Correspondence

Abstract

Twenty-seven different herbicides were tested at the AUB Agricultural Research and Education Center in the Beqa'a, Lebanon, to determine their effects on weeds in wheat, barley, maize, onion and sugar beet. Each herbicide was tested at three different rates as pre-emergence and post-emergence applications. Unweeded and hand-weeded check plots were included. Data on yield, quality and other agronomic characteristics of the crops tested were recorded.

Concentrations of 1,000 and 10,000 ppm of 2, 4–D caused a significant decrease in the height and grain yield of wheat and barley when sprayed at the 3-leaf stage. At the 5-leaf stage, injury to wheat and barley occurred only when sprayed at 10,000 ppm, whereas an increase in the grain yield was obtained at 1,000 ppm of 2, 4–D acid equivalent (1 kg a.i./ha).

Pre-emergence treatments of atrazine and simazine at 2.5 kg a.i./ha caused a significant increase in the forage and grain yields of maize as compared to unweeded check plots. Wheat, oats, vetch and sugar beet were injured when planted after triazine-treated maize, whereas onions and soyabeans were tolerant. Other promising herbicides tested on maize were C 3095 (N–3–trifluoromethylphenyl–N'–methyl–N'–methoxyurea) and BV– 201 (1–(3′, 4′–dichlorophenyl)–3–methylpyrrolidin–2–one) applied as a pre-emergence spray at 1 and 2 kg/ha respectively.

Pre-planting treatment of EPTC and pre-emergence treatment of pebulate at 2 kg/ha gave a slight increase in the yield of roots of sugar beet. BV–201 and BV–207 (1–(3–chloro–4–methylphenyl)–3–methylpyrrolidin–2–one) were phytotoxic to beet.

In onions, nitrofen, BV–201 and BV–207 at 1–2 kg/ha were promising as pre-emergence and post-emergence sprays. DNOC and dinoseb at 1.5 kg/ha and ioxynil at 0.5 kg/ha sprayed post-emergence increased the yield of onions significantly over the check. No significant effects of these herbicides were observed on the bulb index, moisture content and total soluble solids of onions.     

Drought priming during the vegetative stage can enhance post-anthesis drought tolerance by improving photosynthetic capacity in winter wheat

Drought stress during the reproductive period of cereal crops leads to significant yield reductions, therefore, exploring effective methods to improve tolerance to post-anthesis drought is necessary. Pot experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of pre-drought priming on physiological characteristics and grain yield with drought stress at post-anthesis. Moderate water deficits (60–65% of the field capacity) were imposed to prime wheat plants during either the tillering or jointing stages, while severe drought stress (40–45% of the field capacity) was applied during the grain filling stage. The priming treatments significantly improved grain yield resulting in higher biomass. Compared to the control, the grain yield and biomass of the non-priming, tillering priming, and jointing priming treatments were reduced by 15.7, 9.1, and 9.3% and by 11.1, 6.1, and 10.5%, respectively. The primed plants exhibited higher adaptability to subsequent severe drought stress during grain filling, showing higher photosynthetic capacities and light use efficiencies with higher leaf water potentials, soluble protein contents, and Rubisco contents and enhanced enzymatic antioxidant systems. The tillering stage is more responsive to drought priming based on the observed grain yield. These results indicate that moderate drought during the vegetative period is conducive to the development of water-saving agriculture to cope drought stress during grain-filling in wheat.     

Variation in the effects of take-all disease on grain yield and quality of winter cereals in field experiments

Relationships between take-all intensity and grain yield and quality were determined in field experiments on cereal crops using regression analyses, usually based on single-point disease assessments made during anthesis or grain-filling. Different amounts of take-all were achieved by different methods of applying inoculum artificially (to wheat only) or by using different cropping sequences (in wheat, triticale or barley) or sowing dates (wheat only) in crops with natural inoculum. Regressions of yield or thousand-grain weight on take-all intensity during grain filling were similar to those on accumulated disease (area under the disease progress curve) when these were compared in one of the wheat experiments. Regressions of yield on take-all intensity were more often significant in wheat than in the less susceptible crops, triticale and barley, even when a wide range of disease intensities was present in the latter crops. The regressions usually had most significance when there were plots in the severe disease category. Thousand-grain weight and hectolitre weight usually responded similarly to total grain yield. Decreased yield was often accompanied by a significant increase in the percentage of small grains. When severe take-all was present in wheat, regressions showed that nitrogen uptake was usually impaired. This was sometimes accompanied, however, by increased percentage nitrogen in the grain as a consequence of smaller grain size with decreased endosperm. Significant effects of take-all, both positive and negative, on Hagberg falling number in wheat sometimes occurred. Significant regressions of yield on take-all assessed earlier than usual, ie during booting rather than grain-filling in wheat and triticale and during anthesis/grain-filling rather than ripening in barley, had steeper slopes. This is consistent with observations that severe disease that develops early can be particularly damaging, whilst the crops, especially barley, can later express tolerance by producing additional, healthy roots. The regression parameters, including maximum potential yield (y-axis intercept) and the extrapolated maximum yield loss, also varied according to the different growing conditions, including experimental treatments and other husbandry operations. These differences must be considered when assessing the economic potential of a control measure such as fungicidal seed treatment.     

旱作条件下氮肥处理对春小麦产量及生理特性的影响

以辽宁省春小麦主栽品种辽春10号为试材,研究了氮肥不同生育时期施用比例对产量的影响。研究结果表明,旱地春小麦适当施用种肥具有重要的增产作用,种肥氮素施用过少、不施或施用过多,都不能发挥品种的增产潜力。在合理施用种肥的基础上,于拔节期和开花期追施氮肥,有利于维持生育后期较大叶面积指数和旗叶较高叶绿素含量,进而提高光合性能,促进干物质积累以及光合产物更多向籽粒运转。     

THE INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION, FERTILIZING AND MCPA ON THE COMPETITION BETWEEN SPRING CEREALS AND WEEDS

Summary. The average air-dry yield of weeds on fallow plots was about four times as large (2660 kg/ha) as the yield of weeds which developed among spring cereal crops (740 kg/ha). Application of fertilizers increased the number of weeds and their average weight on both irrigated and non-irrigated plots. Treatment with MCPA reduced the weed yield to 36% on fallow plots and to 26% on weedy cereal plots. It was more effective on fertilized plots than on unfertilized plots, but irrigation made little difference to its effectiveness. The space left by the destroyed weeds was mainly occupied by Agropyron repens . Oats were better able to compete with weeds than were wheat and barley. On unfertilized and non-irrigated plots spraying with MCPA (1-26 kg/ha) at the beginning of shooting significantly reduced the yields of weed-free barley. The yields of sprayed oats and wheat were also below the yields from the unsprayed although the reductions were not significant at the 5% level. However, on a number of fertilized and irrigated plots, both weedy and hand-weeded , on which the plants had better growing conditions, MCPA resulted in a significant increase in the grain yield of barley and oats.
Influence de l'irrigation, de la fertilisation et du MCPA sur la compétition entre céréales de printemps et mauvaises herbes     

冬小麦冠层温度及其生物学性状对施氮量的反映

在大田试验下研究了0 kg/hm2(N0)、120 kg/hm2(N120)、240 kg/hm2(N240)、360 kg/hm2(N360)四个氮肥处理对冷型小麦陕229、暖型小麦NR9405、不稳定型小麦小偃22三个品种拔节至成熟期间的冠层温度、产量及其构成因素、灌浆结实期蒸腾速率的影响及关系。结果表明:各个生育期N0冠层温度皆高于氮肥处理,随着生育期后延差异有上升趋势,在灌浆结实后期达最大。拔节期各施氮量间差异不显著;孕穗-开花期总体表现为N240处理冠层温度最低,N120和N360差异不显著;灌浆结实前期为:N360N120N240,差异在0.1~0.6℃之间,中、后期总体为N120N240N360,差异在0.1~1.5℃之间。三品种间差异也在灌浆结实后期达最大,但小麦冷暖型不随着施氮肥的增加而发生根本变化。灌浆结实各个时期蒸腾速率与冠层温度呈极显著负相关;拔节至灌浆结实期的冠层温度同理论产量皆呈极显著负相关,在灌浆结实后期相关性达最大;产量构成因素中,穗粒数、成穗数与各个时期的冠层温度均呈显著负相关,分别在拔节期和灌浆结实后期相关性达最大,千粒重与拔节期冠层温度呈极显著正相关,与孕穗期和开花期冠层温度呈显著正相关。灌浆结实中后期的冠层温度在评价小麦产量上具有较高的可靠性,可作为指导田间施氮肥的一个指标应用。     

RESPONSE OF SPRING WHEAT TO THE APPLICATION OF 2,4-D AT VARIOUS GROWTH STAGES*

Summary. Two Triticum aestivum and two T. durum varieties were sprayed at five different growth stages with 0–5 and 1 kg/ha 2,4-D on the same day. The most sensitive stage was that of spike initiation, the most resistant phase followed the completion of spike differentiation, and plants close to caring were again very sensitive. Grain yield reductions of up to 19% with the low dose and 34% with the high dose were observed. The yield reductions at all growth stages were mainly due to a decrease in the number of kernels per spikelet. Application of 2,4-D during tillering also reduced the numbers of spikes per plant and spikelets per spike. Malformations of the spikes occurred in some plants of T. aestivum treated at spike initiation, but these spikes did not differ in grain yield from normal spikes from equally treated plants.     

甘肃黄土高原主要农作物水分胁迫敏感性

利用甘肃黄土高原几个代表站点气候、物候、产量、土壤水分等资料,计算了本区几种主要农作物在不同生育时段对水分胁迫的敏感系数。结果表明,不同作物在不同时段对水分亏缺的敏感性有所不同,冬小麦在孕穗—开花期的敏感系数最大,冬前苗期和返青拔节期的敏感系数较大,不同的地方这两个阶段的敏感性大小不同;玉米在拔节—抽雄期敏感系数较大,抽雄—灌浆期次之;春小麦只存在一个敏感性高值区,即拔节—开花期,其余时段敏感性较小。     

灌水处理对春小麦穗部性状和产量的影响

选用15个春小麦品种(系),在冬灌1 800 m3/hm2的基础上,生育期设3次灌水处理(T1:拔节期、开花期、乳熟期)2、次灌水处理(T2:拔节期、开花期)和1次灌水处理(T3:拔节期),每次灌水1 050 m3/hm2,研究了水分对春小麦穗部性状及产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明:T2条件下3粒小穗比率、穗粒数、穗粒重、产量和WUE都是最高;T3条件下无效小穗比率最高,而1粒小穗比率、2粒小穗比率、穗粒数、产量和WUE则最低。相关分析表明产量与WUE在三种水分处理条件下都呈极显著正相关,在T3条件下穗粒数与产量和WUE显著负相关,穗粒重与产量和WUE极显著正相关,穗粒数与穗粒重在T1、T2条件下极显著正相关,而在T3条件下不相关。表明适宜灌水提高了3粒小穗比率,进而增加了穗粒数和穗粒重,提高了产量和WUE,而缺水降低1粒和2粒小穗比率,增加了无效小穗比率,减小了籽粒饱满度,进而减小穗粒重,降低产量和WUE。     

金诺丰叶面肥对旱地冬小麦陕农981旗叶光合和灌浆特性及产量的影响

以冬小麦陕农981为材料,采用单因素随机区组设计,研究了不同时期喷施叶面肥金诺丰对陕农981灌浆期旗叶光合特性、籽粒灌浆特性和产量的影响.结果表明:金诺丰能够提高小麦灌浆期旗叶的光合速率和籽粒灌浆速率,分别较对照提高14.5%和10.7%;增加籽粒干物质的积累量,较对照增加2.6%;产量构成三要素都有不同程度提高,成穗数、穗粒数、千粒重分别平均提高8.0%、7.5%和2.6%.不同时期喷施对产量的影响大小依次是拔节期＞开花期＞灌浆期＞分蘖期＞返青期.     

不同生育时期非充分灌溉对间作作物产量构成因子及收获指数的影响

针对内蒙古河套灌区干旱缺水的实际情况,以春小麦间作玉米、春小麦间作向日葵复合群体为研究对象,以不同生育期的非充分灌溉为试验处理,进行间作模式下的非充分灌溉试验。结果表明:间作下小麦分蘖期每多灌溉15 mm有效分蘖数提高5.4%~15.07%,而乳熟期随着水分胁迫加剧间作模式下的小麦穗粒数、千粒重、产量均呈现出先升高后降低的规律。对于间作下的玉米产量构成,适当减少小麦分蘖与拔节期的灌水量,相应增加小麦乳熟与玉米灌浆吐丝期的灌水量,有利于大幅提高缺水地区间作模式下的玉米产量,且随着灌水总量的升高,穗粒数以1.27~2.47粒·mm~(-1)的速度递增,产量以62.24,94.93,29.73 kg·hm~(-2)·mm~(-1)的"S"型曲线逐渐升高。而对于间作下的向日葵产量构成,其主要受小麦乳熟期与向日葵现蕾期水分处理的影响,且随灌水总量的提高间作向日葵的单株粒数呈先升后降的规律,而百粒重和产量则呈"N"型和"M"型规律变化。对于不同水分处理下各间作作物对水分的敏感指数表现为小麦的敏感指数最高,玉米次之,向日葵最低。不同水分处理对各间作作物收获指数的影响表现为间作模式下的小麦受水分胁迫后其收获指数普遍提高,间作模式下玉米的收获指数随灌水总量上升而逐渐上升,而间作模式下受水分胁迫处理的向日葵收获指数反而下降。     

基于动态模拟的冬小麦水分胁迫敏感性研究

以关中平原为研究区域,在对农业技术转移决策支持系统(DSSAT)中的CERES-Wheat模型进行标定基础上,模拟冬小麦整个生育期以日为步长的实际蒸散量和潜在蒸散量,采用Jensen模型研究冬小麦不同生育时期对水分胁迫的敏感性。结果表明,无论旱作样点还是灌溉样点,冬小麦在同一生育时期对水分胁迫的敏感性相同,且拔节期的敏感性最强,抽穗~灌浆期次之,返青期和乳熟期依次递减。灌溉样点在拔节期和抽穗~灌浆期的水分胁迫敏感系数分别为0.589与0.342,对水分胁迫的敏感性相差较大,而旱作样点在两生育时期的水分胁迫敏感系数分别为0.405与0.383,对水分胁迫的敏感性相差较小,由于灌溉样点在拔节期发生水分胁迫现象可以通过及时灌溉以缓解缺水情况,因而会减弱其后抽穗~灌浆期的水分胁迫敏感性。根据水分胁迫敏感性,对不同生育时期缺水采取不同措施,较好地实现抗旱防旱资源的合理利用。     

A comparison of the tolerance by winter wheat of herbicide mixtures containing dicamba and 2,3,6-TBA, or ioxynil

The tolerance by winter wheat of two types of herbicide was examined in field experiments over 3 years. When overdosed or sprayed late, an ioxynil + mecoprop mixture had a greater margin of safety to the crop than mixtures containing dicamba or 2,3,6-TBA. Herbicide mixtures containing MCPA, applied before the leaf sheaths of the crop began to extend in the spring caused ear deformities. Spraying dicamba mixtures when the crop was jointing resulted in narrowed ears and shrivelled grain, In one experiment the latter effect was produced by a dicamba mixture, at twice the recommended dose, when sprayed on any of ten dates, covering crop development stages from 6-leaves through to jointing. Varieties differed in their tolerance of the dicamba mixtures; Maris Ranger was most sensitive but part of this difference could have been due to differences in the stage of development of the varieties at the time of spraying.     

测墒补灌对新麦26产量、品质及耗水特性的影响

于2015—2016年选用优质小麦品种新麦26进行大田试验,在拔节期和开花期分别设置目标相对含水量为田间持水量的70%、75%、80%进行补灌。通过3个测墒补灌处理W70、W75、W80和一个传统灌溉Wck,用全生育期补灌水(W0)为对照,研究不同生育时期和不同目标含水量的测墒补灌对冬小麦产量、耗水特性、品质等的影响。结果得出:冬小麦在拔节期和开花期补充灌水量为WckW80W75W70;四个灌水处理下冬小麦对土壤水的消耗量主要分布在0～80 cm土层且测墒补灌处理增加了对土壤水的消耗比例。三个测墒补灌处理下的冬小麦湿面筋含量显著高于Wck。水分利用效率为W75W70W80WckW0,W70、W75、W8处理之间差异不显著。W75处理下籽粒产量显著高于W70。综合考虑不同处理的灌水量、籽粒产量和水分利用效率等指标,可得在本试验条件下在冬小麦的需水关键期(拔节期、开花期)将土壤墒情保持在田间持水量的75%为较佳灌水处理,冬小麦高产节水成效显著。     

喷施锌肥对小麦籽粒锌铁铜锰营养的影响

喷施锌肥是提高中国北方潜在缺锌石灰性土壤上小麦籽粒锌含量及生物有效性的有效措施,但这种措施是否会显著影响其它微量元素的吸收和累积,从而影响微量元素的整体营养状况问题值得研究。为此,在陕西杨凌潜在缺锌土壤上进行了连续两季的小麦不同生育期田间喷锌试验。结果表明,喷施锌肥对小麦无显著增产作用;第一季(2007~2008)和第二季(2008~2009)中,与不喷锌比较,不同生育期喷锌后除了小麦籽粒的平均锌含量分别提高51.7%和73.5%外,其平均铁含量也提高了12.4%和12.9%;拔节期和扬花期喷锌对小麦籽粒铜含量无明显影响,但灌浆前期和灌浆后期喷锌会降低其铜含量;而籽粒锰含量对喷锌则无明显反应;喷锌后小麦籽粒平均植酸含量则分别降低了11.1%和16.9%。施用氮肥增加了籽粒锌铁铜锰的吸收总量;同时还降低了小麦籽粒植酸含量。总之,在供试土壤上,喷施锌肥可以有效地提高小麦籽粒锌铁含量,锌铁间存在着互助关系,同时喷锌也增加了其微量元素的吸收总量,降低了籽粒植酸含量,提高了小麦籽粒微量元素的生物有效性。     

脲酶抑制剂对小麦产量及氮肥利用效率的影响

为了提高氮肥利用效率,减少因过量施氮对环境造成的危害,以河南温县和许昌为试验地点,对添加不同浓度的脲酶抑制剂在小麦上的应用效果作以比较,结果表明:(1)不同浓度的脲酶抑制剂在拔节、开花期对冬小麦群体动态和干物质累积的影响较大,以加0.12%脲酶抑制剂效果较好.(2)加0.12%脲酶抑制剂处理高于其他处理产量,可提高单位面积穗数与籽粒千粒重.(3)加脲酶抑制剂处理氮肥当季利用率、氮因子生产力、氮肥农艺效率都高于习惯施氮,都以加0.12%脲酶抑制剂处理最高.     

Effects of Rhynchosporium secalis at specific growth stages on barley grown in a controlled environment

Under controlled environmental conditions, inoculation of barley at five growth stages with Rhynchosporium secalis reduced grain yield by up to 30%. Greater yield losses resulted from inoculations carried out after tillering than from those during or before tillering. Most of the yield loss was due to a reduction in the number of heads per plant. The number of grains per head was reduced only when plants were inoculated at mid- or late-tillering growth stages. The mean weight of individual grains was not reduced significantly by any treatment. Inoculation at stem elongation also resulted in less leaf area and water use, and delayed anthesis. Inoculation affected root dry weight more than shoot dry weight and all inoculations reduced root dry weight at the boot growth stage     

Yield Trends during Take-all Decline in Spring Barley and Wheat Grown Continuously1

The effects of take-all, nitrogen and cropping sequence on grain yield were compared for spring barley and spring wheat grown in extended monoculture. Initial crops showed least take-all and maximum yields. Yields fell to a minimum more rapidly in wheat than in barley while the take-all intensity increased to a maximum; take-all decline occurred and yields improved from the 4th and 5th years respectively. Without nitrogen, yields were at their lowest level; application of nitrogen increased yields considerably with responses in proportion to the rate applied. At optimum rates, yield losses were 33% for wheat and 11% for barley with maximum disease intensity but only 9% and 3% respectively with take-all decline. Potential maximum yields in the absence of take-all were calculated to be greater with barley than with wheat.     

Effect of infection timing on fusarium head blight and mycotoxin accumulation in open- and closed-flowering barley

ABSTRACT Barley has two flowering types, chasmogamous (open-flowering) and cleistogamous (closed-flowering). We examined the effect of the timing of Fusarium graminearum infection on Fusarium head blight (FHB) and mycotoxin accumulation in barley cultivars with different flowering types using greenhouse experiments. In the first experiment, 13 cultivars were spray inoculated at two different developmental stages, and the severity of FHB was evaluated. The effect of the timing of infection differed among cultivars. Cleistogamous cultivars were resistant at anthesis but susceptible at 10 days after anthesis, whereas chasmogamous cultivars were already susceptible at anthesis. In the second experiment, five cultivars were inoculated at three different developmental stages and the concentrations of deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) in mature grain were analyzed. Cleistogamous cultivars accumulated more mycotoxins (DON and NIV) when inoculated 10 or 20 days after anthesis than when inoculated at anthesis, whereas chasmogamous cultivars accumulated more mycotoxins when inoculated at anthesis. Thus, the most critical time for F. graminearum infection and mycotoxin accumulation in barley differs with cultivar, and likely is associated with the flowering type. Late infection, even without accompanied FHB symptoms, was also significant in terms of the risk of mycotoxin contamination.     

Interactions between barban and benzoylprop etbyl, flamprop metbyl or flamprop isopropyl applied at two growtb stages for wild oat control in cereals

Barban was combined with benzoylprop ethyl, flamprop methyl, or flamprop isopropyl, and the eflects of the combinations on wild oat control and crop yield were assessed, tn greenhouse experiments, the interaction in all three combinations was synergistic, following application at the 2- or 4-leaf stage of wild oats. Under field conditions, combinations of barban + benzoylprop ethyl applied at the 2- or 4-leaf stage of wild oats were as eflective for wild oat control and wheat yield response as barban at 028 kg/ha applied at the 2-leaf or benzoylprop ethyl at 14 kg/ha applied at the 4-leaf stage of wild oats. Mixtures of barban + flamprop methyl applied at the 2- or 4-leaf stage of wild oats provided excellent wild oat control and wheat yield increases. Mixtures of barban + flamprop isopropyl applied at the 2- or 4-leaf stage of wild oats provided comparable wild oat control and barley yield increases to barban (028 kg/ha) applied at the 2-leaf or flamprop isopropyl (14 kg/ha) applied at the 4-leaf stage of wild oats.