切割饲料稻草饱和蒸汽杀菌研究

为探索中国的切割稻草饲料出口日本的消毒方法,用耐热性很强的水稻胡麻斑病菌Cochliobolus miyabeanus作为指标菌,在62、65、68、71和74℃下利用真空蒸汽法进行了不同时间的杀菌试验,得出了热致死TDT(thermal death time)曲线lg(Y)=10.4001-0.1447X,相关系数r=-0.9454。在此基础上,对外形尺寸为25cm×25cm×80cm、重20±1kg的商业切割饲料稻草捆按下述程序处理:抽真空至720mmHg,充100℃蒸汽5min,再抽真空至720mmHg,再充100℃蒸汽一定时间,最后抽真空15min。处理时在稻草捆中接种指标菌C.miyabeanus,草捆中心设置感温探头,根据温度和上移3倍标准差后的致死曲线lg(Y)=11.1843-0.1447X同步计算理论杀菌率。处理22～26min,理论上达到100％杀菌;所有接种菌全部灭活。处理前后稻草的品质未发生明显变化。     

Viability of herbicide-treated seeds of Eupatorium odoratum L.

The 75–80% viability of Eupatorium odoratum seeds was found to be affected by the temperature of the environment where they were stored. The loss of viability increased with longer periods of storage. Seeds stored under — 10°C or 8°C still retained their viability after 26 months, those stored under 27.5°C or 37°C lost their viability during the same period. There was a gradual loss of viability of herbicide-treated seeds stored under — 10°C or 8°C. The rate of loss was greater for herbicide-treated seeds stored under 27.5°C and 37°C and eventually led to the complete loss of viability after a short storage period of up to 13 months. EPTC and molinate had the greatest effects on seed viability.     

Pattern of damage to early and late maize in southwestern Nigeria by the village weaverbird (Ploceus cucullatus)

Abstract

Village weaverbirds (Ploceus cucullatus Muller) normally feed on early maize in the morning (0800 to 1100 h) and evening (1600 to 1800 h) in southwestern Nigeria. However, when disturbed the birds feed during all the hours of daylight, and to be effective bird scaring would have to persist throughout the day. Developing grains are eaten, but rarely dry grains. The period of active bird scaring can therefore be reduced to about two weeks. In 1977 the mean percentage damage varied from 2.2 ± 0.3% in plots with dry ears to 34.1 ± 12.7% in plots with fresh ears, but in 1978 the situation was reversed with 17.7 ± 3.1% damage in plots with dry ears to 1.1 ± 0.2% in plots with fresh ears. The pattern of damage to early maize is associated with the annual rainfall, which determines the occurrence of lepidopterous larvae and wild sorghum (Sorghum arundicearum Stapf) which form alternative food items for the birds. Less than 2% of late maize ears was damaged since alternative food resources were abundant. Only early maize may need protecting from bird damage, but there was no definite relationship between time of planting and amount of damage caused.     

Changing rainfall patterns and farmers’ adaptation through soil water management practices in semi-arid eastern Kenya

There is limited documentation of soil and water management technologies that enhance adaptation to climate change in drylands of Kenya. Rainfall patterns were analyzed in the semi-arid Machakos and Makueni counties of eastern Kenya using historical data. A total of forty-three smallholder farmers implementing soil water management practices were sampled, and an estimate of the seasonal water budget for current crop and livestock production systems computed. Analysis of rainfall amounts and distribution shows increasing variability, with the average annual total amounts decreasing over the past 50 years. Furthermore, the number of rainy days within the March-April-May season that can support crop growth is gradually decreasing. These decreases are however not significant at P < 0.05. There were more seasons with low rainfall amounts compared to those with high rainfall amounts. All these subject the smallholder crop and livestock production system to limited soil moisture. Farmers address the risk by harnessing and utilizing green (rainfall stored in soil) and blue (rainfall collected into storage tanks) water technologies. The study found that farmers in these semi-arid counties practice fifteen diverse soil and water management interventions on their farms. The most popular practices are cut-off drains, retention ditches, terracing, run-off harvesting, and agroforestry. The estimated seasonal water budget indicates the need for integrated soil and water management interventions to address the crop and livestock production constraints.     

二化螟性诱芯不同存贮期对诱蛾效果的影响

二化螟性诱芯的存贮期对田间雄蛾诱捕量有明显影响。试验在长春市进行 ,根据诱芯存贮期长短设置 2个处理 ,分别为-18℃条件下存贮 2～6个月和同样条件下存贮 33～37个月。结果表明 ,从5月 19日到 9月20日两种贮存期的诱芯平均每盆每日诱蛾量分别为35.8头和5.5头 ,后者下降84.6%。两种贮存期处理的单盆1日最大诱蛾量分别为223头和 20头 ,但不同处理所反映的田间蛾期却基本一致     

低温对葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea)菌丝生长和孢子萌发以及对贮藏菊苣侵染力的影响

 本文主要研究葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea)在20、10、4、2、0、-2和-4℃下菌丝生长和孢子萌发的情况,以及在同样温度下对菊苣(Cichorium intybus L.)致病力的影响。尽管在PDA培养基上0℃以下低温明显地抑制菌丝生长和推迟孢子的萌发时间,但葡萄孢菌仍能在-4℃下14d后达到100%的萌发率,24周后菌落的生长直径为10 mm。用Botrytis cinerea孢子接种的菊苣在-2℃下6周以前的发病率较低,在-4℃下8周以前没有病害发生,但随着贮藏时间的延长,发病率逐渐上升,12周后腐烂率达到77%和71%,病害严重程度指数分别为37和31。菊苣贮藏在-2℃和-4℃下后期腐烂率的快速增加可能与此时菊苣产生冷害有关。     

Control of blue mold (Penicillium expansum) by fludioxonil in apples (cv Empire) under controlled atmosphere and cold storage conditions

A reduced risk fungicide, fludioxonil, was tested for its efficacy against blue mold caused by thiabendazole-resistant and -sensitive Penicillium expansum (Link) Thom in apples under three storage conditions. In a co-treatment, fludioxonil and inoculum were applied together to test the protective activity of the fungicide on wounds that had been aged for 1 or 2 days. The fungicide was also tested for its curative activity in post-inoculation treatment on apples that had been inoculated for 1 or 2 days. Fludioxonil was very effective as co-treatment and as post-inoculation treatment. At a concentration of 300 mg litre(-1), fludioxonil gave complete control of post-harvest blue mold caused by the thiabendazole-resistant and -sensitive P expansum for 105 days in controlled atmosphere (CA) storage at 2 (+/-1) degrees C, for 42 days in common cold storage at 4 (+/-1) degrees C and also in a shelf-life study for 6 days at 20 (+/-1) degrees C. Comparison on the effect of fludioxonil in CA storage and common cold storage showed that higher concentrations of fungicide were needed in cold storage than in CA storage. Fludioxonil at a concentration of 450 mg litre(-1), gave 98 and 92% control of blue mold of apples in the simulated shelf-life studies after CA and common cold storages, respectively. Fludioxonil has a potential to be incorporated in the fungicide resistance management strategies for control of blue mold in apples stored for 105 days.     

Fish-toxicity problems of pesticides in Japan - the present situation and the policies of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry

Abstract

A survey of termite damage to groundnuts and an estimation of loss in yield was made between 1977 and 1979 in northern Nigeria. The foliage was attacked by Odontotermes. Damage was restricted to the Sudan savanna and loss in yield was less than 5%. Much more important was the damage caused by Microtermes lepidus Sjöstedt which attacked the pods, the tap root and the haulms. There was a linear relationship between the percentage of stands with the tap root invaded by Microtermes and the loss in yield. Damage varied from year to year, but the higher yield losses (up to 40%) were consistently recorded in the Sudan savanna. There was a significant relationship between the level of Microtermes damage and rainfall, the latter having a marked influence on foraging behaviour and the level of foraging activity. The chemical control of termites is economically viable on mechanised farms in the Sudan savanna, but cannot be justified on peasant farms, where yields are too low.     

HERBICIDE PRACTICE IN ARABLE FARMING DISTRICTS OF EASTERN ENGLAND, 1959-60

Summary. Information on the use of herbicides in the 1959-60 crop year was collected from a stratified random sample of farms in each of four arable farming districts in Eastern England.
In each of the surveyed districts about 80% or more of the area under cereals, 10-20% of other tillage crops and about 10% of the grassland was treated with herbicides. In the three diatricts where peas were widely grown most of this crop was also treated. Contract services were used most on the smaller farms.
MCPA was the most widely used herbicide on cereals, but in two of the four districts mecoprop was also often used. Manufacturer's reeommendations for rates of application were followed fairly closely for MCPA on cereal crops which were not undersown but MCPA was also used on much of the undersown cereals in spite of the risk of damage to the legumes. MCPB and mecoprop were often applied to cereals at rather lower rates than those generally recommended, Little detailed information was obtained about when herbicides were applied but clearly most farmers were influenced more by general crop appearance (and possibly date) than by the stage of growth of crop or weeds.
The weeds most often mentioned by farmers as occurring on areas treated with herbicide were Cirsium spp., Sinapis arvensis. Galium aparine, Stellaria media, Chenopodium album and Rumex spp. The weeds which were most frequently difficult to control were Avena spp. Polygonum persicaria, Tussilago farfara, Stellaria media and Matricaria maritima ssp. inodora. The herbicides used were usually appropriate for the weeds which they were intended to control and nine out of every ten farmers asked were satistified with the results of treatment; it was very rare for any detrimental effect on crops to have been noted.
L'emploi d'herbicides dans quatre régions agricoles de l'est de l'Angleterre 1959-60     

Changes in phosphine sorption in wheat after storage at two temperatures

BACKGROUND: Wheat can be stored for many months before being fumigated with phosphine to kill insects, so a study was undertaken to investigate whether the sorptive capacity of wheat changes as it ages. Wheat was stored at 15 or 25 °C and 55% RH for up to 5.5 months, and samples were fumigated at intervals to determine sorption. Sealed glass flasks (95% full) were injected with 1.5 mg L^?1 of phosphine based on flask volume. Concentrations were monitored for 11 days beginning 2 h after injection. Some wheat samples were refumigated after a period of ventilation. Several fumigations of wheat were conducted to determine the pattern of sorption during the first 24 h. RESULTS: Phosphine concentration declined exponentially with time from 2 h after injection. Rate of sorption decreased with time spent in storage at either 15 or 25 °C and 55% RH. Rate of sorption tended to be lower when wheat was refumigated, but this could be explained by time in storage rather than by refumigation per se. The data from the 24 h fumigations did not fit a simple exponential decay equation. Instead, there was a rapid decline in the first hour, with phosphine concentration falling much more slowly thereafter. CONCLUSIONS: The results have implications for phosphine fumigation of insects in stored wheat. Both the time wheat has spent in storage and the temperature at which it has been stored are factors that must be considered when trying to understand the impact of sorption on phosphine concentrations in commercial fumigations. Copyright © The state of Queensland (through the Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation) 2009. Published by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.     

乙螨唑在9种水果蔬菜样品基质中的残留储藏稳定性

建立了乙螨唑在不同样本基质（猕猴桃、木瓜、柠檬、茄子、山楂、柿子、甜椒、香蕉以及枣）中的气相色谱-质谱 (GC-MS) 分析方法,进而系统研究了?20 ℃条件下乙螨唑在上述果蔬中储藏112 d的稳定性差异及其影响因素。样品经乙腈提取,氨丙基固相萃取柱净化,GC-MS检测分析。结果表明:在0.01~3 mg/kg添加水平下,乙螨唑在9种果蔬中的平均回收率在80%~112%之间,相对标准偏差在1.4%~12%之间,定量限为0.01 mg/kg。于 ?20 ℃下储藏14~112 d期间,乙螨唑在甜椒中的降解率为9.0%~28.6% (低于30%),说明其具有较好的储藏稳定性;但在猕猴桃、木瓜、柠檬、茄子、山楂、柿子、香蕉和枣中,其降解率均超过30%,储藏稳定性较差。乙螨唑残留储藏稳定性与样本基质的种类、pH值、含水量等密切相关。因此,乙螨唑的残留试验样本不宜长时间储藏,获取后应当尽快检测,以防农药降解导致检测结果出现偏差。本研究为乙螨唑在多种果蔬作物中的残留检测方法和储藏稳定性提供了基础数据,也为后续乙螨唑的准确定量分析提供了理论参考。     

低温贮藏对半闭弯尾姬蜂蛹和成虫生长发育的影响

半闭弯尾姬蜂是小菜蛾幼虫的优势寄生蜂，低温贮藏是实现半闭弯尾姬蜂规模化生产和应用的重要环节。本文研究在4℃低温条件下，蛹和成虫贮藏5、10、15、20、25、30 d对半闭弯尾姬蜂生长发育的影响，不处理为对照。结果表明：随着蛹期低温贮藏时间的延长，成虫羽化率、寄生率逐渐降低，蛹贮藏5、10 d对成虫的羽化率及寄生率较高，分别在81.50%～83.50%和38.43%～39.02%，贮藏15～30 d后成虫的羽化率和寄生率显著低于对照；随着成虫低温贮藏时间的延长，其存活率、寄生率及其子代羽化率逐渐降低，成虫低温贮藏5 d对其存活率、寄生率及其子代羽化率较高，分别为95.75%、38.05%、86.00%，贮藏10～25 d后成虫的存活率、寄生率及其子代羽化率显著低于对照，贮藏30 d后成虫存活率最低，为9.67%，不能寄生。本文研究表明，半闭弯尾姬蜂在繁殖和田间释放过程中，蛹低温贮藏10 d内，成虫低温贮藏5 d内较理想。     

Occurrence of fungal pathogens of carrots on wooden boxes used for storage

Infested wooden boxes, previously used for carrot storage, were sampled in four commercial carrot production farms in Bradford Marsh, Ontario, and screened for fungal occurrence. At least 128 and 465 fungal isolates were recovered from these boxes in 2001 and 2002, respectively, and were classified into 10 taxonomic groups, including Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Botrytis cinerea , Fusarium spp., Mucor spp., Penicillium spp., Rhizoctonia carotae , Rhizopus spp., Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Trichoderma spp. A subsample of 27 putative pathogenic isolates was further tested for the ability to cause disease on carrots and to colonize wood surfaces under growth room and cold storage conditions. Approximately 60% of the taxa growing on wood caused lesions upon contact with intact carrots in cold storage. Isolates of S. sclerotiorum , B. cinerea and R. carotae caused the most severe diseases, developed most extensively on wooden surfaces in cold storage, and represented 12% of the recovered fungi. Isolates of Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Mucor spp., Penicillium spp., Rhizopus spp. and Trichoderma spp. caused negligible or no disease on carrots and represented 88% of recovered fungi. Several of these fungi, however, showed potential to colonize wooden surfaces and cause disease on sliced carrots. This study suggests that pathogenic inocula occurring on used wooden boxes can initiate disease upon contact with healthy carrots and reusing infested boxes can affect carrots in storage.     

荒漠地区鸟类群落结构及多样性分析——以金塔县为例

金塔县位于甘肃省酒泉地区东北部,地处我国西北内陆腹地。2009年6月～10月,对金塔鸟类的种类、数量、分布和生境等进行了多次科学调查。综合文献记载,得知金塔共有鸟类61种,隶14目,28科,46属。其中留鸟11种,夏候鸟37种,旅鸟13种,国家重点保护鸟类8种。鸟类区系以古北界成分为主,占繁殖鸟总数的65.2%;东洋界...     

1983-2003年浑善达克沙地中部沙丘植被在放牧条件下的比较

为了研究长期放牧条件下植被的变化,采用样方调查方法分析了1983-2003年浑善达克沙地中部的沙丘植被在放牧条件下的变化.期间,物种多样性、生物量和盖度在第1个10年缓慢下降,而第2个10年则加速下降,在沙丘阳坡形成了以适口性差的一年生草本植物为主的稀疏植被,阴坡以木本树木为主.且表现为木本植物的降低速度比草本植物慢....     

The occurrence of thiabendazole-resistant isolates of Polyscytalum pustulans and Helminthosporium solani on seed potato tubers in relation to fungicide treatment and storage

Tubers infected with thiabendazole-sensitive isolates of Polyscytalum pustulans and Helminthosporium solani were treated annually for 4 years with benomyl, thiabendazole or a formulated mixture of thiabendazole and imazalil, and grown at three farms in Scotland. The proportion of thiabendazole-resistant isolates of H. solani increased, and isolates producing black colonies became more common with successive annual applications of thiabendazole or benomyl. Silver scurf was not reduced after three annual applications. When these fungicides were applied once to untreated seed the incidence of resistant isolates of H. solani was much less in 1988 than in 1991 when tubers had been grown on farms for 3 years from untreated seed.
The proportion of resistant isolates of P. pustulans increased with the number of successive applications of thiabendazole or benomyl but at differing rates on each farm. At one farm, skin spot was not reduced by three annual applications of these fungicides whereas at the other farms it was reduced by 90–100% by four annual applications.
A smaller proportion of resistant isolates of P. pustulans and H. solani was obtained after applying the mixture of thiabendazole and imazalil than after benomyl or thiabendazole alone. Their occurrence was not related to the number of fungicide applications. The mixture also reduced both diseases by more than 75% over the 4 years.
At one farm where resistant isolates of H. solani were present, tubers were infected when stored on trays but not when stored in bags.     

陕西省畜禽粪便负荷量估算及环境承受程度风险评价

在调查陕西省各地(市)畜禽养殖数量、养殖结构的基础上,通过估算各地(市)畜禽粪便排放量及负荷量,评价了各地(市)畜禽养殖业的发展对环境产生的污染压力,为陕西省畜禽养殖业可持续发展及畜禽粪便环境污染防治提供科学依据。研究结果表明:(1)陕西省畜禽养殖饲养量中,家禽饲养量最大,其次分别为猪和羊。(2)2006—2010年陕西省各类畜禽粪便产生量在年际间波动较大,2008处于低谷,之后又快速增长;按年粪便产生量多少排序,依次为牛猪羊家禽兔。(3)陕西省畜禽粪便农田负荷量总体呈上升的趋势,由2008年的10.78 t·hm-2·a-1上升到2010年的18.4 t·hm-2·a-1,增长了70.7%;禽粪便警报值由2008年的最小值0.36增加到2010年的0.60,从对环境构成污染威胁的程度看,由不构成污染威胁到对环境稍有污染。(4)2010年,陕西省畜禽粪便COD、BOD总产生量分别为121.25万t和104.09万t;与2008年相比,2010年陕西省各类畜禽污染物排放量COD、BOD、NH3-N、总氮,总磷分别增长了73.2%、69.4%、76.7%、72.6%、58.2%;据估算,2010年陕西省畜禽粪便淋溶进入水体的COD、BOD、NH3-N、TN、TP分别达36.38万t、31.23万t、3.44万t、83.4万t、39.85万t。     

三唑磷酶联免疫吸附测定法中包被抗体稳定剂的研究

选择了甘油、山梨醇、聚乙二醇(PEG)、卵清蛋白(OVA)、多肽、糖、氨基酸等试剂,通过经验法和正交法相结合的手段配制了一系列稳定剂,对吸附在酶标板上的三唑磷多克隆抗体进行处理(37℃,1 h)后,再在37℃下连续贮存 7 d,利用直接竞争ELISA法对不同稳定剂处理的包被抗体免疫活性、亲合性及检测灵敏度进行检测,并与未经稳定剂处理的对照进行比较,筛选得到效果较好的稳定剂 1 (质量分数:甘油2.5%,氨基酸1.5%,蛋白胨3.0%,离子螯合剂0.1%,防腐剂0.01%)。用稳定剂 1 处理包被抗体后,4~6℃下保存半年及37℃下保存14 d的试验结果表明,抗体的活性相对保持率分别为97.8%和94.2%;其免疫活性、亲合性(I50分别为68.43和54.38 ng/mL)及灵敏度(I10分别为3.72和 3.22 ng/mL)与常规方法包被的抗体(包被好后不贮存,直接检测,I50为60.73 ng/mL,I10为 3.11 ng/mL)无明显差异;冻融试验表明,经稳定剂 1 处理的三唑磷抗体在反复冻-融次数不超过8次时其活性也是稳定的。说明筛选出的稳定剂可以显著提高三唑磷多克隆包被抗体的稳定性,可用于三唑磷ELISA试剂盒的生产。     

The control of Penicillium corymbiferum on crocus and its effect on corm production

Crocus corms with different amounts of infection by Penicillium corymbiferum were planted in field plots in October 1982 and harvested in the following July. Differences in infection at planting had no effect on the development of the disease on harvested stored corms. Corms with 40–60% surface area infected by P. corymbiferum at planting had a reduced mean weight of harvested corms and yield (kg corms harvested per kg corms planted) compared with corms with 4–10% surface area infected at planting. Dipping corms in benomyl, captafol, tnancozeb or thiram solutions after harvesting failed to control the disease. The severity of disease was increased by damage occurring before storage and was reduced by delaying harvesting.     

短短芽胞杆菌Bb5911的复合诱变及其对香蕉炭疽病的防治作用

为了提高拮抗菌对香蕉炭疽病的抑菌活性并探讨其与化学药剂混用的可行性,本研究采用紫外线-亚硝酸钠复合诱变的方法对短短芽胞杆菌Bb5911进行诱变,并测试了其与咪鲜胺混配对香蕉炭疽病的防治效果。结果表明,最佳诱变条件为在距离20 W紫外灯50 cm下照射15 s,然后经300 mmol/L NaNO₂诱变处理60 min。经过2次复合诱变后得到突变株5B37-3的抑菌活性最强,比出发菌株提高了112.41%。咪鲜胺对突变株5B37-3的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）为20.83 μg/mL。连续转接7次,突变株5B37-3的抑菌活性无明显降低。抑菌谱测试结果表明,突变株5B37-3对13种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性比出发菌株均有提高,提高率18.20%~239.27%。对香蕉炭疽病防治的试验结果表明,突变株5B37-3的防效明显高于出发菌株,最高为66.55%。突变株5B37-3与10.42 μg/mL咪鲜胺溶液复配后,香蕉贮藏15 d,其防治效果为72.76%,与333.33 μg/mL咪鲜胺溶液防效相当;至香蕉贮藏17 d,其防治效果显著低于333.33 μg/mL咪鲜胺溶液。