安徽省水稻区试品种稻瘟病和白叶枯病抗性分析

旨在明确2017-2020年安徽省参试水稻品种对稻瘟病和白叶枯病的抗性情况.用人工喷雾接种和自然诱发相结合的方法测得品种对稻瘟病的抗性,用剪叶接菌方法测得品种对白叶枯病的抗性.结果 表明:659个水稻品种中,48.10％表现为中感稻瘟病,其次为中抗、感、高感,表现为抗病的品种仅占1.06％,没有高抗品种.51.59％表...     

Types and components of resistance to Fusarium head blight of wheat

Resistance of wheat to Fusarium head blight caused by Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum was identified in natural epidemics in 1985 and 1987 as well after artificial inoculations (1983–1988 and 1984–1987). Out of 25 genotypes tested, five were identified with no significant difference in head blight scores, but differing significantly in yield after artificial inoculation, i.e. tolerance differences were detected at different resistance levels. Some genotypes that were similar in yield or head blight scores differed in seed infection severity. Genotypes with awns were more susceptible to head blight when tested under natural epidemic condition in the field; but this trait did not influence head blight severity in artificial inoculations. Dwarf genotypes were more severely infected by head blight than tall genotypes under natural conditions, but genotypes of different plant height classes were similarly susceptible after artificial inoculations. In the early generations of a breeding programme resistance measured by visual evaluation of artificial inoculation is the most important way to screen. If selection of dwarf and awned genotypes cannot be avoided, the higher susceptibility caused by awns and dwarfness under natural epidemic conditions can be decreased by a higher level of physiological resistance, as variability in physiological resistance is available. In later generations, traits like percentage of seed infection or tolerance can be identified by additionally measuring yield reduction. Stability of disease reaction appears to be connected with resistance level, the most resistant genotypes are the most stable, and the most susceptible ones tend to have more unstable reactions in different epidemic conditions.     

Greenhouse and field techniques for testing sugar beet for resistance to Rhizoctonia root and crown rot

Rhizoctonia‐resistant sugar beet varieties are the key to an integrated control strategy for Rhizoctonia root rot. Because of the unpredictable occurrence of Rhizoctonia solani in the field testing of sugar beet for resistance to Rhizoctonia root rot is difficult. The aim of the study was to develop advanced greenhouse and field techniques which allow a reliable assessment of sugar beet for resistance to R. solani. A highly infectious liquid inoculum was used for the first time in this study. It can be produced in large quantities of a standardized quality, sterile, and exactly quantified according to its carbon content. In a greenhouse trial, sugar beet grown in the same way as field grown beet was inoculated by applying a suspension of Rhizoctonia mycelium (equivalent to 10 mg carbon per plant) to the beet crown. After 3 weeks, inoculation had led to uniform and severe root rot. Disease symptoms were similar to those found under natural conditions in the field. No ‘escapes’, i.e. susceptible plants apparently expressing resistance were observed in the test. A new nine‐class disease scale was established and a Rhizoctonia index (RI) was calculated. Reliability of disease assessment was demonstrated on progeny of plants, selected from segregating populations, showing Rhizoctonia resistance more closely related to the resistant parent lines than to the susceptible ones. Sugar beet varieties could be assessed in the greenhouse within only 11 weeks. All varieties were affected by the pathogen but partially resistant varieties could be clearly recognized by a significantly lower Rhizoctonia index. Significant differences in susceptibility were also found within the group of new resistant genotypes. Infection studies performed in the field showed the superiority of the new liquid inoculum compared with a solid form and revealed the influence of inoculation date and inoculum level on the development of Rhizoctonia root rot. In field tests performed at different sites under different environmental conditions, susceptible and partially resistant sugar beet varieties could be reproducibly rated according to their susceptibility to R. solani. On average, susceptible varieties showed a Rhizoctonia index of 8 while resistant genotypes ranged from 5 to 6. The newly developed techniques allow fast and reliable evaluation of sugar beet for resistance to R. solani.     

棉铃疫病人工接种方法优化及应用

【目的】棉铃疫病是严重危害棉花生产的铃部病害。本研究旨在优化棉铃疫菌(苎麻疫霉,Phytophthora boehmeriae)的人工接种方法并有效应用。【方法】在室内保湿培养条件下,比较了棉株不同部位健康成铃自身携带棉铃疫菌的情况;利用贴接棉铃疫菌菌盘的方法,比较了棉铃表面消毒和不消毒、有伤和无伤接种对棉铃疫病发病情况的影响;建立棉铃疫病人工接种方法并应用于防治棉铃疫病化学药剂筛选、棉花品种抗病性鉴定和棉铃疫菌致病力检测。【结果】田间棉株下部第1~3果枝铃的棉铃疫病发病率显著高于中部第4~6果枝铃、中部第7~9果枝铃和上部第10~12果枝铃;75%(体积分数,下同)酒精浸泡棉铃2 min能够有效杀死棉铃表面携带的棉铃疫菌和其他真菌等杂菌;有伤接种棉铃疫菌,棉铃疫病发病快且均匀。建立了棉铃疫病快速人工接种方法:选取棉株中部第4~9果枝上的健康带柄成铃,去掉苞叶,用75%酒精浸泡消毒2 min,在棉铃中上部铃缝处针刺接种棉铃疫菌,25℃保湿培养3~7 d即可完全发病。应用优化的棉铃疫病人工接种方法筛选、鉴定结果表明,12种化学杀卵菌剂中,对棉铃疫病防效理想的药剂为25%(质量分数,下同)甲霜·霜霉威可湿性粉剂、70%丙森锌可湿性粉剂和52.5%噁酮·霜脲氰水分散粒剂;16个棉花品种对棉铃疫病存在抗性差异;10个棉铃疫菌菌株中JP18-4的致病力最强,JP15-2对棉铃的致病力最弱。【结论】本研究优化建立了棉铃疫病人工接种方法。该方法在7 d内即可完成棉铃疫病相关试验的评价,为加快棉铃疫病防治药剂筛选、棉花品种抗病性鉴定和棉铃疫菌致病力检测提供可行的技术。     

Sources of resistance in wheat to speckled leaf blotch caused by Septoria tritici

Summary Seven and a half thousand wheat varieties, including over 2,000 durums, were screened for resistance to Septoria tritici under conditions of artificial inoculation in the field. From this screening, 460 varieties were selected on the basis of resistance and earliness and were subject to more detailed observation.Selected varieties were tested in the field with two replications under both natural and artificial epidemic conditions. The agreement between varietal scores in the two replications and under the two conditions was good; 91–94% of varieties showing consistent disease scores. The correlation coefficient between varietal scores for the natural epidemic and the artificial epidemic conditions was 0.63^***.A number of the very early maturing varieties of T. aestivum showed good resistance as measured by pycnidial production but exhibited extensive leaf necrosis. This reaction was not observed in later varieties and in accessions of T. durum.Varieties of Triticum durum were typically more resistant than varieties of T. aestivum. Thirty-four varieties of T. aestivum and 266 varieties of t. durum showed a consistent expression of resistance. A list of these 34 accessions of T. aestivum and selected accessions of T. durum is provided, along with agronomic data.     

Evaluation of whitefly-mediated inoculation techniques to screen Lycopersicon esculentum and wild relatives for resistance to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus

For two consecutive years nine hybrids and three varieties of tomato, four Lycopersicon peruvianum and four Lycopersicon chilense accessions were screened for Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) resistance. Three inoculation techniques using Bemisia tabaci, the vector of TYLCV, were compared: (1) artificial mass inoculation-simultaneous infection of cultivated and wild material in greenhouses; (2) artificial cage inoculation-individual infection in insect-proof cages; (3) natural field infection. Artificial inoculations led to higher levels of infection, but different patterns of response to each inoculation technique were found depending on the resistance level. Tomato varieties showed an important fruit set reduction after both artificial and natural inoculations. In contrast, field infection was milder in tomato hybrids, in which yield was barely affected. These hybrids showed a wide range of reactions with the two artificial inoculation techniques, but infection was always more severe after mass inoculation. Extreme severity of mass infection made it difficult to differentiate among variable degrees of resistance that were more reliably detected with cage inoculation. The hybrids F3524, F3522, Fiona, and Tyking showed the highest level of resistance. F3524 and F3522 had an acceptable yield in field and cage assays, but their resistance collapsed under massive conditions of infection. Tyking and Fiona exhibited the best response in all conditions, although their yield was moderately reduced in mass assays. Mass inoculation was not adequate for the screening of wild Lycopersicon. Some susceptible plants escaped infection, probably as a consequence of non-preference mechanisms and loss of vector infectivity. Individual inoculation in cages prevented the risk of non-infection, ensuring 100% disease incidence. This technique allowed the selection of highly resistant wild sources. L. chilense LA 1969 and LA 1963 had the highest level of resistance with the three inoculation techniques. L. peruvianum PI-126944 and L. chilense LA 1932, which were only tested in mass and field conditions, also exhibited a promising response. The results proved that the inoculation technique influences the response of tomato and wild Lycopersicon spp to TYLCV. It is concluded that artificial cage inoculation, although more time-consuming, is the most efficient, adequate, and reliable technique to screen both cultivated and wild Lycopersicon species for resistance to TYLCV. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

水稻对白叶枯病的成株抗性

有些水稻品种对白叶枯病(Xanthomonas campestris pv.oryzae)的侵染表现出成株期抗性,其植株在苗期感病,随着植株成长由感病转为抗病。13个有成株抗性的品种中,有些能抗供试的4个菲律宾小种,而另一些只对1或2个小种有成株抗性。菌系与品种间互作较强,表明有些水稻品种对白叶枯病的成株抗性似乎属“小种专化”。抗性转变的情况多种多样,有些品种从苗期到孕穗期逐渐由感病转为抗病,另一些品种从感病转向抗病的界限非常明显。不同品种对同一菌系的转抗叶位不同,同一品种对不同菌株的转抗叶位也不一样。具有 Xa-6基因的品种的成株抗性仍表现稳定。高温对感病品种和成株抗性品种在转抗以前的感病阶段的病情发展有促进作用。具有 xa-5基因的 IR1545-339在高温下仍然有其鉴别抗性反应,对其有致病力的小种4的病情类似TNI。     

苗期及灌浆期抗Bipolaris sorokiniana叶枯病小麦品种（系）鉴定及相关性分析

叶枯病对小麦生产危害严重,麦根腐平脐蠕孢菌（Bipolaris sorokiniana）是小麦叶枯病的主要致病菌。为筛选抗B. sorokiniana叶枯病小麦种质,采用“孢子液喷洒、套袋（罩）保湿”接菌鉴定的方法,于2019-2020年对130个小麦品种（系）进行苗期及灌浆期叶枯病抗性鉴定,同时分析了小麦苗期与灌浆期对B. sorokiniana叶枯病抗性的相关性。结果表明,130个小麦品种（系）中,苗期抗病材料占32.3%,其中高抗与中抗材料分别为1.5%与30.8%,无免疫材料;感病材料占67.7%,其中中感与高感材料分别为20.8%与46.9%;灌浆期抗、感叶枯病材料分别占11.5%与88.5%,无高抗材料;小麦苗期与灌浆期对B. sorokiniana叶枯病抗性呈显著正相关关系（r = 0.72）。此结果为抗B. sorokiniana叶枯病的遗传育种与抗病机理研究提供了优异的种质资源;基于苗期抗性与灌浆期抗性的显著相关性,可以通过室内快速准确的苗期叶枯病抗性鉴定预测大田条件下小麦灌浆期的抗性,节省时间,减轻大田鉴定繁重的工作量,并降低环境因素对鉴定结果的影响。     

马铃薯种质资源室内接种晚疫病的抗性鉴定

为了获得具有抗马铃薯晚疫病的品种,本研究以100份马铃薯种质资源为试材,采用室内离体叶片接种法和室内成株接种法进行晚疫病抗性评价,用高感品种Favorita接种后的症状为对照。室内离体接种鉴定结果为:‘CIP09-2’、‘CIP09-13’、‘DR-6’、‘DR-9’、‘花云’、‘R1R3’、‘云薯501’、‘R2’、‘BE13-3’等9份材料表现为高抗,占供试材料的9%;其它的15份表现中抗、44份表现抗病、23份表现感病和9份表现高感。欧氏距离类平均法聚类分析表明,聚为抗性品种的种质最多,其来源与马铃薯晚疫病的抗性没有太大关系。本研究对其中4份材料进行室内成株接种,结果表明:‘青薯10号’的抗病性高于离体叶片接种的抗性,为高抗品种;‘青薯9号’、‘2017ch-6’和‘费乌瑞它’抗性表现与离体叶片接种抗性鉴定结果一致。本研究发现所有供试马铃薯种质资源的抗性材料较丰富,可为抗病育种提供优质的亲本材料。     

黑龙江省甜菜立枯病病区和品种抗病性分类研究

为了解决甜菜立枯病防治问题,2009—2016年,对黑龙江省11个地区157个甜菜品种,采取田间调查发病率的方法进行分类研究。将地区分为轻病区、中病区和重病区3类;将品种的抗性水平分为抗病、高抗、中抗、中感、高感、感病6个级别：甜菜立枯病发病率≤5%的地区为轻病区,5%<发病率≤15%的地区为中病区,发病率大于15%的地区为重病区。抗病品种发病率≤3%,3%<高抗品种发病率≤10%,10%<中抗品种发病率≤17%,17%<中感品种发病率≤24%,24%<高感品种发病率≤31%,感病品种发病率大于31%。依此标准划分出抗病品种24个,高抗品种61个,中抗品种49个,中感品种13个,高感品种3个,感病品种7个。依安、望奎、佳木斯、拜泉、宁安为轻病区,轻病区宜用中感、中抗、高抗、抗病品种;海伦、泰康为重病区,重病区宜用高抗和抗病品种;红兴隆、讷河、九三、呼兰为中病区,中病区宜用中抗、高抗和抗病品种。     

烟草青枯病抗性突变体‘486-K’的鉴定

为探究快速评价烟草青枯病抗性的室内鉴定体系,并为烟草青枯病抗性突变体遗传规律的研究和选育优质抗性品种奠定试验基础。本研究选用EMS诱变烤烟品种‘翠碧一号’获得的烟草青枯病抗性突变体‘486-K’为研究对象,以野生型品种‘翠碧一号’、感病品种‘红花大金元’和抗病品种‘岩烟97’作为3个对照品种。在安徽和福建病圃开展病情调查,室内接种鉴定采用伤根浸泡法接种烟草幼苗,探究5种青枯菌液接种浓度(OD600=0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5)的烟草幼苗的发病情况,确定最适的青枯菌液接种浓度。结合田间病情调查结果进行相关性分析,明确室内伤根浸泡法在研究烟草青枯病抗性中的可行性。结果表明,田间与室内病情鉴定发现突变体‘486-K’的病情指数均显著低于‘岩烟97’(P<0.05),认为抗性高于抗病品种‘岩烟97’,室内接种鉴定的最适青枯菌液浓度为3.8×10⁸ cfu/m L(OD600=0.3)。安徽和福建病圃的发病率与室内接种鉴定结果相比,均呈显著正相关(P<0.05),相关系数分别为0.915和0.933,说明室内鉴定采用伤根浸泡法能够准确判定材料的抗性水平。研究结果为其他烟草青枯病抗性材料的鉴定提供理论依据。     

Testing strawberries for resistance to verticillium wilt

Summary The resistance to Verticillium wilt was investigated by inoculating the roots of runner plants and young seedlings of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch). In the glasshouse tests a satisfactory method was to raise the plants in jiffy pots and to remove the bottom of the pots prior to inoculation. This has the advantage that only slight root damage and no growth stagnation are caused.Both in the glasshouse and field tests inoculation resulted in a distinct infection reflected in reduced plant vigour and lesions on the petioles followed by wilting. In this way reliable differences between varieties could be demonstrated.The varieties grown in the glasshouse did not always exhibit the same degree of susceptibility as observed in practice. For example, Talisman and Redgauntlet were susceptible, while Gorella seemed to be more resistant because clear disease symptoms were not visible; the reduced plant vigour, however, indicated definite susceptibility. Generally the degree of infection and the reduction in growth were found to be significantly correlated.The two field trials carried out with plants the roots of which were infected by immersion in a suspension before planting, produced results which agreed better with practical findings than the glasshouse tests. In these trials Siletz appeared to be the most resistant variety, some American varieties and selections were nearly resistant, Vola and Juspa being not very susceptible.     

Inheritance of resistance to Botrytis cinerea Pers. in Cicer arietinum L.

Summary Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) line ICC 1069 was selected as resistant parent after screening for resistance to grey mould (Botrytis cinerea Pers.) under artificial inoculation conditions. It was crossed with four high yielding susceptible varieties of chickpea. Crosses ICC 1069 × BGM 413 and ICC 1069 × BG 256 showed monogenic dominant resistance in ratio of 3R (resistant): 1S (susceptible). However, in crosses, ICC 1069 × BGM 419 and ICC 1069 × BGM 408, a ratio of 13S (susceptible) : 3R (resistant) was obtained indicating the presence of epistatic interaction. The results pointed towards the presence of a type of major gene resistance to grey mould in chickpea.     

Leaf type is not associated with ascochyta blight disease in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

The three major leaf types in chickpea are normal compound leaf, simple leaf and multipinnate. Simple leaf types are less commonly cultivated worldwide and are often reputed to be susceptible to ascochyta blight disease, whereas other leaf types range from resistant to susceptible. This study determined the association between host plant resistance to ascochyta blight and different leaf types in segregating populations derived from crosses between disease resistant and susceptible chickpea genotypes. In addition, the inheritance of disease resistance and leaf type was investigated in intraspecific progeny derived from crosses between two resistant genotypes with normal leaf type (ICC 3996 and Almaz), one susceptible simple leaf type (Kimberley Large) and one susceptible multipinnate leaf type (24 B-Isoline). Our results showed that, in these segregating populations, susceptibility to ascochyta blight was not linked to multipinnate or simple leaf types; resistance to ascochyta blight depended more on genetic background than leaf shape; leaf type was controlled by two genes with a dihybrid supplementary gene action; normal leaf type was dominant over other leaf types; and inheritance of ascochyta blight resistance was controlled by two major genes, one dominant and one recessive. Since there was no linkage between ascochyta blight susceptibility and leaf type, breeding various leaf types with ascochyta blight resistance is a clear possibility. These results have significant implications for chickpea improvement, as most current extra large seeded kabuli varieties have a simple leaf type.     

Comparison of the resistance and susceptibility to downy mildew [<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hyaloperonospora parasitica</Emphasis>, constant. (Pers. Ex Fr)] of nine <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica olearacea</Emphasis> accessions in laboratory,seedbed, and field screens

The relationship between resistance in seedlings, young and adult plants is studied for the pathosystem Brassica oleracea–Hyaloperonospora parasitica. Genotypes identified in the laboratory as resistant or susceptible or exhibiting a differential reaction to a selection of H. parasitica isolates were tested in 1997–1999 in seedbeds and fields under natural infestation. Isolates tested in the laboratory were grouped in five pathotypes, of which four were presented by isolates from Brittany, France. Genotypes susceptible to all pathotypes in the laboratory were also susceptible in the seedbed and field tests, while genotypes expressing a differential response to pathotypes were either resistant or susceptible. Accessions Everest, DEGC, ESPG and RS1105 exhibiting resistance to all pathotypes except I, were resistant in all environments and remained resistant in 2000–2002. Pathotype I was not prevailing in the field and results support the hypothesis that accessions resistant under laboratory conditions will be resistant under field conditions, provided the same pathotypes are present under the laboratory and field conditions.     

Resistance to tobacco mosaic virus in lycopersicon hybrids evaluated by potato virus x synergy

A method employing simultaneous inoculation with TMV (tobacco mosaic virus) and PVX (potato virus x) was compared with the conventional TMV inoculation in tests with known susceptible, resistant and segregating lines and varieties of tomato seedlings. While inoculation with TMV alone caused 63 to 88 percent systemic symptoms in known susceptible seedlings, the double virus method resulted in 100 percent necrotic streak and stunt. In advanced resistant lines such symptoms were entirely absent and when tested in the field against heavy TMV infection were found to be highly resistant. Thus, it appears that resistance to TMV in these derivatives of Lycopersicon hybrids can be decisively evaluated by the double virus inoculation method.Associate Professor of Plant Pathology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Michigan State University. East Lansing, Michigan.Associate Professor of Horticulture, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University. Journal Article No. 3100, Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.     

Evaluation of resistance to Pseudomonas solanacearum in potato under controlled conditions

Summary Potato plantlets derived from in vitro propagation of three cultivars known for their field resistance (Cruza 148 and BR-63.65) or susceptibility (Désirée) to Pseudomonas solanacearum E.F. Smith were artificially inoculated under controlled conditions. The aim of this work was to determine the optimal inoculum concentration and the best observation period in which the cultivars would show different reactions to bacterial infection as expected on the basis of their field performance.A suitable statistical analysis of disease indices is proposed to distinguish between resistant and susceptible responses, with a particular care for the applicative needs and a univocal interpretation of the results. In order to evaluate the significance of sources of variation related to the observed mean differences, the analysis of variance and a convenient clustering procedure of disease index means were applied.The statistical analysis revealed that, under our conditions, an inoculum concentration of 5×10⁶ cfu/plant was suitable for separating resistant from susceptible responses, in accordance with the reactions already observed in field experiments by other authors. Also, differences among the three cultivars were best observed nine to twelve days after inoculation with the pathogen.     

Venturia inaequalis resistance in local Spanish cider apple germplasm under controlled and field conditions

Host resistance is a key method for the integrated management of apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis, which is one of the most important diseases of apple. Artificial inoculation of 92 cider apple cultivars with a mixed inoculum of V. inaequalis identified 19 weakly resistant and 19 resistant cultivars. Twelve of these resistant cultivars were previously classified as having low susceptibility to fire blight, and four of them showed complete or weak resistance to races (1), (1, 6) and (6, 7, 13) of V. inaequalis. The analysis of a selection of 72 cultivars for 6 years under field conditions identified 14 cultivars that were classified as resistant to apple scab under high disease pressure involving one to six Mills periods of severe risk of infection each year. Eight out of these 14 cultivars previously showed high levels of resistance to fire blight, which would allow the incorporation of genetic resistance in the integrated production of cider apples in Spain through their use in breeding programs.     

Pyramiding of insect- and disease-resistance genes into an elite indica, cytoplasm male sterile restorer line of rice,'Minghui 63'

The wild‐rice‐derived dominant gene Xa21 conferring multi‐race resistance to bacterial blight and a fused Bt gene cry1Ab/cry1Ac conferring resistance to lepidopteran insects were individually introduced into the same genetic background of an elite indica cytoplasm male sterile (CMS) restorer line ‘Minghui 63′. The line showed the desirable insect‐ and disease‐resistant phenotypes. To maximize the effect, the two genes were also pyramided into the same recipient plant of ‘Minghui 63’ by marker‐assisted selection. After being subjected to natural infestation of leaf‐folders and yellow stem borers and inoculation of Xoo strain mixtures, the pyramiding line and its derived hybrids showed high levels of resistance against both insect damage and disease. Furthermore, data from field trials demonstrated that the hybrids made by crossing this pyramiding line with the CMS lines ‘Zhenshan 97A’ and ‘Maxie A’ retained a similar level of yield under conditions without chemical spray, indicating that the pyramiding genes have a yield‐stabilizing effect on the recipient line and its hybrids.     

Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of cassava bacterial blight resistance in F1 progeny of a cross between elite cassava clones

Deployment of resistant varieties is one major approach to controlling cassava bacterial blight (CBB), caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (Xam). To understand the genetic determinism of resistance to CBB, the use of reliable parameters measuring resistance is necessary. In order to test a relevant method for evaluation of quantitative resistance for mapping QTL (quantitative trait loci), the response of 150 F₁ individuals, inoculated with four different Xam strains (CIO-84, CIO-1, CIO-136 and CIO-295), was assessed under controlled conditions. We used two types of evaluations at different intervals after inoculation, one based on a scale of 0 to 5 and the second based on the determination of the bacterial population in the vascular system. Both evaluation types revealed interaction between strains and F₁ genotypes. Population values at 3 and 6 cm from the point of inoculation showed a high level of correlation. By performing an association analysis, at 7 and 15 days after inoculation, a significant positive correlation between both evaluation types was obtained. However, the disease rating at 30 days did not correlate with bacterial populations at either 7 or 15 days after inoculation, except for one strain, CIO-84. Evaluation of the bacterial population in stem tissues is time and labour consuming, consequently, for a rapid and reliable assessment of CBB resistance for QTL analysis, we strongly recommend evaluation based on the use of a symptom scale.