳定,壤中流产流时间比地表径流晚,径流量较平稳。(2)次降雨条件下地表径流全氮(TN)流失量呈现初期输出浓度较高,随降雨的进行,输出浓度减少并逐渐趋于稳定状态,壤中流呈现相对稳定的状态。TN流失量与输出浓度呈正相关。赤松林地地表径流及壤中流TN流失量均低于荒草地。(3)次降雨条件下赤松林地地表径流全磷(TP)的输出浓度与流失量呈正相关;赤松林地地表径流及壤中流TP流失量均低于荒草地的。(4)赤松林地及荒草地前期降雨TN、TP总流失量均低于次降雨的;次降雨TN总流失量是前期降雨的1.11倍;次降雨TP总流失量是前期降雨的1.15倍。同时,次降雨赤松林地TN、TP流失量均低于荒草地的。因此,与荒草地相比,赤松林地具有较好的调控氮磷流失的作用。     

Effects of forest cover type and ratio changes on runoff and its components

Changes in forest cover can affect not only the total runoff from a watershed, but also the runoff components (e.g., surface runoff, interflow, groundwater flow). In this study, based on the WetSpa model simulation method and the recursive digital filtering (RDF) method, the Banchengzi watershed in the mountainous region of Beijing, China, was selected to investigate how changes in forest cover type and cover percentage affect total runoff, surface runoff, interflow, and groundwater flow through scenario settings. Our results show that the difference between the WetSpa model and the RDF method for separating runoff components is small, with only 4.7% and 0.4% difference between the calibration and validation periods. Total runoff in different forest types followed the order shrub forest > coniferous forest > mixed forest > broadleaf forest. Regarding runoff components, the proportions of baseflow (sum of interflow and groundwater flow) to total runoff were 61.1% and 60.8% for broadleaf and mixed forests, which was significantly higher than those of 53.0% and 43.1% for coniferous and shrub forests. However, the proportion of shrub forest baseflow was high in wet years, and that of broadleaf forest baseflow was high in normal and dry years. The proportions of interflow and groundwater flow from various forest cover types to total runoff continued to increase with increasing forest cover rate. Our results have important implications for the implementation of afforestation projects and forest conservation programs, contributing to water resource regulation and ecosystem protection in watersheds.     

百喜草覆盖和敷盖对中国南方红壤坡地径流和产沙的影响

Rainfall,runoff (surface runoff,interflow and groundwater runoff) and soil loss from 5 m × 15 m plots were recorded for 5 years (2001-2005) in an experiment with three treatments (cover,mulch and bare ground) on sloping red soil in southern China.Surface runoff and erosion from the Bahia grass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) cover plot (A) and mulch plot (B) during the 5 years were low,despite the occurrence of potentially erosive rains.In contrast,the bare plot (C) had both the highest surface runoff coefficient and the highest sediment yield.There were significant differences in interflow and surface runoff and no significant difference in groundwater runoff among plots.The runoff coefficients and duration of interflow and groundwater runoff were in the order plot B > plot A > plot C.Effects of Bahia grass cover were excellent,indicating that the use of Bahia grass cover can be a simple and feasible practice for soil and water conservation on sloping red soil in the region.     

二次降雨条件下紫色土壤中流的氮磷流失特征研究

地表径流及壤中流中N、P的流失是造成非点源污染的主要原因。以重庆地区紫色土为研究对象,通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究了地表径流和壤中流中N、P流失随地面坡度、降雨强度及土壤改良剂聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)施用量的不同而变化的特点,分析了不同土层深度壤中流的N、P流失特征,为防治非点源污染、增加土壤蓄水、提高土壤养分等提供了科学依据。     

碎石土坡地不同植被配置下的养分流失途径

为了解不同植被类型及覆盖度对碎石土壤坡地养分流失途径的影响,采用模拟径流小区降雨,研究了6种植被配置模式下地表径流、壤中流及侵蚀泥沙氮、磷养分流失特征。结果表明:植被覆盖坡地氮流失量比裸地减少了0.91~4.60倍,磷流失量减少了6.25~63.9倍,养分控制效果排序为草灌草本灌木裸地。6种植被配置下的地表径流、壤中流及侵蚀泥沙养分流失量存在显著差异,裸地氮、磷的主要损失途径是侵蚀泥沙,灌木是地表径流,草本与草灌结合处理则是地表径流和壤中流;而草本、灌木以及草灌结合土壤磷的主要损失途径是侵蚀泥沙与地表径流共同作用的结果。不同植物覆盖措施对含碎石土裸地氮、磷的流失起到显著的截留作用,主要通过由侵蚀泥沙向非侵蚀泥沙途径转化而实现对氮磷的截留。灌木覆盖度与地表径流的氮磷流失量、径流总量的氮磷流失量之间呈现显著的正相关性,与壤中流的氮磷流失量呈现显著的负相关性。     

坡地开垦的径流泥沙响应

Land use and land cover change is a key driver of environmental change. To investigate the runoff and erosion responses to frequent land use change on the steep lands in the Three Gorges area, China, a rainfall simulation experiment was conducted in plots randomly selected at a Sloping Land Conversion Program site with three soil surface conditions: existing vegetation cover, vegetation removal, and freshly hoed. Simulated rainfall was applied at intensities of 60 (low), 90 (medium), and 120 mm h 1 (high) in each plot. The results indicated that vegetation removal and hoeing significantly changed runoff generation. The proportion of subsurface runoff in the total runoff decreased from 30.3% to 6.2% after vegetation removal. In the hoed plots, the subsurface runoff comprised 29.1% of the total runoff under low-intensity rainfall simulation and the proportion rapidly decreased with increasing rainfall intensity. Vegetation removal and tillage also significantly increased soil erosion. The average soil erosion rates from the vegetation removal and hoed plots were 3.0 and 10.2 times larger than that in the existing vegetation cover plots, respectively. These identified that both the runoff generation mechanism and soil erosion changed as a consequence of altering land use on steep lands. Thus, conservation practices with maximum vegetation cover and minimum tillage should be used to reduce surface runoff and soil erosion on steep lands.     

放水冲刷条件下工程边坡产流产沙及氮磷输出特征

为揭示工程堆积体平台汇流造成的水沙及氮磷养分流失特征,以矿区堆土场为研究对象,采用室内放水冲刷试验,研究不同上方来水流量(1.7,2.3,2.9 L/min)和坡度(25°,30°,35°)下地表径流、壤中流及侵蚀泥沙产生过程,分别测定氮磷养分浓度并计算流失量及贡献占比。结果表明:蒙东地区覆土排土场边坡产流方式主要为地表径流,随坡度和冲刷流量的增大,地表径流量增大,壤中流量减小。产沙量随坡度的增大先增大后减小,侵蚀产沙的临界坡度在30°附近。地表径流中铵态氮及磷酸盐流失浓度均大于壤中流,硝态氮浓度在冲刷流量较大(2.9 L/min)时低于壤中流。径流中磷酸盐及侵蚀泥沙中氮磷损失均随坡度的增大先增大后减小。冲刷流量越大,地表径流及侵蚀泥沙中的氮、磷流失量越多。径流中养分流失量表现为硝态氮＞铵态氮＞磷酸盐。侵蚀泥沙是磷酸盐的主要输出途径,占流失总量的59.69%以上;氮素流失量仅在坡度30°时表现为侵蚀泥沙中最大,在25°,35°坡面,地表径流为氮素的主要流失途径,小流量(1.7,2.3 L/min)时壤中流输出的氮素次之。     

辽宁省浑河流域不同施肥方式下农田氮素随地表径流与壤中流流失特征

通过人工模拟降雨-径流小区监测的试验方法,设不施肥对照(CK)、基肥穴施(G1)、基肥穴施+追肥面施(G2)、基肥穴施+追肥穴施(G3)4种处理,研究辽宁省浑河流域不同施肥方式下农田氮素随地表径流与壤中流的流失规律,分析不同施肥方式对氮素流失量的影响。结果表明:(1)不同施肥方式下农田地表径流与壤中流产流过程差异显著,地表径流产流时间先于壤中流,同时径流量高于壤中流,是农田主要径流输出方式。G2减少地表径流,G3增大壤中流。(2)地表径流TN平均浓度中G2显著高于其他施肥方式,达到59.00mg/L,其他施肥方式差异较小;壤中流TN平均浓度以G3最高。(3)4种施肥处理,氮素总流失量为385～814mg,各施肥处理的总流失量呈G2>G3>G1>CK,追肥对氮素流失有显著影响。与G2相比,G3在减少地表氮素流失的同时,不会显著增大壤中流氮素流失。     

深松和秸秆覆盖条件下紫色土坡耕地水分养分流失特征

旨在明确深松和秸秆覆盖2种措施在紫色土坡耕地中的水分养分流失特征规律,利用径流小区,结合平作、垄作、深松、完整秸秆覆盖和粉碎秸秆覆盖措施共设置9个试验处理,开展了2年的田间试验,对产量、地表径流、壤中流以及径流中的养分流失进行了测定。结果表明:(1)与平作相比,深松可显著增加壤中流量和壤中流中的总氮浓度,增加39.6%的总径流,以及85%的总氮量流失,同时还会降低玉米产量。(2)秸秆覆盖降低地表径流,增加壤中流量和壤中流中的总氮浓度,总径流增加6.4%,总氮量流失增加9.4%,秸秆覆盖对产量无显著影响。(3)粉碎秸秆覆盖的地表径流总氮浓度比完整秸秆覆盖处理低43.2%,2种覆盖方式在地表径流、壤中流及壤中流总氮损失上无显著差异。(4)深松+垄作处理养分流失量在所有处理中最高,产量最低,不适合在紫色土坡耕地应用。本研究阐明了深松和秸秆覆盖在紫色土坡耕地上相对新型的2种耕作措施在紫色土坡耕地上的产量效应和水土养分流失特征,为该措施在紫色土坡耕地利用的可行性评价提供了很好的参考。     

Losses of nitrate-nitrogen in water draining from under autumn-sown crops established by direct drilling or mouldboard ploughing

The leaching of nitrate-N under autumn-sown arable crops was measured using hydro-logically isolated plots, about 0.24 ha in area, from 1984–1988. Fluxes of water and nitrate moving over the soil surface (surface runoff), at the interface between topsoil and subsoil (interflow), and in the subsoil (drainflow) were monitored in plots with mole-and-pipe drain systems (drained plots); surface runoff and interflow only were monitored in ‘undrained’ plots. Half the drained and undrained plots were direct-drilled, and on the other half seedbeds were prepared by tillage to 200 mm. Tillage increased the total leaching loss of nitrate by 21 % compared with direct drilling in drained plots. About 95% or the nitrate moving from the soil was present in the water intercepted by the subsoil drains in these plots. In undrained plots less water and nitrate were collected in total; more of the nitrate was present in interflow on ploughed plots and in surface runoff in direct-drilled land. Losses of nitrate for the whole experiment from 1978-1988 were analysed. This showed that, between the harvest of one crop and the spring application of fertilizer to the next, loss of nitrate-N from ploughed land (L_p) was approximated by L_p=22+Fkg N ha^?1, where F was the autumn fertilizer-N applied. After fertilizer was applied in spring, loss of nitrate-N depended on rainfall such that for 100 mm rainfall about 30% of the fertilizer-N was lost by leaching. About 18% more nitrate-N was lost from direct-drilled land than from ploughed land in spring, but the total loss was generally small compared to that over winter. The apparent net mineralization of organic-N was measured in 1988. In autumn and winter there was little effect of tillage treatment (26 and 31 kg N ha^?1 on direct drilled and tilled plots respectively). However, over the year 83 kg N ha^?1 were mineralized in tilled plots, and 67 kg N ha^?1 in direct-drilled plots. Five factors governing the leaching of nitrate are assessed and this identified that fertilizer nitrogen application to the seedbed of winter sown crops and the mineralization of nitrogen from the residues of the previous crop are the most significant factors for nitrogen leaching in the UK.     

紫色土坡耕地硝酸盐流失过程与特征研究

通过对紫色土坡耕地地表径流、壤中流径流过程及其硝酸盐含量的长期监测,研究紫色土坡耕地硝酸盐流失特征。结果表明,径流过程对紫色土坡耕地硝酸盐流失过程影响明显。地表径流过程中硝酸盐含量随降雨历时表现为先升后降的趋势,而壤中流过程则表现为不断上升、趋于稳定的趋势。紫色土坡耕地硝酸盐流失潜在的环境风险极大,历次降雨产流事件中地表径流和壤中流NO3--N平均含量分别为0.73±0.17 mg L-1、21.72±2.05 mg L-1,其中,75%的地表径流NO3--N含量超过0.5 mg L-1,85%的壤中流NO3--N含量超过10 mg L-1。紫色土坡耕地地表径流NO3--N年流失负荷为0.93±0.05 kg hm-2,壤中流NO3--N年流失负荷为33.51±2.73 kg hm-2,分别占当季施肥量的0.62%、22.34%,随壤中流淋失是紫色土坡耕地硝酸盐流失的主要途径。紫色土坡耕地硝酸盐流失不仅可能造成当地地表水富营养化,而且可能造成当地浅层地下水硝酸盐污染,将加剧长江上游水环境压力。     

秸秆覆盖对岩溶区坡耕地产流产沙的影响

通过室内模拟降雨试验,研究秸秆覆盖对西南岩溶区坡耕地产流产沙的影响。试验处理按照2个雨强(63,100mm/h)和5个秸秆覆盖度水平(0,20%,50%,80%和100%)进行。结果表明:在中雨强(63mm/h)条件下,秸秆覆盖减少了地表径流的径流系数和径流强度,增加了壤中流径流系数和径流强度,在较大秸秆覆盖度下(50%,80%和100%),秸秆覆盖能有效减少土壤流失量;但在大雨强(100mm/h)条件下,秸秆覆盖导致地表径流增加并同时显著减少了壤中流,地表径流的增加同时导致土壤流失量的增加。     

基于原型观测与DEM的强风化花岗岩小流域水文过程模拟

为了解华南花岗岩小流域特殊的产流机制,以土壤为砂壤土、基岩为强风化花岗岩的中山大学珠海校区滨海小流域作为研究对象,观测了2个分别代表森林、灌丛覆盖的5 m×10 m的径流试验场的产流过程和土壤含水率变化过程。观测结果表明超渗产流、优先流是试验场的重要产流方式,壤中流（尤其是在土壤-基岩界面上产生的壤中流）对试验场的总产流量也有较大贡献。在径流试验场原型观测基础上,建立了一个基于数字高程模型（DEM）的、包括地表径流、壤中流和基岩裂隙出流的三水源小流域水文模型。利用9次降雨径流过程对模型参数进行率定,利用4次降雨径流过程进行验证,模型的率定、验证均取得了良好的拟合效果。根据模型的模拟结果,在径流的起涨阶段地表产流贡献最大,而基岩裂隙出流对退水过程贡献明显。综合试验场原型观测结果与模型模拟结果得出结论：明显的壤中流和基岩裂隙出流是华南花岗岩小流域显著的产流特点。     

地表径流中K、Na流失量分析及其影响因素研究

采用人工模拟降雨装置对密云县农田褐土进行的K、Na流失量试验研究表明 :在相同雨强、坡度条件下 ,K、Na流失量为秸秆覆盖 <草皮覆被 <裸地 ;相同地表状况与坡度条件下K、Na流失量与雨强呈正相关 ;同雨强下泥沙携带的与秸秆覆盖地表下径流水中的K、Na流失量随坡度的增加而增大 ,坡度对裸地和草皮覆被地表径流水携带的K、Na流失量峰值有影响。采用覆盖保护措施对抑制坡地K、Na流失可起到良好的作用     

云南坡耕地红壤地表径流氮磷流失特征定位监测

选取南方典型坡耕地红壤为试验区,采用田间小区试验方法,在自然降雨条件下,于2008—2010年连续3 a对不同农业管理方式下地表径流及氮磷流失特征进行田间实地监测。结果表明,试验区域干湿季极其分明,3 a平均降雨量为838.6 mm,主要集中在5月到10月,坡耕地红壤地表径流、养分流失时间、流失量与降雨量之间具有显著的相关性,在常规施肥处理下径流量和氮磷流失量之间呈极其显著的指数相关性,相关系数分别为R=0.897 4＊＊和R=0.529 7＊＊。坡耕地红壤地表径流量、径流系数及氮磷流失量变化规律一致,不施肥条件下,总氮、总磷流失量最大,优化施肥、揭膜、横坡垄作及秸秆覆盖等农艺措施能降低氮、磷流失量,尤其是横坡垄作种植,相对于顺坡垄作氮、磷流失总量降低了2/3左右。不同处理之间径流中各种形态氮磷含量无显著差异,说明不同农业措施主要通过地表径流流失量而影响坡耕地地表径流氮磷流失量的多少。坡耕地红壤地表径流氮磷流失以颗粒态为主,TDN占TN比例年均为24.58%,TDP占TP的比例年均为7%,TN流失量是TP的3倍左右;优化施肥和揭膜条件下可溶性氮磷所占比例增加,横坡垄作和秸秆覆盖条件下降低。在可溶性氮素中,NO3-N、NH3-N占TN的比例年均分别为8.41%、12.65%,但是2009、2010年NH3-N均小于NO3-N。因此,关于坡耕地地表径流不同流失氮素形态的影响因素较多,目前研究结果不确定,且年际之间差异较大,尚需要进一步研究。     

Amounts and relative significance of runoff types in the transport of nitrogen into a stream draining an agricultural watershed

The concentration and amounts of NO₃-N and TN transported in surface, accelerated subsurface, and subsurface runoff and stream flow draining a 20 ha pasture watershed were measured over a period of 3 yr. A slight decrease and increase of NO₃-N and particulate N concentrations, respectively, were obtained with increased flow of the runoff types and stream, due to dilution and increased sediment transport, respectively. The concentration of NO₃-N in surface, accelerated subsurface and subsurface runoff and stream flow averaged for the 3 yr was 0.3, 6.6, 4.8, and 4.6 mg 1^?1, respectively, amounting to 0.5, 9.4, 11.6, and 16.8 kg ha^?1 yr^?1, respectively, transported annually. Although NO₃-N accounted for only a minor proportion of the TN transported in surface runoff (10%) it was the main form of N (75%) transported in the other runoff types and in streamflow. Subsurface runoff contributed the major proportion of stream discharge (63%), and NO₃-N (69%), particulate N (44%) and TN (65%) loading of the stream. The results are discussed in terms of non-point pollution of surface waters by NO₃-N.     

不同坡度下玉米生长期紫色土坡面径流及其

为探明紫色土横垄坡面径流与可溶性有机碳流失对不同坡度的响应特征,通过径流小区和野外人工模拟降雨相结合的方法,探讨了不同坡度条件下玉米各生育期地表径流、壤中流及其可溶性有机碳（DOC）流失特征。结果表明：玉米各生育期同一降雨时间段地表径流量均表现为20° > 15° > 10°,壤中流径流量却表现为10° > 15° > 20°。不同坡度下,玉米生育期地表径流量大小总体表现为苗期 > 成熟期 > 拔节期 > 抽雄期,壤中流量整体表现为抽雄期 > 拔节期 > 苗期 > 成熟期。玉米各生育期地表径流DOC质量浓度均表现为20° > 15° > 10°,不同坡度下玉米生育期地表径流DOC质量浓度表现为苗期 > 拔节期 > 成熟期 > 抽雄期。苗期、拔节期和成熟期壤中流DOC质量浓度大小表现为10° > 15° > 20°,不同坡度下玉米生育期壤中流DOC质量浓度的总体表现为苗期最大,抽雄期最小。玉米各生育期地表径流DOC迁移通量大小均表现为20° > 15° > 10°,不同坡度地表径流DOC迁移通量均表现为苗期 > 成熟期 > 拔节期 > 抽雄期;玉米各生育期壤中流DOC迁移通量大小均表现为10° > 15° > 20°,不同坡度下壤中流DOC迁移通量与地表径流一致。研究结果可为不同坡度条件下玉米生长期坡面径流损失和有机碳流失调控提供理论依据。     

耕作措施对玉米生长期黄壤坡耕地径流及可溶性有机碳流失的影响

为探明黄壤坡耕地不同耕作措施下径流及可溶性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon,DOC)迁移途径与流失特征。以顺坡垄作、平作和横坡垄作措施下玉米种植坡耕地为研究对象,采用野外径流小区监测与室内分析相结合的方式,探讨自然降雨条件下坡耕地地表径流、壤中流及其DOC流失特征。结果表明:(1)种植玉米坡耕地径流量及DOC通量均受雨量等级影响显著,随雨量等级增大而增大,且玉米成熟期流失量均最大。(2)地表径流、0-20 cm壤中流和20-40 cm壤中流分别占总径流量的78.98%,9.05%,11.97%,DOC流失通量分别占总通量的74.90%,11.97%,13.13%。(3)横坡垄作DOC流失量显著小于顺坡垄作,横坡垄作径流量分别是平作的0.93倍,是顺坡垄作的0.86倍;横坡垄作DOC通量是平作的0.85倍,是顺坡垄作的0.79倍。雨量等级增加将显著加剧玉米种植坡耕地径流及DOC流失,研究区玉米成熟期径流及DOC流失最为严重,地表径流是坡面径流及DOC流失的主要途径,横坡垄作措施可以有效减少坡面径流及DOC流失。     

林火前后坡面覆盖类型对产流产沙影响的模拟试验

通过室内模拟降雨试验,设置3种降雨强度(30,60,90 mm/h)和3种地表覆盖类型(裸土坡面、1 cm马尾松枯落物覆盖、1 cm马尾松灰烬覆盖),研究林火发生前后不同地表覆盖下的坡面产流产沙过程,明确枯落物和植物灰烬覆盖的减流减沙效益。结果表明:(1)相比裸坡,枯落物和灰烬覆盖下的坡面初始产流时间分别延长33%~80%和51%~200%,灰烬覆盖对延缓产流的效果更为明显;(2)相比裸坡,枯落物覆盖的减流效果稳定在12%~36%,而灰烬覆盖在中小雨强的减流效果高于70%,在90 mm/h雨强时减流效果降低至7%;(3)裸土坡面产流呈现先快速升高后稳定的趋势,而枯落物和灰烬覆盖坡面产流效果呈现"阶梯"形上升趋势;(4)枯落物覆盖能够减小径流携沙量和总产沙量,在3种雨强下减沙效益均高于85%,且高于同雨强下灰烬覆盖的减沙效益。枯落物覆盖的减流减沙效果在不同雨强下表现较为稳定,而灰烬覆盖的减流减沙效果受降雨强度的影响显著,且枯落物覆盖的减沙效益在3种雨强下均优于灰烬覆盖,说明在林火发生后地表覆盖改变是引起土壤侵蚀增加的重要因素之一。