Insect Pests and Mites

Abstract

Weeds are major components of agro-ecosystems and they affect the biology of pests and beneficial insects in several ways; provision of flowers, presence of neutral insects, modification of crop microclimate, production of chemical stimulus, alteration of colonisation background, etc. The more relevant beneficial crop–weed–insect interactions are discussed. The role of weeds in regulating pest populations is illustrated by studies on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cropping systems, in which chemical interactions between Empoasca kraemeri Ross &; Moore and two grass weeds were identified. It is proposed to continue and develop this kind of research in order to incorporate weeds into pest control strategies.     

The Major Insect Pests of Rice,Sugarcane and Jute in Bangladesh

Abstract

The insect pest problems of agriculture in Bangladesh have not been adequately studied or surveyed. Nevertheless some preliminary data are available to indicate the possible seasonal and annual abundance of the most important pests attacking rice, sugarcane and jute.     

水稻品种混播对害虫和天敌发生及水稻产量的影响

试验选用生育期相近的4个水稻品种（津原45、津原11、津原17和花育409）,通过等比例混播,研究水稻的遗传多样性对主要病虫害和天敌的发生以及产量的影响,在此基础上分析了各个参数之间的相关性。结果表明,水稻品种混播显著降低了褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens Stal的种群密度,提高了捕食性蜘蛛的种群密度。混播比单播均值增产2.5%,比津原45单播增产17.3%。相关性分析表明,不同品种的产量因子与害虫及天敌的发生量之间相关性不同,津原45和津原11单播处理中各参数间相关性显著,而在混播处理中不显著。本试验支持了农业生物多样性对病虫害调控作用的理论,为水稻的安全生产提供了技术依据。     

湖南省茶树害虫天敌昆虫资源调查

本文报道了湖南省茶树害虫天敌昆虫资源调查的结果,共查明天敌昆虫９５种,分属膜翅目１２科、鞘翅目４科、双翅目１科和脉翅目３科。指出了主要茶树害虫重要天敌昆虫。讨论了茶园生物防治有待于进一步探讨的问题。     

Insect Growth Regulators and their Potential in the Management of Stored-product Insect Pests

Concern about the impact of pesticides on both health and environment has resulted in the search for alternative control measures for stored-product insect pest. Amongst such alternatives are insect growth regulators (IGRs), a class of biorational compounds that disrupt the normal development of insects. Because of their selectivity of action, these compounds appear to fit the requirements for Third Generation Pesticides, environmentally benign and safer grain protectants. IGRs have been developed commercially and are being used to control insect pests in agriculture, forestry, public health and stored products. IGRs affect the biology of treated insects, for example, both embryonic and post-embryonic development, reproduction, behaviour and mortality. Abnormal morphogenesis is the observed effect of IGR action on the insects. Many of them are more potent than current insecticides, even against the eggs.Compared with the conventional insecticides, IGRs do not exhibit quick knock-down in insects or cause mortality, but the long-term exposure to these compounds largely stops the population growth, as a result of the effects mentioned in both the parents and progeny.The present paper focuses on the previous works on different IGRs available commercially. Also, their possible role in the management of stored-product insect pests has been discussed.     

Management of Stored Wheat Insect Pests in the USA

Management of stored-grain insect pests by farmers or elevator managers should be based upon a knowledge of the grain storage environment and the ecology of insect pests. Grain storage facilities and practices, geographical location, government policies, and marketing demands for grain quality are discussed as factors influencing stored-grain insect pest management decisions in the United States. Typical practices include a small number of grain samples designed to provide grain quality information for segregation, blending and marketing. This low sampling rate results in subjective evaluation and inconsistent penalties for insect-related quality factors. Information on the efficacy of insect pest management practices in the United States, mainly for farm-stored wheat, is discussed, and stored-grain integrated pest management (IPM) is compared to field-crop IPM. The transition from traditional stored-grain insect pest control to IPM will require greater emphasis on sampling to estimate insect densities, the development of sound economic thresholds and decision-making strategies, more selective use of pesticides, and greater use of nonchemical methods such as aeration. New developments in insect monitoring, predictive computer models, grain cooling by aeration, biological control, and fumigation are reviewed, their potential for improving insect pest management is discussed, and future research needs are examined.     

生物农药主导品种防控中稻病虫的探讨

以“两迁”为主的病虫害对我省水稻生产形成威胁,而传统的化防手段极易污染稻谷乃至水田生态环境;以生物农药为主导防控水稻病虫害,不仅能有效地将其控制在经济允许值以下,而且能取得良好的经济与生态效益。     

绿僵菌与化学农药对草坪地下害虫控制效果的比较

近年来，随着城市绿化草坪和高尔夫球场总面积的扩大，影响草坪质量的虫害问题也日益突出。由于农药在草坪上的大量使用，其污染和残留问题已引起人们的重视。寻找污染少、残留低，又能有效地控制草坪害虫的杀虫剂是当前草坪害虫治理中的课题之一。金龟子绿僵菌(Metarhizium anisopliae)作为一种生物农药已被广泛地用于防治蝗虫、蟑螂等害虫。作者就绿僵菌和两种化学药剂对草坪害虫的防治效果作了比较试验，现报道如下。     

Insect Pests of Soyabean in Japan and their Control

Abstract

From thirty species of economic importance, the biology, damage caused and control measures for three pod borers, one pod gallmidge and four stink bugs are reviewed. Some high correlations have been recognised between the percentage of injured seed at harvest time and the mean temperatures of January, July or August, and some equations have been obtained for forecasting the percentage of the damage to soyabean seeds. The late podding varieties are generally less damaged by major pests. Even in one variety, damage decreased when sowing was delayed. Hence consideration should be given to the choice of variety and sowing date in order to avoid the coincidence of the peak of pest occurrence with the podding period of the soyabean plants. In the central southern region of the Tohoku district where all species of economic importance occur, insecticidal applications should be carried out when indicated by the forecast, two or three times at intervals of one to two weeks, during early pod-setting and on to the middle seed-thickening stage, using such insecticides as: fenthion, cyanophos, fenitrothion, phenthoate, acephate, chlorpyrifos or EPN.     

2000-2010年我国水稻病虫害发生与为害特征分析

病虫害是威胁我国水稻安全生产的重要因素之一。但从宏观上研究其发生与为害特征的报告不多。基于我国植物保护统计数据、水稻产量数据和农田土地覆盖类型遥感数据,重点分析2000年至2010年11年期间我国水稻病虫害发生与为害特征。结果表明：2000年到2010年期间,我国水稻病害、虫害年均发生面积分别为2.85亿亩次和7.26亿亩次,其年均防治面积分别为7.28亿亩次和14.72亿亩次;11年期间水稻病虫害的发生面积、发生程度、防治面积和防治程度均波动增加。防治水稻病害、虫害后,分别挽回稻谷为1114.49万t、2288.27万t,其挽回损失量在11年期间分别增加了38.34%、37.51%,表明水稻病虫害防治意义重大。但由于气候变化等诸多因子,导致2000年到2010年我国水稻病害、虫害年均造成的实际稻谷损失量仍分别为206.52万t与291.35万t,说明水稻病虫害的防控还有提升的空间。从全国各省分布来看,水稻病虫害发生分布较广的省份有东北区域的黑龙江、吉林、辽宁;华东区域的山东、江苏、安徽、江西;华中区域的河南、湖北、湖南;华南区域的广西、海南;西南区域的四川。为有效地防止或减少病虫害对水稻产量的损失,应加强全球变化下区域性稻田生态系统病虫害生态调控研究,建立相应的防控新对策与技术体系。     

广州动物园主要绿化树种病虫害调查

本文通过调查统计所选取植株病虫害的危害程度,对广州动物园主要绿化植物病虫害发生状况进行了数据统计和分析,提出了相应的防治措施。     

Investigations on the Biological Control of Some Insect Pests in Bolivia

Abstract

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of organic amendments and captafol on the parasitic potential of Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson against Meloidogyne incognita in sterile field soil. Tomato cv. Moneymaker plants were used as a host. Organic matter from Tagetes minuta L., Ricinus communis L. and Datura strammonium L. stimulated egg parasitism, while the fungicide captafol inhibited it. Galling intensity and the population of juveniles were significantly lower in soils amended with organic matter. However, no significant differences were detected among the different organic additives. The amended soils supported plants with significantly heavier shoots and roots. The implications of these results on the management of root‐knot nematodes are discussed.     

生物多样性在害虫控制中的生态功能与机理

生态学的有害生物治（EBPM）或生态管理（EPM）是新世纪农业有害生物防治的新对策。应用系统工程的原理和方法改变农田生态系统生物多样性,进行害虫生态控制将越来越受到人们的重视。通过农田生态系统生物多样性、调节农田生态系统多样性对天敌和害虫的影响以及生物多样性控制害虫的机制及生物多样性在害虫生态控制中的利用前景4个方面,论述农田生态系统生物多样性在害虫控制中的生态功能与机理。     

害虫对新烟碱类杀虫剂的抗药性及其治理策略

烟碱和新烟碱类杀虫剂都是作为后突触烟碱乙酰胆碱受体(nAChRs)的激动剂作用于昆虫中枢神经系统,但这两类杀虫剂存在明显不同的选择毒性:烟碱类对哺乳动物毒性较高,而杀虫活性低;新烟碱类具有高杀虫活性,而对哺乳动物低毒。由于新烟碱类杀虫剂的作用方式独特,对以前使用的如拟除虫菊酯类、氯化烃类、有机磷类和氨基甲酸酯类等杀虫剂很少或无交互抗性,该类杀虫剂为防治一些世界性重大害虫(包括对以前使用的杀虫剂具有长期抗性的害虫)作出了重要贡献。但现已发现不少害虫对新烟碱类杀虫剂产生了抗性。文章就害虫对新烟碱类杀虫剂的抗性概况、抗性机理和抗性治理策略进行了综述。     

人工移植索线虫怀卵雌虫防治玉米害虫

利用人工移植索线虫怀卵雌虫进行了防治玉米害虫的试验。1999年4月下旬向供试区每m^2移植咸阳多索线虫和地老虎六索线虫的怀卵雌虫各两条，5月份小区内索线虫对小地老虎的感染率达16．1％；6月份索线虫对黄胫小车蝗、短额负蝗、中华蚱蜢的感染率分别为10．7％、10．3％、12．9％和8．9％；8月下旬至9月初仍可见上述4种蝗虫以及长翅素木蝗和疣蝗被感染，感染率分别为10．9％、18．1％、17．0％、21．0％、22．2％和33．3％。11月底在试验区挖土调查，发现土壤中有索线虫33．3条／m^3，说明索线虫已开始在试验区孳生定居。     

中国农业害虫天敌信息系统

本系统利用SQL Server 2000数据库工具和Visual Basic编程语言，开发了具有查询、维护和添加功能的中国农业害虫天敌信息系统。该系统实现了天敌信息的综合管理，并可按天敌类群、生活环境（作物）、寄主昆虫种类和地理分布等条件进行快捷的查询，将天敌的分类特征、生活习性、地理分布、寄主范围等十几项信息以图文并茂的形式直观地展现在用户面前。     

2010年全国农作物重大病虫害发生趋势

结合2009年冬季气候特点与因素综合分析,预计2010年全国农作物重大病虫害仍为偏重发生年份,总体程度略重于上年;发生面积约为4．67亿hm2（次）,总体与上年基本持平。其中,稻飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟呈严重发生态势,水稻螟虫、小麦条锈病、马铃薯晚疫病和玉米螟等呈偏重发生态势,小麦赤霉病、稻瘟病、稻曲病、棉花枯黄萎病等有严重流行的潜在威胁,小麦吸浆虫、