Studies on the use of wheat rich in crude protein in the feeding of broilers. 1. Experimental procedure, weight gains, food consumption and food efficiency]

A fattening trial was carried out with 8 groups of broilers each comprising 1225 birds. Within this trial tests were made to replace the protein feeds of newly hatched chicks over a period of up to 56 days of age, by wheat rich in crude protein. If wheat with a high crude protein content is fed supplementation with lysine and methionine will be necessary depending on the kind of protein feed used. No supplementation with amino acids is required if rations of fish meal + extracted soya bean meal are used despite their reduced content of these amino acids. The broilers consumed larger quantities of the wheat + extracted soya bean meal+fish meal ration than of the mixtures containing no fish meal. Food requirements per unit of weight gain were the same for the mixtures containing high-protein wheat and for the standard maize ration. The lowest food consumption per unit of weight gain was computed for the wheat + extracted soya bean meal diet supplemented with amino acids. The same quantities of lysine, thioamino acids and threonine were necessary for broilers receiving the wheat rations as for birds of the standard group. Protein feed may be saved by using high-protein wheat in the fattening of broilers. The rates of weight gain obtained with these rations are the same or even better than those achieved with rations of maize + fish meal+soya bean meal.     

Studies on the use of lucerne silage source for high-milk-producing dairy cows

Studies on the use of lucerne silage as a forage source for high-yielding dairy cows. It was the main objective of this study to investigate effects of lucerne silage inclusion in maize silage-based rations on dry matter intake, milk yield and metabolic parameters of high yielding dairy cows. Three total mixed rations (TMR) were used. They contained as the main forage source on a dry matter basis 41.5% maize silage and 12% grass silage (ration maize) or 18% maize silage and 29% of either grass silage (ration grass) or lucerne silage (ration lucerne). Organic matter digestibility, determined with wether sheep, was 77 and 65% for the grass and the lucerne silage, respectively. Each TMR was fed to 4 wether sheep to determine crude nutrient digestibilities. The content of net energy for lactation (NEL), as calculated from digestible crude nutrients, was (MJ/kg dry matter (DM)): 7.1 (maize), 7.2 (grass) and 6.8 (lucerne). Based on the results of a chemical fractionation of crude protein it was calculated that the content of utilisable crude protein (nXP) was not below 167 g/kg DM and that the N balance in the rumen was not negative for all 3 TMR. The TMR were fed for 169 days to at least 28 dairy cows per treatment which were in their first half of lactation. Feed intake, milk performance data and physiological indicators were measured for each individual cow. The DM intake was significantly higher in treatment lucerne (23.2 kg/d) than in treatments grass (21.2 kg/d) and maize (22.6 kg/d). Daily intakes of NEL and nXP were significantly lower in treatment grass than in the other two treatments. Milk yield was significantly higher in treatment maize (41.7 kg/d) than in treatments grass (37.3 kg/d) and lucerne (38.5 kg/d). This was associated with a significantly lower milk fat content in treatment maize (3.5%) in comparison with the other two treatments (3.9% each). Milk protein content was unaffected by treatment (3.4% on average). Similarly, the acetone content of milk was not significantly different between treatments. The beta-hydroxybutyrate content of the deproteinized blood was significantly higher in treatment lucerne at start of lactation, but this difference disappeared in subsequent parts of the experimental period. Measurements of back fat thickness indicated mobilisation and retention of energy by cows during the experimental period to be similar in all treatments. It is concluded that lucerne silage is a suitable forage source for high yielding dairy cows in spite of its low digestibility.     

Nutrients intake,digestibility, nitrogen balance and growth performance of sheep fed different silages with or without concentrate

The experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of maize (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and millet (Pennisetum americannum) silages with or without concentrate on nutrients intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and weight gain in Sipli sheep. Six experimental diets were formulated having 100% maize silage (MS), maize silage and concentrate as 50:50 (MSC), 100% sorghum silage (SS), sorghum silage and concentrate as 50:50 (SSC), 100% millet silage (MiS) and millet silage and concentrate as 50:50 (MiSC), respectively. For this purpose, 24 Sipli lambs were randomly allotted to six experimental diets in a completely randomized design for 90 days, four lambs per diet. The results indicated that among various silage diets, lambs fed MS diet consumed higher dry matter (DM) than those fed SS and MiS diets. Likewise, lambs offered MSC had higher dry matter intake than those fed SSC and MiSC diets. Crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) consumed by the lambs also followed the similar trend. Higher DM, CP and NDF digestibilities were also observed in lambs fed MS and MSC diets than those fed SS, SSC, MiS and MiSC diets. Overall digestibilities of DM, CP and NDF were higher in experimental diets containing silage with concentrate. Lambs fed MS diet had 2.79 g/day and 4.45 g/day higher N retention than those fed SS and MiS, respectively. Similarly, lambs fed MSC diet had 2.24 g/day and 5.12 g/day higher N retention than those fed SSC and MiSC diets, respectively. The results showed that lambs fed MSC gained more daily weight gain had better feed conversion ratio than those fed MS, SS, SSC, MiS and MiSC diets. The findings of the present study indicated that lambs fed MSC diet had higher nutrients intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and weight gain.     

不同颗粒日粮对滩羊育肥羊生长性能、养分表观消化率及血清生化指标的影响

旨在探究不同颗粒日粮对育肥羊生长性能、养分表观消化率及血清生化指标的影响.选取体重相近、(70±10)日龄的滩羊羯羔羊60只,随机分为4组:对照组(n=15)、试验Ⅰ组(n=15)、试验Ⅱ组(n=15)、试验Ⅲ组(n=15).对照组饲喂自配全混合日粮(40％自配精饲料+60％自配粗饲料),试验Ⅰ组饲喂50％自配全混合日...     

添加复合酶制剂的青贮玉米秸秆育肥肉牛试验

[目的]为降低饲养成本,提高经济效益,指导肉牛养殖户科学合理利用玉米秸秆。[方法]选择10月龄年龄和体重相近健康的西杂牛18头,随机分为三组,每组6头,试验前经检验组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。在精饲料喂量相等的情况下,Ⅰ组饲喂复合酶发酵玉米秸秆;Ⅱ组饲喂复合酶发酵玉米秸秆和青贮玉米秸秆各占50%;Ⅲ组饲喂青贮玉米秸秆。经60d试验,三个试验组相互对比分析。[结果]表明:用复合酶发酵玉米秸秆和青贮玉米秸秆各占50%饲喂肉牛,育肥效果较单纯饲喂复合酶发酵玉米秸秆和青贮玉米秸秆高,但经方差分析,差异不显著(P>0.05)。Ⅱ组日采食玉米秸秆分别比Ⅰ、Ⅲ组高120g和170g;Ⅱ组日增重分别比Ⅰ、Ⅲ组高20g和40g;每千克日增重Ⅱ组分别比Ⅰ、Ⅲ组降低饲料成本0.22元和0.19元。[结论]用复合酶处理玉米秸秆和青贮玉米秸秆搭配可以在肉牛育肥方面推广应用。     

肉牛场青贮饲料酸中毒事件的处置与反思

肃州区某肉牛场长期大量使用青贮玉米饲喂育肥牛,由于调整饲料方法不当造成牛群集体突发中毒事件。采用洗胃、补液、校正酸碱平衡和燥湿健脾理气等中西医结合方法及时救治,使病情得到迅速控制。建议长期使用青贮玉米平衡日粮的养殖场户,要按精料混合料1.5-2.5%的比例添加碳酸氢钠长期饲喂,以矫正机体酸碱平衡,防止此类事件,减少不必要的损失。     

甜高粱青贮品质及对山羊饲喂效果的研究

本文旨在研究甜高粱(Sorghum bicolor (Linn.) Moench)青贮品质及其对山羊生产性能的影响。供试6个甜高梁品种青贮品质特性测定显示:甜高梁青贮发酵品质均良好,但品种间青贮营养品质存在较大差异。以甜高梁青贮+400g精料、甜高梁青贮+200g精料及玉米(Zea maysL)青贮+400g精料(对照)3种日粮方式进行山羊饲喂试验,结果表明:饲喂甜高粱青贮+400g精料组的山羊采食量、增重效果显著高于甜高粱青贮+200g精料组和玉米青贮+400g精料组。     

内蒙古包头地区玉米秸秆黄贮调制技术及典对育肥羊饲喂效果的研究

旨在研究适合内蒙古包头地区玉米秸秆黄贮发酵的最佳条件,并评价玉米黄贮秸秆配方日粮对育肥羊的饲喂效果。采用三因素三水平正交试验,对黄贮发酵菌剂、发酵周期和发酵辅料等进行实验室研究,筛选最佳发酵组合;依据GB/T 20807—2006《绵羊用精饲料》标准,配制含不同比例秸秆黄贮的配方日粮,开展育肥羊饲喂试验,比较传统育肥羊饲料和玉米黄贮秸秆配方饲料对小尾寒羊的育肥效果。结果表明,3个因素对秸秆黄贮pH值影响的顺序为：发酵辅料〉发酵菌剂〉发酵周期,黄贮发酵条件最佳的组合为EM如金菌液秸秆发酵剂＋发酵25 d＋食盐。饲喂基础日粮中添加不同比例玉米秸秆黄贮的2个试验组羊只,其活体重、胴体重、单块眼肌面积显著大于饲喂传统育肥饲料的对照组羊只（P〈0.05）;饲喂基础日粮中黄贮添加比例为40%的试验组羊只,其饲料转化率显著高于对照组羊只（P〈0.05）;饲喂基础日粮中黄贮添加比例为20%的试验组羊只,其屠宰率显著高于对照组羊只（P〈0.05）;2个试验组羊只的日增重、大腿肌肉厚度、腰部肌肉厚度、系水力与对照组相比差异均不显著（P〉0.05）。综合考虑饲喂效果以及饲喂成本因素,在基础饲料中添加40%的玉米黄贮秸秆对小尾寒羊的育肥效果最佳。     

糊化淀粉尿素对山羊饲喂效果的研究

糊化淀粉尿素对山羊饲喂效果的研究@顾炳龙@王福泉...     

Studies in male sheep on the feeding value of excreta from young hens and broilers]

5 digestibility trials were carried out, each with 4 male sheep, to investigate the excreta of young hens and broilers produced as litter in hen batteries for rearing and fattening stock. Data on the digestibility of organic matter and energy of broiler excreta were 76.0% and 76.4%; i.e. these values were only slightly lower than those for the basal ration (barley + dried green lucerne: 76.6% and 76.8%). Digestibility coefficients for organic matter and energy content in the excreta of young hens were 69.4% and 70.4%, respectively. The protein digestibility of excreta of broilers and young hens was 82.3% and 84.3%; that is to say, the investigated dropping contained 330 g and 260 g of digestible crude protein per kg of dry matter. Due to the high ash content of the samples the energy content of the analyzed excreta was only 474 EFr and 421 EFr per kg of dry matter.     

Ammonia and urea in corn silage-based complete mixed diets for dairy cows

Source of supplemental N was evaluated in three corn silage-based complete mixed diets (CMD) fed to lactating dairy cows. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and contained 60% corn silage and 40% concentrate on a dry matter basis. Diets were: CMD-A, ammoniated corn silage (ammonia provided 16% of total N) plus concentrate; CMD-U, untreated corn silage and concentrate (16% of total N from urea) and CMD-S, untreated corn silage plus concentrate with soybean meal. Ammoniation at 1.0% of dry weight increased crude protein content of silage from 8.5 to 12.7%. Daily means for cows fed CMD-A, CMD-U and CMD-S were: 24.2, 24.3 and 24.5 kg of fat-corrected milk; 3.17, 3.10 and 3.15% milk protein; 3.41, 3.67 and 3.63% milk fat and 3.02, 2.99 and 3.02 kg intake of total dry matter/100 kg body weight. Differences were not significant except for reduced milk fat percentage for cows fed the ammoniated corn silage diet. Both anhydrous ammonia and urea at 16% of total dietary N were found to be practical and economical substitutes for part of the supplemental soy protein. When compared to CMD with all soybean protein, greater savings in feed costs resulted from inclusion of ammoniated corn silage than with inclusion of urea.     

Effect of virginiamycin on in vivo digestibility, rumen fermentation and nitrogen balance

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of virginiamycin. Digestibility was determined with wethers, fed a diet of 0.65 maize silage and 0.35 concentrate on a dry matter basis (Experiment I) or a complete dry feed (Experiment II) at maintenance, and with growing bulls fed a maize silage diet ad libitum supplemented with 7.5 g concentrate per kg live weight (Experiment III). Virginiamycin was incorporated at 0 or 65 ppm in the concentrate and 0 or 25 ppm in the complete dry feed. No significant effect on dry or organic matter digestibility was observed, although digestibilities of protein and ether extract were reduced by virginiamycin in experiments I and II, respectively. Rumen fermentation was studied in experiments I and II. Virginiamycin increased acetic acid concentration and reduced butyric acid concentration in experiment I, but exerted no significant effect in experiment II. An interaction between diet type and virginiamycin was found for the C2/C3 ratio. Nitrogen balance, measured in experiment III, was not affected by virginiamycin.     

Comparison of feed intake, digestibility and fattening performance of Brahman grade cattle (Bos indicus) and crossbred water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

Twenty growing crossbred cattle and crossbred water buffalo (carabao) with an average age of 22 (18–24 months) months were equally distributed into two treatment groups according to species. The animals were fed with the same ration made up of corn silage (50%) + wet brewer's spent grain (30%) + concentrate mixture (20%), and their fattening performance was monitored. The digestibilities of the different nutrients were likewise determined. The economics of raising the animals under intensive production system was calculated. Species differences did not influence total dry matter intake of the animals, when expressed as percentage of the bodyweight and per metabolic body size. There were no significant differences in digestion coefficients of the different nutrients, except for crude protein in crossbred water buffalo and crossbred cattle, although the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and nitrogen free extract tended to be high in the former than in the latter. Likewise, average daily gain (ADG) was similar, although crossbred water buffalo had numerically higher ADG (828.6 vs 785.5 g) than crossbred cattle during the 6 months feeding. During the first 3 months of feeding (1–90 days), the ADG of crossbred water buffalo was 1066.1 g compared to 940.1 g for crossbred cattle. From 91 to 180 days, the crossbred cattle had slightly higher ADG (630.1 vs 591.1 g) but also the difference was not significant. The return above feed cost was comparable for crossbred cattle and crossbred water buffalo during the first 90 days of feeding. However, extending the feeding period from 91 to 180 days , income over feed cost was higher (P < 0.05) for crossbred cattle by PhP 5.3/kg gain than crossbred water buffalo. Results showed that crossbred water buffalo could attain similar growth rate with that of crossbred cattle under intensive system, when fed with high quality feed materials.     

日粮组成对牦犊牛消化和能量代谢的影响

 在海拔３９８０ｍ 的果洛州大武乡对３头牦犊牛分别饲喂１００％的青贮披碱草（Ａ）、４０％精料＋６０％青贮披碱草（Ｂ）、６０％精料＋４０％青贮披碱草（Ｃ）３种不同日粮,按３×３ 拉丁方设计了消化代谢试验。结果表明,１）日粮干物质、有机质、粗蛋白和能量消化率差异显著（P＜０．０５）,粗灰分消化率差异不显著（P＞０．０５）,且随日粮中精料比例的增加,各营养成分的消化率逐渐降低;２）日粮Ｃ 的能量代谢率显著低于日粮Ａ 和日粮Ｂ（P＜０．０５）,但消化能转化为代谢能的效率差异不显著（P＞０．０５）,其平均转化效率为０．７８;３）粪和尿中排出钙差异显著（P＜０．０５）,粪中排出磷差异不显著（P＞０．０５）,而尿中排出磷差异显著（P＜０．０５）;钙存留量随日粮中精料比例的增加而减小,磷存留量在Ａ 日粮下最大。以上结果说明牦犊牛对日粮的消化和能量代谢与其组成密切相关,而且表观消化率随日粮水平的提高而降低,其能量转化率低于生长牦牛和成年牦牛。因此,该结果可为牦犊牛的补饲和快速育肥提供科学依据。     

Spineless cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) and saltbush (Atriplex halimus L.) as feed supplements for fattening Awassi male lambs: effect on digestibility,water consumption,blood metabolites,and growth performance

The effect of replacing 13.6% and 20.3% of a total ration of fattening Awassi lambs by two combinations of fresh saltbush (Atriplex halimus) and fresh spineless cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) cladodes at a ratio of 1.9:1 (TRT1) and 1.7:1 (TRT2) on water intake, digestibility, blood metabolites, and fattening performance was evaluated. Thirty-six lambs with average initial live weight 34.5?±?4.18 kg were randomly assigned to three diets (control, TRT1, and TRT2). The control received a diet containing 166 g/kg barley straw and 834 g/kg of commercial concentrate mixture; TRT1 comprised 126 g barley straw, 739 g/kg concentrate mixture, 47 g/kg spineless cactus, and 89 g saltbush; TRT2 comprised 67 g/kg barley straw, 704 g/kg commercial concentrate mixture, 86 g/kg spineless cactus, and 144 g saltbush. A growth trial of 100 days (10 days of adaptation and 90 days of collection) followed by a metabolism trial of 17 days (10 days of adaptation and 7 days of a total feces and urine collection) was carried out. Daily dry matter intake, digestibility of crude protein, ether extract and nutrient detergent fiber, nitrogen balance, average daily gain, feed conversion ratio, and blood metabolites were not significantly affected by the treatment. Water consumption in TRT2 was significantly 16% less compared with the control. A combination of saltbush and spineless cactus at a ratio of 1.7:1 (TRT2) replaced 60% of barley straw and 16% of concentrate mixture without adverse effects on health and growth performance of Awassi male lambs. This represents a potential reduction in feed costs for smallholder farmers.

     

天然牧草型全混合日粮颗粒饲料配方筛选研究

[目的] 筛选以天然牧草为基础的育肥肉羊日粮颗粒饲料配方。[方法] 以天然牧草为粗饲料,玉米面、豆饼和小麦麸皮为精料,食盐、添加剂预混料为饲料添加剂,参考《肉羊饲养标准》（NY/T 816—2004）设定天然干草占采食量的50%（配方1）、60%（配方2）和70%（配方3）3个比例的全混合日粮配方,制成全混合日粮颗粒。通过分析不同配方全混合日粮颗粒饲料的营养成分和体外干物质消化率（IVDMD）,筛选以天然牧草为基础的育肥肉羊日粮颗粒饲料配方。[结果] 配方2和配方3的CP含量显著（P<0.05）高于配方1;配方2与配方3的NDF和ADF含量显著（P<0.05）低于配方1;配方2的IVDMD显著（P<0.05）高于配方1和配方3。[结论] 对于体重为25 kg、日增重为0.45 kg的育肥羊,天然干草占采食量60%（配方2）的全混合日粮颗粒饲料最佳。     

Effects of level of feed intake and Fusarium toxin-contaminated wheat on rumen fermentation as well as on blood and milk parameters in cows

The aims of this study were to examine the effects of and possible interactions between dry matter (DM) intake and feeding Fusarium toxin-contaminated wheat on ruminal fermentation, serum chemical parameters and milk yield of dairy cows. Fourteen dairy cows equipped with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were analysed. All animals were fed the same ration, the daily feed amounts being adjusted to current performance. On DM basis, the ration consisted of 60% concentrate including 55% wheat [Fusarium-contaminated wheat (mycotoxin period) or control wheat (control period)] and was completed with 40% maize and grass silage. Each cow was fed the contaminated wheat [deoxynivalenol (DON), 8.21 mg/kg DM and zearalenone (ZON), 0.09 mg/kg DM] and the control wheat (0.25 mg DON/kg DM and 51 microg ZON/kg DM). As expected, a higher organic matter (OM) intake decreased the amounts of fermented crude nutrients related to the respective intakes. An increased amount of crude protein degraded (p < 0.05) and a lower molar percentage of propionate in the rumen fluid were observed when feeding the Fusarium toxin-contaminated wheat at increased OM intakes in comparison with the control wheat. The activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT; p < 0.001), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH; p < 0.01) and gamma glutamyl transferase (gamma-GT; p < 0.01) increased with increasing OM intake and were not related to the mycotoxin contamination of the wheat.     

Evaluation of total mixed ration silage with brewers grains for dairy buffalo in Tarai,Nepal

To investigate the effects of total mixed ration (TMR) silage, which contained brewers grain and rice straw as a substitute for conventional concentrate on feed intake and milk production in middle‐to‐late lactation buffaloes, four multiparous Murrah buffaloes were assigned to a 3 × 3 Latin square design experiment. The TMR silage, which had higher neutral and acid detergent fiber contents and digestibility than concentrate (P < 0.05) and similar crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrient (TDN) contents with concentrate were used for the lactation experiment. The treatments were control (CTL) fed concentrate at 0.6% of body weight (BW), and T1 and T2 fed the TMR silage at 0.6 and 1.2% of BW on a dry matter (DM) basis, respectively, with rice straw ad libitum. Daily intakes of DM, CP and TDN, and BW change were higher in T2 than in CTL and T1 (P < 0.05). Although milk composition did not differ among the treatments, milk yield (MY) was higher in T2 (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in MY/DM intake and MY/TDN intake among the treatments. The increase of BW and MY in middle‐to‐late lactation buffaloes might have been due to high TDN intake from supplementary TMR silage.     

Flavomycin effects on performance of beef bulls and nutrient digestibility in wethers

For 28 weeks a feeding experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary flavomycin on performance of beef bulls. In the first and second half of the trial, 40 animals (average initial weight 352 kg) had free access to corn silage or beet pulp, respectively, both supplemented with an appropriate concentrate containing 0 or 10 mg/kg of the antibiotic. Daily flavomycin intake was 39 to 46 mg when the animals were on the corn silage diet and 51 to 54 mg when they were fed the beet pulp diet. The animals fed the corn silage-based diet supplemented with flavomycin showed a non-significant improvement of daily gain (1.4%) and feed conversion (2.3%). When the beet pulp-based diet was fed, flavomycin significantly increased daily gain (15.2%, P less than 0.002) and feed conversion efficiency (9.1%, P less than 0.03). For the overall feeding experiment the positive effect of flavomycin feeding was 6.7% on body weight gain (P less than 0.09) and 5.2% on feed conversion (P less than 0.13). Flavomycin did not affect carcass yield of beef bulls. Also the effect of flavomycin on diet digestibility was studied in wethers fed a mixture of beet pulp and concentrate, containing 0 or 10 ppm flavomycin. No significant effect from the antibiotic on digestion of dry matter, crude protein, fibre, fat, ash and N-free extract was observed.     

发酵葡萄渣颗粒饲料对育肥牛生长性能的影响

试验研究了发酵葡萄渣颗粒饲料对育肥牛生产性能的影响。选择26头平均体重为304 kg左右的西门塔尔杂种牛,按体重和性别随机分成2个处理组,每组13头,对照组日粮组成为自配肉牛精料补充料+青贮饲料+干草,试验组日粮组成为发酵葡萄渣颗粒饲料+青贮饲料+干草,试验期为60 d。试验结果表明,与对照组相比,育肥牛饲喂发酵葡萄渣颗粒饲料,日增重提高了5.89%(P0.05),料重比降低了2.79%(P0.05),头均毛利润提高了58.24元,经济效益提高了4.17%。