成株期小麦对荻草谷网蚜的田间抗蚜性和耐蚜性评价

为拓展和获取对荻草谷网蚜Sitobion miscanthi表现稳定的小麦抗源,以我国146个小麦品种（系）为材料,利用2020年麦田蚜虫发生严重的机会,采用有蚜株蚜害级别计算抗蚜指数,采用耐蚜值（调查株蚜害级别/千粒重损失率）计算耐蚜指数,以此评估小麦的抗蚜性水平和耐蚜性水平;2022年利用人工辅助接蚜的方法对2020年表现稳定的部分小麦品种（系）的评估结果进行验证。结果显示,在自然感蚜条件下2个试验点6次调查中仅山农116、泉麦31和濮麦116表现稳定的抗蚜性,在人工接蚜时仅郑麦132表现稳定的抗蚜性;中育1220、泰禾麦2号和瑞华1408在自然感蚜时蚜量较低,千粒重损失率低于5.00%,人工接蚜亦表现良好的耐蚜性,表明其兼具耐蚜性和一定的抗蚜性;泰麦601、瑞华592、轮选166和中农麦4007在自然感蚜的高蚜量情况下和人工辅助接蚜时均能保持较低的千粒重损失率（小于15.00%）,表明成株期小麦的抗蚜性减弱是一种普遍现象,耐蚜性是比抗蚜性更稳定的遗传特征。     

The floating islands of Rawa Pening

Abstract

The resistance in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moench varieties to the leafhopper, Amrasca devastans (Dist.) is governed by nonpreference and antibiosis mechanisms. The variety A.E. 22 was less preferred for oviposition and feeding compared to the susceptible variety Pusa Sawani. The rate of multiplication of the insects on the resistant variety was low compared to the susceptible variety.     

水稻品种对稻纵卷叶螟的抗性鉴定

利用人工接卵和田间自然诱发鉴定1026个水稻品种(系)对稻纵卷叶螟的抗性,筛选出27个具有不同程度抗性的品种(系),其中黄金波品种可作为杂交育种的抗源,西海89品种具有抗病(穗颈瘟)以及丰产性好等特点,很有利用价值。此外,对抗性机制进行了初步研究和讨论.     

小麦籽粒营养物质和次生物质含量与其对玉米象抗性的关系

为明确生产栽培小麦品种对玉米象Sitophilus zeamais(Motschulsky)的抗性机制,采用选择性和非选择性试验法系统评估了9个小麦品种对玉米象的抗性,并分析了小麦籽粒营养物质和次生物质含量与其抗性的关系。结果显示,不同小麦品种对玉米象的抗性存在显著差异,其中陕麦139和西农88的不选择性和抗生性较弱,小偃22、周麦16和周麦11较强;玉米象成虫对西农165选择性最强,虫口数为152.00头,而卵至子代成虫发育历期最长,为35.06 d,子代成虫数、重量损失率和敏感系数均较低,分别为19.67头、5.37%和8.30;对周麦18选择性最差,敏感性居中。玉米象成虫对不同小麦品种的选择性与各物质含量,以及总酚、蛋白质含量与各抗性指标均无显著相关性,但阿魏酸含量与子代成虫数、敏感系数及重量损失率显著负相关;可溶性糖含量与子代成虫数、敏感系数及重量损失率显著正相关,与卵至子代成虫发育历期显著负相关。表明小麦品种对玉米象的抗生性与其籽粒中阿魏酸和可溶性糖含量相关,阿魏酸含量越高、可溶性糖含量越低,小麦对玉米象的抗性越强。     

Screening for Resistance to Bacterial Blight in Cowpea

Abstract

The evaluation of greenhouse and field screening methods for the identification of resistance to bacterial blight (Xanthomonas vignicola Burkh.) amongst germplasm and breeding lines of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata(L.) Walp.) is described. A stem injection technique and a leaf infiltration method were found reliable under greenhouse conditions while foliar spray inoculation was appropriate for use in both greenhouse and field experiments. A seed inoculation technique for evaluating seedling mortality may prove useful although only one susceptible cowpea accession was used in this study. Since distinct syndromes of bacterial blight (seedling mortality, stem canker and foliar blight) are recognised, it may be advantageous to adopt a different inoculation method for each syndrome to establish the relationship between the resistance of different plant parts within cowpea genotypes. Results confirm the existence of at least two distinct mechanisms of resistance to bacterial blight in cowpea. Hypersensitive resistance was clearly demonstrated in the accession TVu 410 by the leaf injection infiltration method; VITA 3 was shown to possess a field resistance, expressed as reduced and delayed disease development. The probable stability of these mechanisms is discussed with regard to their suitability as breeding objectives.     

棉花对硃砂叶螨抗性的鉴定和机制研究

1988-1991年进行的棉花抗硃砂叶螨试验表明,海岛棉和二倍体栽培棉(中棉和草棉)对硃砂叶螨具有较高水平的抗性,它们的抗螨性已通过远缘杂交技术转移到了感螨的陆地棉栽培品种中。来自四川省和河南省的一些品种以及来自美国的PD种质系对硃砂叶螨的抗性比湖北省当地品种要差。叶片有毛,无腺体和高含淀粉的棉花,硃砂叶螨为害较重;而叶片具有致密茸毛、棉酚、可溶性糖、叶绿素和类黄酮含量高以及叶片鲜重高的品种抗螨性较强。     

Resistance to Root-knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Vegetable Crops

Abstract

The development of root-knot nematode resistant vegetable varieties has provided an alternative control method to chemical and crop rotation. The term resistance is discussed. Work on 18 vegetables is reviewed.

Thirty tomato strains resistant to one or more Meloidogyne sp. are listed, there was a marked absence of reports on varieties resistant to M. hapla. Several workers have observed resistance in some cultivated and wild Solanum spp. The resistance could be increased by further sib and backcrossing experiments. Eggplant varieties tested for resistance to Meloidogyne spp. showed varying degrees of resistance in about 14 varieties. Further backcrossing studies between Solanum melongena and S. sysimbrifolium could provide useful results. Tests on resistance to nematodes in pepper have revealed many resistant varieties. All the pepper varieties tested were susceptible to M. hapla. The nature of resistance in sweet potato has been studied. Some varieties of Cucumis spp. have been found to be resistant to Meloidogyne spp. Since no resistance was found in C. melo, these wild species could be used in the development of a commercial muskmelon variety. Tests with 83 watermelon varieties indicated that all varieties were resistant to M. hapla. It was difficult to find resistance to Meloidogyne spp. in Cucurbita, but tests on wild species have yet to be carried out. Work on lima bean, snap bean, pea, soyabean, cowpea and broadbean has produced a limited number of resistant vegetable varieties, which are described. Since resistance patterns in plants may change under different environmental or biological conditions, it is essential to test varieties under these conditions for a long period before they are released for commercial cultivation. The advantages of using resistant vegetable varieties, as compared with other methods of pest control, are outlined.     

Evaluation of the resistance of Coffea canephora to Oligonychus ilicis (Acari: Tetranychidae) and the preimaginal conditioning effect on resistance using a biological life table

Oligonychus ilicis (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae), is one of the most important mite pests found in coffee plants. One way to reduce intensive pest attacks is management via resistant plants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the resistance of 14 C. canephora genotypes to O. ilicis by antixenosis and antibiosis mechanisms and to determine the preimaginal conditioning effect on resistant genotypes using O. ilicis reared on C. canephora. Resistance by antixenosis was not found; however, nine genotypes showed resistance to O. ilicis via an antibiosis mechanism. Two of these resistant genotypes showed a more persistent resistance than the O. ilicis reared on C. canephora, which indicated that a previous host can affect the selection of a genotype by O. ilicis. The study may provide a model to evaluate the preimaginal conditioning effect on plant resistance, which can be useful for plant breeders.     

不同葡萄品种对越冬代绿盲蝽的抗性分析

为明确不同葡萄品种对越冬代绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum的抗性水平,于2012—2014年连续3年系统研究了不同葡萄品种上绿盲蝽的为害情况以及越冬卵量,并分析了绿盲蝽越冬卵量与葡萄受害指数之间的关系。结果显示,每年越冬代绿盲蝽对不同葡萄品种的为害情况均存在显著差异;不同葡萄品种对越冬代绿盲蝽的抗性不同,其中香悦对绿盲蝽抗性最强,抗性指数为5.00,金田美指抗性最弱,抗性指数为1.00;每年绿盲蝽在不同葡萄品种上的越冬卵量均存在显著差异;相关性分析表明,不同葡萄品种受害指数与绿盲蝽越冬卵量之间无显著相关性。研究表明,不同葡萄品种对越冬代绿盲蝽的抗性水平存在显著差异。     

Field evaluation of sweet corn varieties for their potential as a trap crop for Helicoverpa zea under tropical conditions

Corn (Zea mays) is widely cultivated for human food and animal feed and also provides an ecosystem service as a trap crop for the corn earworm Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in tomato cropping systems. To be able to use corn as a trap crop for H. zea and to prevent it turning into a source of infestation, varieties are needed that are both attractive and resistant to H. zea. The main objective of this study was to compare the attractiveness to oviposition by H. zea and the resistance to H. zea of 10 sweet corn varieties in field conditions. We found Java, Garrison, Nova and Shinerock varieties that were both attractive to H. zea with a similar or higher number of eggs laid on silks than in the susceptible corn varieties, and resistant to H. zea, with fewer larvea per ear than in susceptible corn varieties. These varieties provide favorable habitats for generalist predators, ants, spiders, minute pirate bugs and lady beetles, which may account for their “dead-end” properties. Tropical farmers now have sweet corn varieties that can serve both as cash crops and as trap crops for H. zea.     

83份西农系小麦品种（系）抗性鉴定及抗病基因分子检测

为西北农林科技大学小麦新育成品种（系）在黄淮麦区的大面积推广,该研究对83份西农新育成的小麦品种（系）进行苗期抗条锈病和白粉病鉴定,成株期抗条锈病、白粉病、叶锈病和赤霉病鉴定,并在田间自然环境下对其抗性进行鉴定及对相关抗病基因进行分子检测。结果显示,在苗期人工接种鉴定中,有63、29和16份小麦品种（系）分别对条锈菌Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici生理小种CYR32、CYR33和CYR34表现出抗性,9份小麦品种（系）对3个条锈菌生理小种均表现出抗性;有10、3和0份小麦品种（系）分别对白粉菌Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici生理小种E15、E09和A13表现出抗性。在成株期人工接种鉴定中,有23、15、28和62份小麦品种（系）分别对条锈病、白粉病、叶锈病和赤霉病表现出抗性。在83份小麦品种（系）中有6份在苗期和成株期均对小麦条锈病表现出抗性。在田间抗性鉴定中,有57、6、65和40份小麦品种（系）分别对条锈病、白粉病、赤霉病及叶锈病表现出抗性。在83份小麦品种（系）中,3份含有Yr5基因,22份含有Yr9基因,3份含有Yr17基因,2份含有Pm24基因,14份含有Lr1基因,所占比例分别为3.6%、26.5%、3.6%、2.4%和16.8%。     

Horizontal resistance: core to a research breakthrough to combat Striga in Africa

The parasltie flowering plants, Striga species, represent the largest biological constraint to cereal and legume crop production in sub-Saharan Africa. Eighty-three percent of Striga worldwide (35 species) occurs in Africa. Among them, Striga hermonthica causes the greatest damage. The IITA's scientists began research on breeding maize for horizontal resistance to Striga in 1982. By 1995 a comprehensive approach to combat Striga on maize had been developed and demonstrated. This included the development of a simple field infestation technique, the discovery of durable resistance genes, genetic studies of resistance genes and the formation of many resistant varieties (hybrids and synthetics) with high grain quality, high grain and stover yields and a combined resistance to major biotic and abiotic stresses. Multilocation testing and subsequent seed multiplication of the resistant varieties was carried out by national programmes in Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, the Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, and Togo. Striga-resistant maize varieties show horizontal resistance not only to S. hermonthica, but also to another species, Striga asiatica. Based on the results of a 15 year research, an integrated approach using resistant varieties and cereal-legume intercropping or rotation is recommended as a sustainable and permanent solution to combat Striga in Africa. This horizontal resistance package, with a combined resistance to other biotic stresses, could be applicable not only to Striga problems in other crops such as sorghum, millet, rice and cowpea, but also to other parasitic weeds, such as Orobanche species. This paper reviews and discusses why, approximately a century's research work on parasitic weeds, has not led to a major research breakthrough.     

华东地区水稻品种条纹叶枯病抗性鉴定

为了丰富水稻条纹叶枯病的抗性资源和加快条纹叶枯病抗性品种培育,对69份来自华东及华南地区的籼粳不同亚种材料,在浙江、江苏两地进行苗期人工接虫和大田自然诱发筛选条纹叶枯病抗性资源.11份材料表现出较好的条纹叶枯病抗性,抗性水平与目前华东地区广泛利用的抗源镇稻88相当,且抗性表现为显性遗传.分子标记鉴定发现,其中3份材料与镇稻88抗性位点一致,而其余材料与镇稻88不同.这些抗性材料育成的后代抗性好、产量高,是培育江浙沪等晚粳稻区条纹叶枯病抗性品种的优质亲本.     

兼抗麦长管蚜和大麦黄矮病毒的小麦种质田间鉴定筛选

为鉴定筛选兼抗麦长管蚜和大麦黄矮病毒(Barley yellow dwarf virus, BYDV)的小麦种质,采用自然感蚜/感病系数法,对36个外引和远缘杂交选育的小麦种质材料进行了2年的田间鉴定,并分析了感虫性与感病性的相关关系。结果表明,2年中均兼抗麦长管蚜和BYDV的种质仅有KOKIPPCAS、KOK、Amigo-3和PI137739共4个材料,占总鉴定材料的11.11%;对二者均敏感的有98-10-35q-9、186Tm39、Tam200e12-14a、Tam200(27)7、小偃22、西农1376和小偃6号共7个材料,占19.44%。其它材料仅抗虫或仅抗病,或仅在一年中表现抗病或抗虫,如材料98-10-30和98-10-35a8抗麦长管蚜,但对BYDV敏感;材料Tam200(13)G和PIG23(2)C感蚜,但对BYDV有抑制作用。BYDV发生普遍率(发病株率)和严重度(病情指数)与有蚜株率显著相关,严重度还与感蚜指数显著相关,但感病植株的病级均值与有蚜株率无显著相关性。表明自然界长期的进化和选择使许多抗病虫基因得以保存下来,但较多抗性基因只在抗病或抗虫的某一方面表现有效,需给予更多关注。     

Allelochemical resistance traits of muskmelon (Cucumis melo) against the fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) in a hot arid region of India

Host plant resistance is an important component for management of the melon fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), owing to difficulties associated with its chemical and biological control. Various biochemical traits including total sugar, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar, tannins, phenols, alkaloids, flavinoid and pH contents of fruit were studied on 11varieties/ genotypes of muskmelon, Cucumis melo L., in relation to resistance against B. cucurbitae under field conditions. Significant differences were found in tested varieties/ genotypes for fruit infestation and larval density per fruit. AHMM/BR-1, RM-50 and AHMM/BR-8 were the most resistant; MHY-5, Durgapura Madhu and Pusa Sarabati were moderately resistant; AHMM/BR-13, Pusa Madhuras and Arka Jeet were susceptible; whereas Arka Rajhans and GMM-3 were the highly susceptible varieties/ genotypes to fruit fly in both seasons, 2011 and 2012. The larval density per fruit increased with an increase in percent fruit infestation and there was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.97) between percent fruit infestation and larval density per fruit. Total sugar, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar and pH were lowest in resistant and highest in susceptible varieties/ genotypes, whereas tannins, phenols, alkaloids and flavinoid contents were highest in resistant and lowest in susceptible varieties/ genotypes. Total alkaloid and pH contents explained 97.96% of the total variation in fruit fly infestation and 92.83% of the total variation in larval density per fruit due to alkaloids and total sugar contents.     

Corn as trap crop to control Helicoverpa zea in tomato fields: importance of phenological synchronization and choice of cultivar

Trap cropping is an environmentally friendly “alternative” pest management strategy. To maximize the efficiency of corn, Zea mays L. (Poaceae), as a trap crop for Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), we (i) tested the trap crop potential of corn varieties that are not a source of infestation, and (ii) determined the best corn planting time so as to concentrate H. zea in this trap crop and divert the pest from tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae). When corn silk emergence was synchronized with tomato flowering and fresh corn silk was present during the tomato flowering stage, H. zea infestation was lower in the tomato field with a corn border than in those without a corn border. Sugar Jean and Java corn varieties were good trap crops because few larvae persisted on the silks and their growth was low. These two varieties could reduce the risk of H. zea development and dispersion from corn borders.     

Farmers’ perceptions of sorghum production constraints and Striga control practices in semi-arid areas of Tanzania

The objectives of this study were to investigate constraints affecting sorghum production and farmers' approaches of Striga management in the semi-arid regions of Tanzania. Focus group discussions based on a semi-structured questionnaire and observations following transect walks were used for data collection. Only 35%, 15%, and 10% of the farmers from Igunga, Kishapu, and Meatu districts, respectively, reported growing newly released varieties. The major constraints affecting sorghum production in the study areas included Striga infestation, drought, storage pests, damage by birds, a lack of access to improved varieties, and a lack of access to production inputs, such as fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides and herbicides. Hand weeding, crop rotation, fallowing, intercropping, and organic manure application were the most common practices of farmers for reducing Striga infestations, but most farmers (79.7%) had little knowledge of the best recommended Striga management practices. About 65% of the farmers did not use fertilizers and herbicides for soil fertility improvement and weed management, respectively, creating favourable conditions for Striga infestation. A systematic breeding programme aiming at improving sorghum varieties for Striga resistance, including farmers' preferred traits, should be designed and implemented to increase the adoption of these new varieties by the farmers.     

Influence of leaf hairiness on the resistance of bhendi or lady's finger,Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench,to the leaf hopper,Amrasca devastans (Dist.)

Abstract

The resistance of Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench to the leafhopper, Amrasca devastans (Dist.), was studied with reference to the hairiness of leaves. Resistant varieties had more and longer hairs on the midrib and lamina than the susceptible varieties. The number and length of hairs rather than the density influences plant resistance.     

东北春小麦根腐病防治研究

东北春小麦根腐病Bipolaris sorokiniana(Sacc.ex Sorokin)shoem.是推广抗锈良种后出现的问题。苗期引起根腐,成株期发生叶斑、穗腐和黑胚粒。病菌有两种类型定名为H_1和H_2型,田间前者占优势。病种子和病株残体是田间发病的初侵染源,种子消毒和轮作可减轻苗期根腐并提高种子出苗率。根腐病菌寄主范围很广,来自29种禾本科杂草和作物上的菌株均能侵染小麦。温室和田间试验结果,小麦灌浆乳熟期发病对产量影响最大,也是形成黑胚粒时期。目前尚无免疫品种,农家种和半冬性品种比国外品种和硬粒小麦抗病,Triticum timopheevii表现高抗。采取种植抗病品种结合种子消毒、轮作、增施氮肥等综合防治技术是防治小麦根腐病的有效措施。     

Varietal resistance in eggplant (Brinjal)(Solanum melongena) to the cotton jassid(Amrasca biguttula biguttula)

Twenty-nine varieties of brinjal (Solanum melongena Linn.) were screened in the field for resistance to the cotton jassid,Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida). Vars. Junagadh Sel-1, Aushey, R-34, H-4 and T-3 were considered resistant, as they either harbored a small jassid population or suffered less injury than the other varieties tested. The jassid population per unit leaf area was considered a good criterion for ascertaining the varietal differences. Screen-house tests with two resistant and three susceptible varieties at the cotyledonary and flowering stages showed that five or ten nymphs of the 3rd and 4th instar per seedling, and ten nymphs per leaf at the flowering stage, constituted the optimum population level for resistance screening of brinjal germplasm. Susceptible varieties developed hopper-burn faster, and with fewer jassids, than the resistant varieties. A prolonged nymphal stage and reduced nymphal survival and fecundity-cum-fertility, showed the presence of antibiosis in Junagadh Sel-1, R-34 and Aushey, followed by H-4; it was lacking in T-3. A low rate of development of hopper-burn despite a large jassid population per unit leaf area, suggested that the nature of jassid resistance in T-3 was tolerance. However, Junagadh Sel-1 and Aushey exhibited a very high level of resistance to the cotton jassid. Biophysical resistance to the cotton jassid was imparted in brinjal by the following morphological characteristics (in decreasing order of importance): long hair on mid-rib, high density of hair on leaf lamina, long hair on lamina, more erect hair on mid-rib, more hair per bunch, high density of hair on mid0rib, thin leaf lamina, and high density of hair on side-veins.