西红花球茎腐烂病发生及综合防控对策

西红花是一种名贵中药材和香料,具有预防和治疗脑血栓、抗癌等功效。球茎腐烂病是西红花生产上最严重的病害,由致病尖镰孢等多种真菌引起,严重影响西红花的品质和产量。本文系统总结了西红花球茎腐烂病的致病菌鉴定、生物防治、农业防治等方面的最新研究进展,为建立西红花球茎腐烂病的综合防治技术和制定西红花生产技术规范提供参考。     

免疫电镜法测定3种Potyvirus组病毒的研究

 对大豆花叶病毒(SMA),花生斑驳病毒(PMV)和豇豆蚜传花叶病毒(CAMV)3种Potyvirus病毒进行了免疫电镜(ISEM)的测定。ISEM法同样证实了这3种病毒在血清学关系上的不同。3种病毒抗血清对同源抗原都具有"捕获"大量病毒粒体的能力,"捕获"数量是异源关系或正常血清的20~50倍.ISEM方法的灵敏度和专化性受到包被抗血清的稀释度和在抗原上处理时间等因素的影响."捕获"病毒粒体最适的抗血清稀释度是10-3或10-4;抗原处理时间,在一定范围内随处理时间的延长而增加"捕获"病毒粒体的数量,处理时间超过10-20小时即不再增加"捕获"粒体数量.同源抗体抗-抗原反应对病毒粒体上有"装饰"作用,而异源关系没有"装饰"作用。"装饰"的免疫电镜法是鉴别同源病毒的重要标准。     

农抗120防治花生叶斑病药效试验

在山东省经多点试验,用200倍农抗120防治花生叶斑病,防效达69.6～78.1％,比500倍多菌灵防效57.4～66.5％,高11.6～12.2％。并对花生有刺激生长的作用,喷施农抗120的主茎高26.2厘米,侧枝长31.4厘米,单株果重18.8克,比对照主茎高1.3厘米,侧枝长2.3厘米,单株果重增加2.7克,增产11.6～18.5％。     

椰心叶甲啮小蜂复眼的扫描电镜观察

椰心叶甲啮小蜂Tetrastichus brontispae是椰心叶甲Brontispa longissima的寄生性天敌。研究该小蜂的行为发现,雄蜂复眼在交配过程中起重要作用,为此利用扫描电镜对其复眼进行观察。结果表明：雌蜂复眼长椭圆形,外凸,小眼约267个;雄蜂复眼近椭圆形,略外凸,小眼约285个。雌、雄蜂复眼中心区域小眼排列较紧密,多为较规则的六边形,边缘区域小眼排列不紧密,多为不规则四至六边形,且少量相邻小眼的间距较大。雌、雄蜂复眼小眼面积分别为124.931、19.90μm2。雌、雄蜂复眼中心区域近背区小眼间着生少量感觉毛。     

藏红花球茎腐烂病病原鉴定及防治药剂室内筛选

球茎腐烂病是严重影响藏红花球茎品质和柱头产量的病害。为鉴定引起藏红花球茎腐烂病的病原菌及筛选防治该病害的有效杀菌剂,本研究基于形态学特征、rDNA-ITS和TEF-1α序列分析,对青海省藏红花球茎腐烂病的病原菌进行了鉴定,并利用菌丝生长速率法测定了10种杀菌剂对病原菌的抑菌作用。结果发现,引起藏红花球茎腐烂病的病原菌为尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum和木贼镰刀菌F. equiseti,其中尖孢镰刀菌为优势病原菌。室内药剂试验表明70%甲基硫菌灵WP、 50%咯菌腈WP、 50%苯醚甲环唑SC和25%硅唑·咪鲜胺EW对两种镰刀菌均具有较好的抑制作用,EC50在0.574 0~1.808 6 mg/L之间,64%噁霜·锰锌WP、 30%噁霉灵AS和45%石硫合剂WP对2种镰刀菌的抑菌作用较差,EC50在2.134 4~7.915 3 mg/L之间。试验结果为生产上合理选用杀菌剂防治藏红花球茎腐烂病提供了科学依据。     

Effects of fungicide on growth of Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa in relation to development of phoma stem canker on oilseed rape (Brassica napus)

Controlled‐environment and field experiments were done to investigate effects of the fungicide Punch C (flusilazole plus carbendazim) on growth of Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa in oilseed rape. In controlled‐environment experiments, for plants inoculated with L. maculans, fungicide treatment decreased lesion size and amount of L. maculans DNA in leaves; for plants inoculated with L. biglobosa, fungicide did not affect lesion size or amount of pathogen DNA. When release of ascospores was monitored using a Burkard spore sampler, the timing and pattern of ascospore release differed between the four seasons. In 2006/2007, the majority of ascospores released were L. maculans, whilst in 2007/2008 the majority were L. biglobosa; in both seasons L. maculans ascospores were released before L. biglobosa ascospores. In field experiments in 2002/2003 and 2003/2004, fungicide treatment decreased severity of stem canker on cv. Apex, but gave no significant yield response. In 2006/2007 and 2007/2008, fungicide treatment decreased phoma leaf spot incidence in autumn and stem canker severity at harvest, and increased yield. Fungicide treatment decreased stem canker severity more on cv. Courage, with a good yield response, than on cv. Canberra. In 2002/2003 and 2003/2004, fungicide treatment decreased the frequency of spread of L. maculans into stem pith tissues and in 2006/2007 fungicide decreased the amount of L. maculans DNA in stem tissues (measured by quantitative PCR). These results are used to suggest how effects of fungicides on interactions between L. maculans and L. biglobosa might affect severity of phoma stem canker and yield response.     

多·福可湿性粉剂的液相色谱分析

本文论述了在酸性条件下溶解样品,中和后以Ｃ１８液相色谱柱进行分离,三元混合流动相进行洗脱,采用波长２７０ｎｍ的紫外可变波长检测器进行检测,以外标法对６０％多·福可湿性粉剂中的多菌灵、福美双进行测定,变异系数分别为１．２８和１．０８％;回收率分别在９８．６～１０１．８％和９８．４～１０１．５％的范围;相关系数分别为０．９９８９和０．９９９７。     

Electron Microscopy and Molecular Characterization of Phytoplasmas Associated with Strawflower Yellows in the Czech Republic

Strawflower (Helichrysum bracteatum) with symptoms resembling those associated to phytoplasma infection were observed in several areas in the Czech Republic during the period 1994–2001. Plants with leaf bronzing, reddening and necrosis, proliferation of secondary shoots, flower abnormalities and dwarfing died in advanced stages of the disease. The disease incidence ranged from 2% to 70% and caused significant loss to the flower and seed production. Transmission electron microscopy showed phytoplasmas in sieve cells of affected plants, but not in healthy ones. Association of phytoplasmas with the disease was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction using phytoplasma universal ribosomal primers R16F2n/R16R2. An amplification product of the expected size (1.2 kb) was observed in all samples of the symptomatic strawflowers. The restriction profiles obtained following separate digestion with three endonucleases (AluI, HhaI, MseI) showed that phytoplasmas infecting strawflowers from different localities in the Czech Republic were uniform and undistinguishable from aster yellows (subgroup 16SrI-B). Sequence analysis of 1771 bp of the ribosomal operon amplified with primers P1/U3, R16F2n/R2 and 16R758/P7 indicated that the closest related phytoplasmas were those associated with 'Rehmannia glutinosa var. purpurea', both originating from Bohemia. This is the first report on the occurrence of a phytoplasma-associated disease of strawflower in the Czech Republic.     

40%丙环唑·多菌灵悬浮剂防治油菜菌核病应用试验

田间药效试验表明40%丙环唑.多菌灵悬浮剂对油菜菌核病有良好的防治效果,适宜用量70～90mL/667m2,防治效果达80%以上。     

Sexual recombination of carbendazim resistance in Fusarium graminearum under field conditions

BACKGROUND: Carbendazim has been the major fungicide for control of Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwade in China. However, the effectiveness of carbendazim has been threatened by the emergence of resistant pathogen populations in the field. RESULTS: Five isolates, representing three phenotypes of different carbendazim sensitivity levels (S, MR and HR), were randomly selected to study the inheritance of carbendazim resistance by three genetic crosses under field conditions. Each parent in all crosses was marked with a different class of nitrate non‐utilizing (nit) mutation. The presence of sexual recombinants indicated that outcrossing had occurred in the crosses. Over 100 putative self‐crossing or outcrossing perithecia for each cross were randomly sampled on the surface of the haulms of dead rice for each pair of parents. Results showed that 5.7–20.9% outcrossing frequency occurred in the three crosses and confirmed sexual recombination under field conditions. There were no significant differences in mycelial linear growth and pathogenicity between the selected recombinants and their parents, but they differed in sporulation ability and capacity to produce perithecia. Nevertheless, most of the sexual recombinants possessed fitness levels comparable with those of their parents. CONCLUSION: Outcrossing between carbendazim‐sensitive and ‐resistant isolates did occur under field conditions, and sexual recombination must play a role in the development of carbendazim resistance in the field. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

克.多种衣剂的高效液相色谱分析

本文介绍了以反相色谱柱为高效液相色谱柱多克．多种衣剂中的有效成分进行分离和测定的分析方法，该方法精密度，克百威变异系数１．０９９％，多菌灵变异系数为１．８４％，方法准确度，克百威回收率９７．５～１０２．２％，多菌灵回收率９７．８～１０２．２％。     

Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy Studies on the Infection of Oriental Lily Leaves By Botrytis Elliptica

Light, scanning electron and fluorescent microscopy were used to observe the infection process of Botrytis elliptica on leaves of oriental lily (cv. Star Gazer). At 20 °C and 100% relative humidity, conidia germinated on both adaxial and abaxial foliar surfaces, but germ tubes failed to invade epidermal cells on the adaxial surface. On abaxial surfaces, short (< 20 m) swollen germ tube appressoria penetrated through stomatal openings (19%), through the epidermis near guard cells (52%), or directly through epidermal cells (29%). Esterase activity was detected on germ tubes and conidia after 6 h of incubation, and deformation of the cuticle on abaxial surfaces of lily was observed surrounding infection sites. By 3 h after inoculation, almost 70% of the conidia had germinated, but no penetration was observed. At 6 h after inoculation, almost one-third of germinated conidia had penetrated epidermal cells, and water-soaked lesions were associated with 20% of the penetrations. By 9 h after inoculation, approximately 60% of the germinated conidia had penetrated plant tissues, and water-soaked lesions were associated with 60% of the infections. Fluorescent microscopy with a specific fungal stain allowed assessment of successful infection and visualization of sub-epidermal hyphae. We conclude that penetration of abaxial foliar surfaces of oriental lilies by B. elliptica occurs via short swollen germ tube appressoria mostly near stomata.     

高效液相色谱测定甘蓝中多菌灵残留分析方法

建立了测定甘蓝中多菌灵农药残留的高效液相色谱法,以甲醇提取,石油醚去除脂类杂质,再用二氯甲烷萃取分离,浓缩后测定。用甲醇-水-氨水(356∶50∶.13体积比)为流动相,配备SymmetryC18柱、紫外检测器的高效液相色谱(HPLC)仪在检测波长为282nm处对待测组份进行了分离和测定。实验证明,甘蓝样品中多菌灵添加回收率在76.4%～86.4%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)<5.95%,多菌灵在样品中的最低检出浓度为0.005mg/kg。     

棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂触角感器的扫描电镜观察

棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂雌雄蜂触角上感器的扫描电镜观察结果显示，共发现毛形感器、板形感器、钟形感器、锥形感器、Bohm氏鬃毛和刺形感器6类感器，分别对这6类感器的类型与形态进行了详细描述，并对各种感器的功能进行了深入的分析和讨论。     

超高效液相色谱法检测甘薯中多菌灵的残留方法研究

建立了一种超高效液相色谱法(UPLC)测定甘薯基质中多菌灵的快速分析方法。甘薯中的多菌灵经乙酸乙酯溶液匀浆提取、加入PSA净化,采用甲醇、水的混合溶液进行梯度洗脱用UPLC-PDA进行检测。结果表明:多菌灵的质量浓度范围为0.01~1.0mg/kg时,峰面积与质量浓度具有良好的线性关系,相关系数为1.000 0,仪器的最小检出量为0.67ng,最低检测浓度为3.3×10-2mg/kg,多菌灵的平均回收率为95.99%~105.1%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.47%~2.94%。该方法操作简单、快速、定量准确,可有效适用于甘薯基质中多菌灵含量的快速准确测定。     

进口百合种球携入植物线虫数量风险初探

对荷兰和新西兰进口的8种百合种球入境时所携带的植物线虫种类和数量进行了检测,并进行了灭菌土栽培,以监测和探讨携入的线虫数量在花卉一个生长周期后的变化,进而为评价携入的植物线虫的数量风险提供科学依据。研究结果表明栽培前种球内的优势植物线虫——拟滑刃属和滑刃属线虫数量在百合一个生长周期结束后均以几何级数的速率增长;栽培前检出数量极少的垫刃属线虫,生长周期结束后却大量出现;栽培前少量检出的短体属、矮化属、根结属、丝尾垫刃属和伪垫刃属的线虫,周期结束后,均未再检测到。本研究结果初步表明拟滑刃属、滑刃属和垫刃属线虫具有较高的潜在危险性,其他检出的植物线虫类群潜在风险较小。     

15%多菌灵·福美双悬浮种衣剂分析方法

本文介绍了采用液相色谱法,C18柱,以甲醇和水作为流动相,在230nm波长下,对多菌灵·福美双悬浮种衣剂中两种有效成分进行定量分析的方法。该方法的标准偏差分别为0.024和0.023;变异系数分别为0.30%和0.33%;平均回收率分别为99.7%和99.5%;线性相关系数分别为为0.9998和0.9994。     

多菌灵,福美双复配种衣剂高效液相色谱分析

本文介绍用反相液谱分析复配体衣种剂中的多菌灵，福美双的方法，以Ｃ８柱为分离柱，２８０ｎｍ为检测波长，５０％甲醇（０．２％ＮＨ４ＯＨ）为流动相，外标法定量，多菌灵，福美双含量测定变异系数分别为０．５８％和１．５６％，回收率分别为１００．８％和１００．３％。     

液相色谱法测定香菇中多菌灵农药残留方法研究

研究了用HPLC-紫外检测器检测香菇中多菌灵留的方法,通过在提取液中加有机酸,用氨水定容将多菌灵醋酸盐转化为多菌灵等方法提高前处理的回收率,同时使多菌灵在色谱柱中与杂质实现分离,方法的5倍信噪比的检出限为0.2mg/kg,添加回收率为85.6%～123.1%,变异系数为3.5%～8.0%。     

Heat treatment to control Colletotrichum acutatum on corms of Anemone coronaria

Anemone corms may be infected with the fungusColletotrichum acutatum, which under certain conditions causes leaf curl and leaf necrosis.A hot-water treatment (hwt) of infected corms for 1.5 h 47.5 °C or 1 h at 50 °C suppressed the disease almost completely. The period of application of hwt between harvest and planting time of corms did not influence the efficacy of hwt. Germination potential of different lots of untreated anemone corms varied between approximately 65% and 95%. Hot-water treatment for 1.5 h at 47.5 °C or 1 h at 50 °C reduced germination only slightly if corms of lots that germinated well without hwt were used. However, germination after hwt was severely reduced if lots with a poor germinating potential were used. Germination potential of hwt-treated corms was restored when they were stored for 4 days in moist vermiculite at 20 °C between hwt and planting. Drying of hwt-treated corms after storage in moist vermiculite reduced germination.A dry heat treatment of infected corms reduced disease incidence too, but results were inconsistent and germination of corms was considerably reduced when control of the fungus was optimal.