Status of biological control of the weed,Lantana camara in India

Abstract

A glasshouse study was conducted to determine the effect of shade on the uptake, translocation and activity of paraquat on Mikania micrantha H.B.K. The uptake, translocation and activity of paraquat were significantly enhanced at low light intensity. Placement of plants grown initially under 75% shade and transferred to 0% shade resulted in significantly higher uptake of paraquat than those initially grown under 0% and 50% shade. The uptake and activity of paraquat were also significantly increased when treated plants were placed in darkness. The rate of efflux of paraquat from leaf segments of plants grown in high light intensity was considerably slower than from plants grown in low light intensity.     

Insecticide resistance management of permethrin and acephate against the cowpea curculio,Chalcodermus aeneus Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a pest of the southern pea,Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.

To evaluate strategies for management of potential resistance of the cowpea curculio, Chalcodermus aeneus Boheman, to sprayer‐applied permethrin and acephate, five management regimes were evaluated on early, midseason and late sequential plantings of southern peas, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. during 1991–1993. Management regimes were: (1) consecutive permethrin (0.11 kg a.i./ha early‐midseason‐late); (2) consecutive acephate (1.1 kg a.i.ha early‐midseason‐late); (3) consecutive mixture (0.055kg a.i./ha permethrin and 0.55kg a.i./ha acephate early‐midseason‐late); (4) alternation (0.11 kg a.i./ha permethrin early and 1.1 kg a.i./ha acephate midseason and late plantings); and (5) an untreated check early, midseason and late. The effect of management regime on the toxicities (LC₅₀) of permethrin and acephate was determined by topical application to next generation adult cowpea curculios reared from infested southern pea pods harvested from untreated plants in the management fields. In the field, infestation varied more by planting date than by management regime. Toxicity of permethrin to adults selected in the consecutive mixture regime was significantly lower in 1991 and 1992 late season and in 1993 midseason than in early season for the respective years. There was a seasonal decrease in the laboratory toxicity of acephate to adults with all management regimes.     

Evaluation of chlorfenapyr for control of the bed bug,Cimex lectularius L.

BACKGROUND: The presence of bed bug populations resistant to pyrethroids demands the development of new control tactics, including the use of insecticides with new modes of action. Insecticides that disrupt oxidative phosphorylation in insect mitochondria can be an option. Laboratory assays were used to measure the toxicity of chlorfenapyr to susceptible strains and two strains highly resistant to pyrethroids. The effectiveness of two chlorfenapyr‐based formulations was compared, and behavioral responses of bed bugs to dry residues of aerosol sprays were evaluated. RESULTS: Chlorfenapyr was effective against all bed bug strains, killing them at a similar rate, regardless of their susceptibility status to pyrethroids. Dry residues aged for 4 months were as toxic as fresh dry residues. The aerosol formulation had contact activity and caused faster mortality than a water‐based formulation. Bed bugs did not avoid resting on surfaces treated with aerosol. CONCLUSION: Chlorfenapyr is an option for controlling pyrethroid‐resistant bed bugs. While it does not cause quick knockdown, its long residual activity and no avoidance behavior of bed bugs to dry residues appear to make this insecticide suitable for bed bug control. A faster insecticidal effect is obtained with the aerosol formulation, suggesting greater bioavailablity of the toxicant. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

The Experimental Application of Insecticides from a Helicopter for the Control of Riverine Populations of Glossina tachinoides in West Africa. VI. Observations on Side-Effects

Abstract

The experimental application by helicopter of six insecticides to riverine forest galleries of the Komoe River in Upper Volta against Glossina tachinoides Westw. was monitored for its effects upon non-target organisms, in particular birds, fish, insects and crustaceans inhabiting the experimental area. There was no recognisable mortality associated with applications of these insecticides on birds or fish. Aerosol applications of permethrin and decamethrin produced mortalities in two species of crustacea and very high mortalities occurred from a residual treatment of decamethrin at 12.5 g a.i./ha.     

LED单波长灯对柑橘果园昆虫的诱捕效果

根据不同昆虫对单波长光源趋性的选择性差异, 研究不同单波长灯对柑橘园内不同昆虫的诱捕作用。以19种单波长LED灯为对象, 连续波长LED灯为对照, 在柑橘园内调查诱捕的昆虫种类和数量。结果表明, 昆虫对不同LED单波长灯具有选择性, 375、378、385、393、395、397、401、403、407、411 nm波长灯适宜对鳞翅目昆虫的诱捕; 395 nm和405 nm波长灯适宜对鞘翅目昆虫的诱捕; 385 nm波长灯适宜对半翅目昆虫的诱捕。395 nm和405 nm波长灯分别对鳃金龟科Melolonthidae和丽金龟科Rutelinae昆虫诱捕效果明显。结果显示LED单波长灯在诱捕防治柑橘害虫方面具有应用价值。     

岫岩农业生态环境与农田害虫的生物控制研究初报

岫岩县是辽宁省生态农业建设示范县之一,具有得天独厚的自然资源优势,为害虫的生物控制提供了良好的条件。研究表明,良好的农业生态环境为农田提供了丰富的天敌资源,对一些主要害虫具有明显的自然控制作用;通过补充释放天敌昆虫,对主要害虫取得了较好的防治效果。     

Evaluation of some selective insecticides and their combinations with summer oil for the control of the pear psyllaCacopsylla pyri

A field trial was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of several selective insecticides for the control of pear psyllaCacopsylla pyri (L.) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in two successive years. Three insect growth regulators (IGRs) — diflubenzuron, pyriproxyfen and teflubenzuron, and an amin-hydrazine derivative — amitraz, were evaluated singly and in combination with summer oil (1%). All insecticides were applied at recommended label rates in both years. When compared with the untreated control, all insecticides alone and their combinations with summer oil, except for pyriproxyfen alone, provided control of young (1st and 2nd instars) nymphs. However, combined applications of these insecticides and summer oil were more effective than either insecticide alone for controlling the egg and young nymph stages of the pest. The products were less effective against older (3rd–5th instars) nymphs, even in combination with summer oil, and failed to suppress the population of older nymphs. Adding oil to sprays also delayed oviposition by winterform and summerform females. With the exception of oil with amitraz, combinations of insecticides with summer oil did not cause any phytotoxicity during the study.     

The potential use of allicin as a biopesticide for the control of the house fly,Musca domestica L.

The house fly, Musca domestica L., is a widespread pest of intensively reared livestock, where its presence negatively affects growth and productivity through the irritation their activity causes. Furthermore, adult flies mechanically vector a wide range of animal and human pathogens and, as such, pose a health risk to both livestock and people. The development of resistance in M. domestica populations to most of the insecticides used against them, coupled with diminishing product availability in many regions, means that new fly control methods and materials are constantly required. In the present study, a formulation of allicin, a compound derived from garlic cloves, was evaluated against the eggs, larvae and adults of Musca domestica L.. An in-diet LD₅₀ of 134 ppm against larvae was achieved, whilst marked ovicidal activity was also recorded. Adults were similarly affected when exposed directly and indirectly to surface residues of the compound. The results indicate that allicin exhibits potential to be used against filth flies through incorporation into their developmental substrates and, potentially, for the control of other economically important dipteran pests.     

Evaluation of medium treatments for management of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thripidae: Thysanoptera) and Bradysia coprophila (Diptera: Sciaridae)

Two greenhouse experiments, each comprising two trials, were conducted to evaluate medium drenches of insect growth regulators and conventional insecticides to reduce emergence of adult western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), and fungus gnats, Bradysia coprophila (Lintner) from the medium. In the insect growth regulator trials, diflubenzuron and pyriproxyfen provided the greatest reduction in thrips emergence, and fenoxycarb, pyriproxyfen and azadirachtin resulted in the most significant reduction of fungus gnat emergence. Treatments with the contact insecticides, methiocarb and chlorpyrifos, resulted in the greatest reduction of thrips and fungus gnat populations. These data suggest that fungus gnats are susceptible to many compounds used in commercial greenhouse production. Even though medium drenches are not currently used for thrips management, drenches with diflubenzuron, pyriproxyfen, methiocarb and chlorpyrifos could aid in reducing thrips populations in greenhouse management programs. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Integration of chemical and biological control systems for arthropods: Evaluation in a multitrophic context

The methods used to evaluate and categorise the effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods are reviewed, including the potential significance of indirect, ‘sub-lethal’ activity and the importance of bioavailability of pesticides under semi-field or field conditions. Interspecific and intraspecific differences in the susceptibility of natural enemies (parasitoids and predators) to pesticides are considered, including the use of resistant strains in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) systems. The potential impact of pesticide resistance in the target pest on its natural enemies is also discussed. The need to assess the influence of the host plant/cultivar on the efficacy of pesticides for use in integrated control programmes (ditrophic effects) and of the possible effects of such chemicals on host plant/cultivar-pest-parasitoid systems (tritrophic effects) are then described with specific reference to the diamondback moth and key endolarval parasitoids. Finally, the potential for manipulation of tritrophic interactions to enhance parasitism by application of low doses of toxicants is demonstrated.     

Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and neonicotinoid insecticides on the fungus gnat Bradysia sp nr. coprophila (Lintner) (Diptera: Sciaridae)

The soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. israelensis (Bti), the neonicotinoid insecticides dinotefuran, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and clothianidin and the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen were evaluated to determine their efficacy against the larval stages of the fungus gnat Bradysia sp nr. coprophila (Lintner) in the laboratory. Treatments were applied as a drench to the growing medium in polypropylene deli containers. The Bti treatments had no effect on either instar tested, whereas all the other compounds negatively affected both the second and third instars. This study demonstrates that the soil bacterium B. thuringiensis var. israelensis may not be active on these larval stages, whereas the neonicotinoid insecticides and the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen are effective on these stages. The fact that Bti is not effective on the second and third instars of the fungus gnat means that greenhouse producers using this insecticide must make applications before fungus gnat populations build up and before overlapping generations develop.     

Ecological pest management and control by using allelopathic weeds (Ageratum conyzoides,Ambrosia trifida,and Lantana camara) and their allelochemicals in China

The development of pest management and control is striving toward a future of sustainable agriculture. Weeds cause serious problems in agricultural ecosystems and attempts to control them have met with limited success. However, many weeds are allelopathic; that is, they can produce and release allelochemicals to interact with other plant competitors and to attack microbes or insect and other animal predators. These allelopathic weeds and their allelochemicals may be put into use for ecological pest management and control or employed for other uses. Currently, little attention has been paid to how allelopathic weeds and their allelochemicals potentially can be utilized as an important part of pest management and control in agricultural ecosystems. This review outlines recent research regarding the potential for pest management and control by allelopathic weeds and their allelochemicals by studying the cases of Ageratum conyzoides, Ambrosia trifida, and Lantana camara and provides examples of allelopathic weeds and their allelochemicals that have been incorporated into ecological pest management and control in China.     

我国作物病虫害生物防治研究与应用最新进展

本文总结了近5年来我国在作物病虫害生物防治研究和应用方面的最新进展, 包括作物害虫、病害(真菌、细菌和病毒病)和线虫的生物防治、植物免疫和昆虫性信息素的研究和应用, 以及新方法和新技术在作物病虫控制中的应用。同时, 与国外的研究进展进行了比较, 指出了存在的主要问题、发展趋势与对策建议。     

The use of entomopathogenic fungi for the control of stored-grain insects

The present contribution discusses the recent advances in the biological control of stored-grain insects with entomopathogenic fungi (EF). Thus, the effect of formulated vs. unformulated strains of EF and the effect of combinations of EF with other components, i.e. diatomaceous earths (DEs), chemical insecticides, natural products and natural enemies against stored-product insects are reviewed. Very few formulations of EF strains have been developed and used, of which invert emulsion formulation (water-in-oil type) is considered the most important. A synergistic effect of EF is produced by combining them with DEs, chemical insecticides and natural products but not with natural enemies belonging to arthropods. Moreover, since the action of EF against insect pests in general, and stored-grain insects in particular, is compatible with the food safety and environmental regulations, a good perspective for these biocontrol agents is expected as alternatives to synthetic insecticides. The potential areas of future research on the effective use of EF as biocontrol agents of stored-grain insects and the constraints that are associated with the registration and commercialization of EF as biopesticides under storage conditions are also discussed. Suggestions for the possible ways for implementation of this technology in storage systems are also provided in the present study.     

高温控温处理防治害虫的研究及应用进展

高温控温处理方法具有环境友好、杀虫效率高、无残留等优点,已经用于商品闪热处理、检疫热处理防治害虫。但是高温控温处理可能会存在破坏商品质量,热量分布不均导致热利用效率较低,不能有效杀灭商品以及工厂中的害虫等问题。本文综述了高温控温处理方法在害虫防治中的研究及应用进展,讨论了高温控温处理所面临的问题以及今后发展方向。     

Control of the cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch (Homoptera: Aphididae), in cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.

Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers, is a major dietary staple in tropical Africa where it is most often cultivated. The production is, however, greatly hampered by severe infestation and damage by insect pests including the cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch. The damage and bionomics of the aphid are briefly introduced. Chemical, cultural, physical and biological methods, and use of plant resistance for A. craccivora control in cowpea are reviewed. Finally, prospects for integrated pest management are discussed     

广东为害林药猴耳环的蚧虫(半翅目：蚧次目)种类调查及鉴定

为了明确为害林下药材——猴耳环的蚧虫种类及其发生情况,2017年-2021年对广东省各地野生和栽培的猴耳环进行了蚧虫种类调查、标本采集和鉴定,结果发现为害猴耳环的蚧虫有4科6属9种,经形态鉴定分别为澳洲吹绵蚧Icerya purchasi、黄毛吹绵蚧I.seychellarum、双条拂粉蚧Ferrisia virgata、柑橘堆粉蚧Nipaecoccus viridis、长椭圆软蚧Coccus longulus、南亚蚁软蚧C.formicarii、三列鬃软蚧Trijuba oculata、芒果白轮盾蚧Aulacaspis tubercularis和褐圆金顶盾蚧Chrysomphalus aonidum。这9种蚧虫中除三列鬃软蚧外其余8种均是首次在寄主猴耳环上发现,属于寄主新记录。本文介绍了这些蚧虫的鉴别特征、为害部位、寄主范围,并为猴耳环蚧虫防治提供建议。     

A novel method for molecular targeting of insecticide resistance in Rhopalosiphum padi L. (Homoptera: Aphididae)

The bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) is a devastating cereal pest that develops high resistance to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. Because acetylcholinesterase (ACE) is the target of carbamate and organophosphate insecticides, the resistance mechanism usually involves mutations occurring in ACE-encoding genes, Ace1 and Ace2. Here, we describe a novel polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method for the diagnosis of resistance cases associated with the point mutation F368L in the Ace2 gene. We amplified a 127 bp DNA fragment from Ace2 gene using a modified reverse primer, and digested the amplification product using SmaI endonuclease. This procedure enabled a simple and rapid distinction between resistant and susceptible genotypes for F368L mutation. Subsequently, we screened 152 R. padi samples, and found that F368L mutation occurred at low frequency, in both the homozygous (R/R) and heterozygous (R/S) states. Based upon the results of this study, we believe that molecular diagnosis of insecticide resistance should be generalized to genes and mutations involved in this process, toward an optimal accuracy of insecticide applications.