A nanoplotter with both parallel and serial writing capabilities

The development of an eight-pen nanoplotter capable of doing parallel dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) is reported. Because line width and patterning speed in DPN are independent of contact force, only one of the tips in the parallel writing mode (the "imaging" tip) has a feedback system to monitor tip position and to write the pattern; all other tips reproduce what occurs at the imaging tip in a passive fashion. Proof-of-concept experiments that demonstrate eight-pen parallel writing, ink and rinsing wells, and "molecular corralling" via a nanoplotter-generated structure are reported.     

Machining oxide thin films with an atomic force microscope: pattern and object formation on the nanometer scale

An atomic force microscope (AFM) has been used to machine complex patterns and to form free structural objects in thin layers of MoO(3) grown on the surface of MoS(2). The AFM tip can pattern lines with 相似文献   

Atomic force microscopy and dissection of gap junctions

An atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to study the structure of isolated hepatic gap junctions in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The thickness of these gap junctions appears to be 14.4 nanometers, close to the dimensions reported by electron microscopy (EM). When an increasing force is applied to the microscope tip, the top membrane of the gap junction can be "dissected" away, leaving the extracellular domains of the bottom membrane exposed. When such "force dissection" is performed on samples both trypsinized and fixed with glutaraldehyde, the hexagonal array of gap junction hemichannels is revealed, with a center-to-center spacing of 9.1 nanometers.     

"Coulomb Staircase" at Room Temperature in a Self-Assembled Molecular Nanostructure

Double-ended aryl dithiols [alpha,alpha'-xylyldithiol (XYL) and 4,4'-biphenyldithiol] formed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold(111) substrates and were used to tether nanometer-sized gold clusters deposited from a cluster beam. An ultrahigh-vacuum scanning tunneling microscope was used to image these nanostructures and to measure their current-voltage characteristics as a function of the separation between the probe tip and the metal cluster. At room temperature, when the tip was positioned over a cluster bonded to the XYL SAM, the current-voltage data showed "Coulomb staircase" behavior. These data are in good agreement with semiclassical predictions for correlated single-electron tunneling and permit estimation of the electrical resistance of a single XYL molecule (approximately18 ± 12 megohms).     

DNA imaging. Getting a feel for genetic variations

A team of researchers has come up with a novel atomic imaging microscope that may dramatically speed the task of linking genetic variants to diseases. The microscope is a modification of the popular atomic force microscope (AFM), which uses an ultrasharp tip to map surfaces of everything from computer chips to DNA at the atomic level. By using this molecule-sized tip, the researchers were able get their AFM to march down a strand of DNA and identify uniquely shaped reporter molecules engineered to tag the genetic variations.     

Imaging and manipulating molecules on a zeolite surface with an atomic force microscope

The adsorption of neutral molecules and ions on the surfaces of zeolites was observed in real time with an atomic force microscope (AFM). Direct imaging of the surface of the zeolite clinoptilolite was possible by using a diluted tert-butyl ammonium chloride solution as a medium. Images of the crystal in different liquids revealed that molecules could be bound to the surface in different ways; neutral molecules of tert-butanol formed an ordered array, whereas tert-butyl ammonium ions formed clusters. These absorbed molecules were not rearranged by the AFM tip when used in an imaging mode. However, when a sufficiently large force was applied, the tip of the AFM could rearrange the tert-butyl ammonium ions on the zeolite surface. This demonstration of molecular manipulation suggests new applications, including biosensors and lithography.     

Single-molecule cut-and-paste surface assembly

We introduce a method for the bottom-up assembly of biomolecular structures that combines the precision of the atomic force microscope (AFM) with the selectivity of DNA hybridization. Functional units coupled to DNA oligomers were picked up from a depot area by means of a complementary DNA strand bound to an AFM tip. These units were transferred to and deposited on a target area to create basic geometrical structures, assembled from units with different functions. Each of these cut-and-paste events was characterized by single-molecule force spectroscopy and single-molecule fluorescence microscopy. Transport and deposition of more than 5000 units were achieved, with less than 10% loss in transfer efficiency.     

Significance of enzymatically catalyzed exchange reactions in chemotherapy

1) 3-Acetyl pyridine has been found to be quite toxic when administered to mice. Simultaneous administration of nicotinamide or DPN protects against the toxicity of acetyl pyridine. Nicotinic acid and tryptophan do not protect animals from the lethal effects of the compound. 2) Nicotinamide inhibits the formation of the 3-acetyl pyridine analog of DPN from acetyl pyridine and DPN in mouse brain homogenates. Nicotinic acid has no inhibitory effect on analog synthesis. 3) Administration of acetyl pyridine results in a fourfold increase in the DPN level of the lever. No acetyl pyridine analog of DPN is found in the liver after injection of the antimetabolite. 4) Injection of acetyl pyridine into tumor mice results in the formation of the acetyl pyridine analog of DPN in the neoplastic tissues. A decrease in DPN concentration is associated with the analog synthesis. The DPN analog has been isolated from tumor tissue and identified. 5) The results are discussed with respect to the significance of enzymatically catalyzed exchange reactions in chemotherapy.     

How strong is a covalent bond?

The rupture force of single covalent bonds under an external load was measured with an atomic force microscope (AFM). Single polysaccharide molecules were covalently anchored between a surface and an AFM tip and then stretched until they became detached. By using different surface chemistries for the attachment, it was found that the silicon-carbon bond ruptured at 2.0 +/- 0.3 nanonewtons, whereas the sulfur-gold anchor ruptured at 1.4 +/- 0.3 nanonewtons at force-loading rates of 10 nanonewtons per second. Bond rupture probability calculations that were based on density functional theory corroborate the measured values.     

对“凯特杏”花而不实重要因素雌蕊败育的研究*

 雌蕊严重败育是四川湿热地区凯特杏花而不实的重要原因。以四川雅安4年生凯特杏为试材,于2004年6月25日至10月25日,每10d取花芽1次,解剖观察其分化进程,调查其枝类、生长势与凯特杏雌蕊败育的关系,研究不同调控措施对降低败育率的效应。结果表明:在四川雅安凯特杏花芽分化始于7月5日,至9月25日随雌蕊分化完成而结束;在雌蕊分化期气温高、湿度大,新梢未停止生长,是该地区凯特杏雌蕊败育的重要原因之一。此外,杏树长势强健,则雌蕊败育率低。采用开心形修剪,辅喷多效唑,可使凯特杏雌蕊败育率由74.26%降至60.67%,而喷6-BA效果不佳。     

巨尾桉生理性缺硼症的诊断与防治

通过土壤和新梢的测试分析,确定巨尾桉生理性缺硼症除表现为“新梢畸形、上部枝条呈丛枝状,树皮爆裂、叶脉变粗”外,还可因同时缺锌表现为“主梢基部膨大,顶梢枯死,新梢韧皮部疏松、褐变”等症状。采用沟施硼砂(20g.株-1)或喷施0.1%硼酸溶液进行防治,效果良好,在定植前下基肥时补充硼砂(15g.株-1)和硫酸锌(10g.株-1)可有效预防该病的发生。     

Topographic mapping of the quantum hall liquid using a few-electron bubble

A scanning probe technique was used to obtain a high-resolution map of the random electrostatic potential inside the quantum Hall liquid. A sharp metal tip, scanned above a semiconductor surface, sensed charges in an embedded two-dimensional (2D) electron gas. Under quantum Hall effect conditions, applying a positive voltage to the tip locally enhanced the 2D electron density and created a "bubble" of electrons in an otherwise unoccupied Landau level. As the tip scanned along the sample surface, the bubble followed underneath. The tip sensed the motions of single electrons entering or leaving the bubble in response to changes in the local 2D electrostatic potential.     

当归四逆汤对糖尿病周围神经病变患者神经传导速度和踝肱指数的影响

目的 观察当归四逆汤对糖尿病周围神经病变患者神经传导速度和踝肱指数的影响。方法 将糖尿病周围神经病变患者随机分为对照组30例与治疗组30例,两组均口服甲钴胺作为基础治疗,治疗组加用当归四逆汤治疗,治疗4周后,观察并比较两组患者的总体疗效、周围神经传导速度及踝肱指数的改善情况。结果 治疗组总有效率90.0%显著高于对照组63.3%（P<0.05）,且其神经传导速度、踝肱指数改善优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 当归四逆汤治疗糖尿病周围神经病变有较好的疗效,能增强神经传导速度,改善踝肱指数值,可临床推广应用。     

茎尖培养及热处理技术在百合脱毒中的应用研究

针对目前百合花卉栽培存在病毒侵害、品种退化严重的状况,以东方百合"Tiber"品种经过初代培养的无菌苗为材料,采用茎尖培养结合热处理的脱毒方法进行脱毒试验,并在试验过程中采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测法对百合黄瓜花叶病毒(Cucumber mosaic virus,CMV)和百合潜隐病毒(Lilysymptomless virus,LSV)进行检测。证明了茎尖培养结合热处理的脱毒技术的可行性。试验结果表明,对于CMV的脱毒,仅用茎尖培养即可达到很好的脱毒效果。对于LSV的脱毒,茎尖培养结合30 min热处理的脱毒效果优于普通组织培养和茎尖培养。     

Structure of langmuir-blodgett films of disk-shaped molecules determined by atomic force microscopy

Monolayer Langmuir-Blodgett films of a discotic mesogen have been studied with atomic force microscopy (AFM). These measurements confirm the "edge on" arrangement for the disk-shaped molecules suggested by surface pressure-area isotherms and show that the molecules form columns that are separated by 17.7 angstroms +/- 10 percent. Column alignment is found to be predominantly along the film deposition direction, with an angular spread of 35 degrees . The AFM images also show that the mean disk separation within the columns is 5.1 +/- 1.3 angstroms, in good agreement with x-ray diffraction (XRD) results. Roomtemperature XRD measurements on bulk samples of the same material indicate a disordered-hexagonal liquid crystalline mesophase, with a column-to-column spacing of 19.9 +/- 0.2 angstroms.     

Structural basis of Wnt recognition by Frizzled

Wnts are lipid-modified morphogens that play critical roles in development principally through engagement of Frizzled receptors. The 3.25 angstrom structure of Xenopus Wnt8 (XWnt8) in complex with mouse Frizzled-8 (Fz8) cysteine-rich domain (CRD) reveals an unusual two-domain Wnt structure, not obviously related to known protein folds, resembling a "hand" with "thumb" and "index" fingers extended to grasp the Fz8-CRD at two distinct binding sites. One site is dominated by a palmitoleic acid lipid group projecting from serine 187 at the tip of Wnt's thumb into a deep groove in the Fz8-CRD. In the second binding site, the conserved tip of Wnt's "index finger" forms hydrophobic amino acid contacts with a depression on the opposite side of the Fz8-CRD. The conservation of amino acids in both interfaces appears to facilitate ligand-receptor cross-reactivity, which has important implications for understanding Wnt's functional pleiotropy and for developing Wnt-based drugs for cancer and regenerative medicine.     

国外Iodent玉米种质WY11对塘四平头群自交系“四287”的改良效果

采用裂区和NCⅡ试验设计,对Iodent种质WY11、塘四平头群自交系"四287"及其4份遗传改良系进行了耐密性和配合力研究。结果表明:6个自交系中WY11的植株最高(208.2 cm),穗位较高(80.2 cm),秃尖长中等(0.86 cm),空秆率高(2.2%),对密度压力反应较敏感,不耐密植;四287的植株最矮(173.5 cm),穗位较矮(57.8 cm),秃尖短(0.12 cm),空秆率低(0.3%),对密度压力反应不敏感,耐密性好。W87-3的株高、穗位、空秆率、秃尖长均值分别为180.4 cm,64.2 cm,0.4%,0.93 cm,对密度压力反应敏感性弱,具有耐密植潜力;W87-1、W87-2、W87-4,对密度压力反应敏感,耐密性较差。WY11的一般配合力效应值为正向最高(3.57),W87-3和四287的一般配合力效应值较高(3.27,3.22)。在高密度下筛选出四144×WY11和四144×W87-3两个总配合力效应值高的组合,具有高产潜力。W87-3是改良成功的自交系,具有重要的应用价值。     

木材细胞壁力学试验方法研究进展

对木材细胞壁力学性质研究中零距离拉伸、单根纤维拉伸技术和纳米压痕技术进行概述,分别从滑移与夹持力、试样厚度和试样含水率评述零距拉伸技术,从纤维分离方法、纤维夹紧和定向、单根纤维细胞壁横截面面积测量评述单根纤维拉伸技术,从连续刚度测量法、针尖效应以及原子力显微镜与纳米压痕技术的联用评述纳米压痕技术。通过归纳、总结与展望,提出了该领域的研究重点,以期为木材细胞壁力学研究及其资源的高效利用提供借鉴。     

稻属植物21个种颖花稃尖的比较研究

用扫描电镜对稻属植物２１个种颖花稃尖进行观察,看到外稃尖的两侧各个一个突起或折痕。根据其形状不同,将２１个稻种的外稃尖分为“乳突型”、“钝角型”、“折痕型”和“融合型”４种型。     

"Where" and "what" in vision

The mixture of a few horizontal and vertical line segments embedded in an aggregate of diagonal line segments can be rapidly counted and their positions rapidly determined by a parallel (preattentive) process. However, the discrimination between horizontal and vertical orientation (that is, discrimination of a single conspicuous feature) requires serial search by focal attention. Under recent theories of attention, focal attention has been assumed to be required for the recognition of different combinations of features. According to the findings of this experiment, knowing "what" even a single feature is requires time-consuming search by focal attention. Only knowing "where" a target it is mediated by a parallel process.