固态发酵复合蛋白质对猪肠道消化生理及养分消化率的影响研究

本研究旨在比较饲喂固态发酵(SSF)复合蛋白质与未固态发酵(NSSF)复合蛋白质对生长猪肠道消化生理及养分表观消化率的影响.选择(27.7±3.3)kg的PIC生长阉公猪18头,随机分配到3个处理中,每个处理6个重复,每个重复1头猪,3个处理分别为基础饲粮组、NSSF组和SSF组.以玉米-豆粕型饲粮为基础饲粮,NSSF...     

仔猪的消化生理与早期断奶

仔猪早期断奶是国内外集约化养猪生产中普遍关注的先进技术。它能提高母猪的繁殖率,减少疾病由母体向仔猪的传播,并能提高生长期的生产性能和胭体品质。目前国外养猪业发达国家已开始推广应用14日龄超早期断奶技术。但仔猪早期断奶时受心理、环境及营养应激影响,常表现为食欲差、消化功能紊乱、腹泻、生长迟滞、饲料利用率低等所谓“仔猪早期断奶综合症”。其引发因素主要是营养应激,即仔猪由原来吮食气味、味道、营养俱全的液态母乳转向采食香味差、坚硬、营养成分不同的干饲料。而此时仔猪消化系统尚未发育成熟,不能适应这种营养物质…     

Digestive Physiology and the Role of Microorganisms

The gastrointestinal tract contains within it a microenvironment of bacteria that influences the host animal in many ways. The microflora can metabolize several nutrients that the host cannot digest and converts these to end products (such as short-chain fatty acids), a process that has a direct impact on digestive physiology. The microbiota directs the assembly of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, helps educate the immune system, affects the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier, modulates proliferation and differentiation of its epithelial lineages, regulates angiogenesis, modifies the activity of the enteric nervous system, and plays a key role in extracting and processing nutrients consumed in the diet. Despite these important effects, the mechanisms by which the gut microbial community influences host biology remain almost entirely unknown. Recent molecular-based investigations have confirmed the species diversity and metabolic complexity of gut microflora, although there is much work to be done to understand how they relate to each other as well as the host animal. It is almost a century ago that Eli Metchnikoff proposed the revolutionary idea to consume viable bacteria to promote health. Since that time, the area known as probiotics has made dramatic progress, particularly during the past 2 decades. The last 20 yr have also seen the emergence of a new, related area of study—prebiotics. Use of these 2 ideas—providing live nonpathogenic bacteria as well as substrates for their growth—have potential to help optimize the health of animals by manipulating the gastrointestinal tract in positive ways.     

猪大肠消化生理的研究进展

人们对猪胃期消化生理和小肠消化生理已经研究得比较清楚,随着猪肠道消化生理研究的深入,动物营养专家十分关注猪大肠的消化生理。猪大肠主要进行微生物消化,以进入大肠的未消化饲料残渣、脱落的肠黏膜和胃肠道消化酶为底物,经过大肠消化相关的微生物发酵产生以挥发性脂肪酸为主的产物,大部分产物被动物吸收利用,为动物生长提供能量。本文分别从发酵底物、发酵产物及其对猪消化能的贡献和大肠微生物3个角度对猪大肠消化生理展开综述。     

Vital Aspects of Fallopian Tube Physiology in Pigs

This essay reviews four topical aspects of Fallopian tube physiology that bear on either successful fertilization or early development of the zygote. An initial focus is on glycoprotein secretions of the duct that accumulate as a viscous mucus in the caudal isthmus. Because this is the site of the pre‐ovulatory sperm reservoir, an involvement of the secretions is considered in: preventing uterine and ampullary tubal fluids from entering the functional sperm reservoir; removing residual male secretions from the sperm surface; deflecting spermatozoa towards endosalpingeal organelles and reducing flagellar beat before ovulation. The subtle prompting of flagellar movement with impending ovulation is examined in terms of potential reactivation mechanisms, with overall control attributed to increasing secretion of progesterone. The site of full capacitation and the acrosome reaction in a fertilizing spermatozoon is then debated, with strong arguments pointing to completion of these processes in the specific fluids at the ampullary‐isthmic junction. Finally, the synthetic activity of cumulus cells released at ovulation as a paracrine tissue in the Fallopian tube is highlighted with reference to steroid hormones, peptides and cytokines. Not only does the suspension of granulosa‐derived cells influence the process of fertilization, but also it may amplify oocyte or embryonic signals to the endosalpinx and ipsilateral ovary.     

日粮纤维对仔猪生长性能和消化生理功能的影响

本文旨在研究日粮纤维对仔猪生长性能和消化生理功能的影响.选用体重相近(13.37±1.28)kg的"杜长嘉"三元杂交仔猪90头,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复10头猪.各试验组分别饲喂低(2.96%)、中(4.28%)、高(5.91%)3个粗纤维水平日粮.试验期为33 d.结果显示,3个粗纤维水平对仔猪的平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比均无显著影响(P>O.05),中、高粗纤维水平有降低仔猪腹泻频率的趋势(P>0.05);日粮总能和粗蛋白质的消化率以高纤维水平组最低,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的消化率以高纤维水平组最高,且与低纤维水平组差异极显著(P相似文献   

The Physiology of the Digestive Tract of the Rabbit in Relation to Gastro-Internal Disease

Abstract— Russian work that has been reported on the physiology of the digestive tract of the rabbit in relation to gastro-intestinal disease is reviewed by a translation of three papers. The subject material covers physiology, nutritional needs, and methods of treating and preventing gastrointestinal disease. The importance of diet and the correct age for weaning are also discussed. Certain special features about the digestive tract of the rabbit are presented together with pathological variations during disease. Some information on chlortetracycline and related products in the treatment and prevention of gastro-intestinal disease and the lethal dose is also reviewed.     

敌草快和硫辛酸对育肥猪肠道结构及消化功能的影响

本文旨在研究敌草快和硫辛酸(LA)对育肥猪肠道结构及消化功能的影响,以探究LA对敌草快引起的应激是否有缓解作用。选取24头(70.64±3.61)kg的健康大白阉公猪,按照2×2因子设计,随机分为对照组、LA组、敌草快组和LA+敌草快组,每个组设6个重复,每个重复1头猪。试验期29 d。LA添加剂量为800 mg/kg饲粮,饲喂贯穿试验全程,而一次性腹腔滴注敌草快于试验第15天进行,无腹腔滴注敌草快试验猪滴注等量的生理盐水。于试验第29天对所有试验猪前腔静脉采血后屠宰取样,运用试剂盒检测血浆和肠道氧化损伤标志物的含量以及空肠食糜消化酶的活性,苏木精-伊红(HE)染色后运用图像分析软件观察肠道形态结构并测定绒毛高度、隐窝深度,并计算绒毛高度/隐窝深度(V/C),荧光定量PCR法检测闭合蛋白(occludin)和紧密结合蛋白(ZO-1)的相对表达量。结果表明:1)敌草快极显著升高了试验猪血浆和肠道丙二醛(MDA)、蛋白质羰基(PCO)和8-羟基鸟苷(8-OHd G)的含量(P0.01),极显著降低了十二指肠、空肠及回肠绒毛高度、隐窝深度(P0.01),极显著增大了十二指肠和空肠V/C(P0.01),显著增大了回肠V/C(P0.05),极显著降低了空肠occludin和ZO-1 m RNA相对表达量(P0.01),极显著降低了空肠食糜中淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶以及脂肪酶的活性(P0.01)。2)饲粮中添加LA对试验猪血浆和肠道MDA、PCO和8-OHd G含量的影响均不显著(P0.05),对十二指肠、空肠和回肠的绒毛高度、隐窝深度以及V/C的影响均不显著(P0.05),对空肠occludin和ZO-1 m RNA相对表达量的影响也不显著(P0.05),对空肠食糜中淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶以及脂肪酶活性的影响差异也均不显著(P0.05)。3)在应激状态下,饲粮中添加LA使猪血浆8-OHd G含量显著降低(P0.05),十二指肠绒毛高度、空肠绒毛高度以及回肠隐窝深度显著升高(P0.05),空肠V/C显著降低(P0.05),回肠V/C极显著降低(P0.01),空肠occludin和ZO-1 m RNA相对表达量显著升高(P0.05),空肠食糜淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶的活性显著提升(P0.05)。由此可见,敌草快引起了育肥猪强烈的氧化应激,导致了肠道结构的严重损伤并减弱了肠道的消化功能;在敌草快引起的应激状态下,饲粮中添加800 mg/kg LA能够减缓肠道结构的损伤并能一定程度地提高肠道的消化功能。     

日粮赖氨酸和消化能水平对荣昌猪生产性能和胴体品质的影响

为研究日粮消化能水平和赖氨酸与消化能比值对荣昌猪胴体品质的影响,试验选用96头荣昌阉公猪(20±2)kg,当试验猪平均体重达到90kg时进行屠宰。结果表明:日粮消化能水平提高,荣昌猪的饲料转化率显著(P<0.05)提高;肩、腰、荐三点均膘厚显著(P<0.05)增加,失水率显著提高(P<0.05),24h时的pH值也有增加的趋势(P>0.05);随着赖氨酸与消化能比的增加,1h和24h的pH值均显著增加(P<0.05),肌内脂肪含量显著降低(P<0.05),眼肌面积有增加的趋势(P>0.05),并且消化能水平和赖氨酸与消化能比值存在交互作用。     

谷氨酰胺对早期断奶仔猪生产性能和小肠消化酶活性的影响

本试验选用21日龄断奶的杜大长三元杂交猪72头,随机分为2组,每组设3个重复,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂含1%谷氨酰胺的日粮。结果表明,添加谷氨酰胺可显著(P<0.05)提高21～35日龄、21～49日龄的平均日增重及21～35日龄的平均日采食量。添加谷氨酰胺可不同程度地提高断奶后十二指肠和空肠糜蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶的活力。     

生长猪空肠液中主要消化酶活性与饲粮养分消化率的相关性研究

本试验旨在探讨猪空肠消化液中主要消化酶的活性与饲粮养分消化率间的相关性,为饲粮养分消化影响因素的研究提供参考。试验分为2组,分别饲喂玉米-豆粕型饲粮和玉米-玉米干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)-米糠粕型饲粮,每组设16个重复。测定饲粮和粪样的总能和干物质、粗蛋白质含量及空肠液中主要消化酶的活性,然后对每种饲粮的养分消化率与猪空肠液中主要消化酶的活性进行简单相关分析和典型相关分析。结果表明:1)2种饲粮下,生长猪个体间4种主要消化酶活性的变异系数均在20%以上,而饲粮干物质、粗蛋白质和总能消化率的变异系数均在1.5%以内;2)猪空肠液中淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶的活性与饲粮养分消化率间无显著相关性(|r|≤0.51;P0.05),而脂肪酶活性与玉米-豆粕型饲粮养分消化率呈显著正相关(r≥0.56;P0.05),与玉米-玉米DDGS-米糠粕型饲粮干物质消化率呈显著负相关(r=-0.51;P0.05);3)猪空肠液消化酶活性与饲粮养分消化率间无典型相关关系(P0.05),因此,脂肪酶活性对饲粮养分消化率变异的贡献有限。综合以上结果,生长猪空肠液消化酶活性与饲粮养分消化率间无稳定的相关性。     

Autolytic Changes in the Digestive System of Germfree, Escherichia coli Monocontaminated, and Conventional Baby Pigs

Tissues from three groups of pigs (germfree, Escherichia coli monocontaminated, and healthy conventional pigs) were collected at intervals between 24 minutes and 7 hours 12 minutes after death. Histological differences between the three groups were present in the alimentary mucosa and were most striking in the ileum and colon.

Autolytic change was detected only in the digestive system and the sequence of autolytic events was similar in all groups. The time of onset and rate of progress differed markedly between groups and between segments of the alimentary canal. In the conventional group, autolysis started quickly and progressed rapidly. In the germfree group it was later in onset and slower in progress. The E. coli infected group was intermediate. The initial visible change occurred in the small intestine.

The morphological differences and autolytic changes were described.

     

鹅源草酸青霉产果胶酶对肉鸡消化生理影响的研究

本文旨在研究鹅源草酸青霉产果胶酶对肉鸡消化生理的影响.选用1日龄健康肉雏鸡240只,随机分成4组,每组4个重复,每个重复15只.对照组饲喂基础日粮,3个试验组分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加0.249%果胶酶、0.168%纤维素酶和0.15%复合酶(果胶酶:纤维素酶=1:1)的试验日粮,并观测28日龄和49日龄肉鸡的肠道消化酶活性、49日龄肉鸡的肠道组织形态.结果表明,28日龄时,果胶酶组十二指肠、胰腺的淀粉酶、脂肪酶、胰蛋白酶活性以及空肠的脂肪酶活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),胃蛋白酶活性极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);49日龄时,果胶酶组胰腺的淀粉酶、脂肪酶、胰蛋白酶活性,十二指肠的淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶活性,空肠的脂肪酶活性以及胃蛋白酶活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05).与对照组相比,果胶酶组空肠的绒毛高度显著提高(P<0.05),肠壁厚度显著降低(P<0.05).此外,复合酶组的部分肠道消化酶活性和空肠的绒毛高度显著或极显著高于果胶酶组和纤维素酶组(P<0.05或P<0.01).由此可知:果胶酶可提高肉鸡肠道消化酶活性,改善空肠组织形态;与纤维素酶配合应用对肠道消化酶活性、空肠组织形态的影响更为显著.     

复合有机酸对泌乳奶牛生产性能、养分表观消化率和消化生理的影响

本试验旨在研究复合有机酸对泌乳奶牛生产性能、养分表观消化率和消化生理的影响。选择388头泌乳奶牛,根据体重、产奶量、泌乳天数相近原则,按照随机区组设计分为2组,即对照组和试验组,每组194头。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中每头每天添加48 g复合有机酸。试验期共40 d,其中预试期10 d,正试期30 d。结果显示：与对照组相比,饲粮中添加复合有机酸可显著提高泌乳奶牛的干物质采食量、产奶量、乳脂率、4%乳脂校正产量以及钙的表观消化率（P<0.05）,对乳蛋白率、体细胞数、体细胞评分以及干物质、粗蛋白质、粗灰分、磷的表观消化率没有显著影响（P>0.05）;饲粮中添加复合有机酸显著增加了泌乳奶牛的采食时长（P<0.05）,但未显著影响躺卧时长、咀嚼次数、肢蹄评分、瘤胃充盈度评分、粪便评分、体表清洁度评分（P>0.05）。由此可见,添加复合有机酸能够提高泌乳奶牛的生产性能、钙表观消化率及采食时长。     

反刍动物消化生理特点与旱区秸秆畜牧业的发展

本文论述了反刍动物消化生理特点、秸秆饲料的营养特性、营养作用和调制技术，以及旱区秸秆畜牧业发展的战略意义。     

The Effect of Dietary Sulphate Copper Supplementation on Growth Performance, Intestinal Digestive Enzymes and Absorptive Transporters in Weanling Pigs

The experiment was conducted to assess the effects of dietary supplementation of Cu on the growth performance, digestive enzymes, tissue minerals and absorptive transporters in small intestinal mucosa of weanling pigs. One hundred crossbred pigs weaned at 28 ± 2 d of age were assigned randomly to one of the following diets with 5 replicates: corn-soybean basal diet with 10, 100, 175, 250 mg/kg of Cu as CuSO₄•5H₂O. The results showed that 250 mg/kg Cu had a positive effect (P < 0.05) on average daily gain, daily feed intake and ratio of gain/feed. Compared to 10 mg/kg Cu, higher Cu had significant effect on the apparent digestibility of protein and fat (P < 0.05). The supplementing of Cu improved amylase and lipase activity in jejunum content and lipase in pancreas (P < 0.05) and had no effect on intestinal morphology. The liver Cu elevated approximately 4-fold in pigs fed diet with 250 mg/kg Cu compared with pigs fed diet with 10 mg/kg Cu, no increases were observed in pigs receiving the lower level of Cu (100 and 175 mg/kg). Both Fe and Zn contents in kidney and liver were not affected by Cu supplementation. There was no positive effect (P > 0.05) of Cu supplementation on PepT1 (peptide transporter 1) and SGLT1 (sodium/glucose cotransporter) mRNA abundance in intestinal mucosa. However, higher supplementing level (250 mg/kg) significantly elevated the DMT1 (divalent metal transporter) mRNA abundance in duodenum mucosa. These results suggested that dietary supplementation with 250 mg/kg Cu could improve growth performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal enzyme activities of weanling pigs.     

The Effect of Dietary Sulphate Copper Supplementation on Growth Performance, Intestinal Digestive Enzymes and Absorptive Transporters in Weanling Pigs

The experiment was conducted to assess the effects of dietary supplementation of Cu on the growth performance,digestive enzymes,tissue minerals and absorptive transporters in small intestinal mucosa of weanling pigs.One hundred crossbred pigs weaned at 28±2 d of age were assigned randomly to one of the following diets with 5 replicates:corn-soybean basal diet with 10,100,175,250 mg/kg of Cu as CuSO4·5H2O.The results showed that 250 mg/kg Cu had a positive effect (P0.05) on average daily gain,daily feed intake and ratio of gain/feed.Compared to 10 mg/kg Cu,higher Cu had significant effect on the apparent digestibility of protein and fat (P0.05).The supplementing of Cu improved amylase and lipase activity in jejunum content and lipase in pancreas (P0.05) and had no effect on intestinal morphology.The liver Cu elevated approximately 4-fold in pigs fed diet with 250 mg/kg Cu compared with pigs fed diet with 10 mg/kg Cu,no increases were observed in pigs receiving the lower level of Cu (100 and 175 mg/kg).Both Fe and Zn contents in kidney and liver were not affected by Cu supplementation.There was no positive effect (P0.05) of Cu supplementation on PepT1 (peptide transporter 1) and SGLT1 (sodium/glucose cotransporter) mRNA abundance in intestinal mucosa.However,higher supplementing level (250 mg/kg) significantly elevated the DMT1 (divalent metal transporter) mRNA abundance in duodenum mucosa.These results suggested that dietary supplementation with 250 mg/kg Cu could improve growth performance,nutrient digestibility and intestinal enzyme activities of weanling pigs.