有效防治蛴螬的昆虫病原线虫鉴定及其生物学特性

为筛选出对华北地区蛴螬具有较强致病力的昆虫病原线虫,从河北省采集的30份土样中分离线虫,通过形态学和分子生物学方法进行鉴定,分析其生物学特性,并测定线虫对该地区3种蛴螬的致病力。结果表明,经鉴定所分离的昆虫病原线虫为樱桃异小杆线虫Heterorhabditis beicherriana的1个品系,将其命名为LF品系;该线虫具有较强的耐高温能力,38℃水浴12 h后存活率达28.4%;具有较好的耐干燥能力,相对湿度50.5%处理9 h后存活率可达80.0%,在此条件下仍然具有较强的侵染能力,可使大蜡螟Galleria mellonella在72 h内全部死亡;具有较强的水平运动能力,30℃处理24 h后有42.2%的个体迁移到3.6 cm外培养皿圆孔处。该线虫对蛴螬具有较强的致病力,室内试验中,在200 IJs/头剂量下对华北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia oblita、暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallela和铜绿丽金龟Anomala corpulenta幼虫处理7 d后,3种幼虫1龄末期幼虫死亡率均可达70.0%以上;室外盆栽试验中,5 000 IJs/盆剂量下处理7 d后,3种幼虫2龄中期幼虫死亡率均达到了80.0%以上。表明樱桃异小杆线虫LF品系对华北地区蛴螬类地下害虫生防潜能巨大。     

花生田蛴螬暴发原因分析及防治对策探讨

蛴螬是豫北地区花生田的主要地下害虫之一。在明确豫北地区花生田蛴螬发生种类和为害特点的基础上,探讨了作物品种布局的改变、大面积秸秆还田和施用未腐熟的有机肥、土壤药剂处理面积的减少、气候条件的变化及农民防治时间的滞后等因素对蛴螬暴发的影响,提出了加强农业防治、人工物理防治以及应用吡虫啉、米乐尔、毒死蜱等新农药进行大田防治的对策。     

建立土蜂资源保护区控制蛴螬为害

1997～2001年,在山东省莱阳市、海阳市和日照市建立土蜂保护区3处,设定土蜂、蛴螬观察点9个,相同类型的对照区3个。在保护区内实行禁止施用农药、种植蜜源植物、人为储存蜂茧越冬等对土蜂资源的各项保护措施。研究表明,保护区对土蜂起到了显著的保护作用。保护区内的农田土蜂成虫数量由平均0.23头/100网升至3.62头/100网,土蜂茧数量由0.35粒/m2升至1.46粒/m2,土蜂对蛴螬的寄生率也有显著提高,蛴螬数量由3.74头/m2降至0.62头/m2。     

Neonicotinoid insecticides alter diapause behavior and survival of overwintering white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

The chloronicotinyl, imidacloprid, and the thianicotinyl, thiamethoxam, are effective insecticides against white grubs when applied as preventative treatments during or immediately after egg laying. Their efficacy sharply declines when the grubs reach late-instar stage. As both imidacloprid and thiamethoxam act on post-synaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and modify insect behavior, we hypothesized that the two compounds will interfere with overwintering behavior of scarabs, thus reducing their ecological fitness and exposing them to increased winter mortality. We tested this hypothesis by applying the two compounds curatively against late second-instar and early third-instar Popillia japonica and Cyclocephala borealis grubs in turfgrass. Imidacloprid provided control of P japonica equivalent to the most widely used curative organophosphate, trichlorfon, by 14 days after treatment, but thiamethoxam had no affect. In contrast, both imidacloprid and thiamethoxam caused significant reductions in C borealis populations. Both insecticides altered the overwintering behavior of P japonica by significantly reducing the normal downward movement of grubs in October. Halofenozide, an ecdysone agonist, also caused rapid mortality of the late second-instar C borealis equivalent to trichlorfon, but had no affect on P japonica. In another experiment on a site naturally infested with entomopathogenic nematodes, the exclusive treatment of third-instar P japonica with imidacloprid resulted in no significant mortality in the autumn (up to 15 days after treatment), but caused a significant reduction in the survival of overwintered grubs. There was an increase in the numbers of grubs infected with nematodes in the imidacloprid and trichlorfon treatments compared with control, but these differences were significant only for trichlorfon. These results indicate that imidacloprid can effectively control late second-instars of both P japonca and C borealis and can significantly reduce survival of overwintered third-instar P japonica by altering their normal overwintering behavior.     

布氏白僵菌防治蔗田蛴螬的初步研究

采用甘蔗蛴螬残留虫口数和蔗根受害率的相对防效为指标,从蛴螬和甘蔗两个角度评价布氏白僵菌［Beauveria brongniartii (Sacc.) Petch］对甘蔗蛴螬的防治效果。结果表明,5月底6月初结合甘蔗大培土,布氏白僵菌粉剂单一施用及其与3.6%杀虫双颗粒剂混合施用,均可不同程度降低蔗田蛴螬虫量和蔗根受害率。布氏白僵菌粉剂单一施用时,以30.00 kg/hm2制剂用量的防效为最高,蔗田蛴螬残留虫口数和蔗根受害率的相对防效分别为67.27%和74.56%。两剂混合施用相对防效分别为74.55%～85.45%和78.18%～85.94%,其中以剂量为（22.50+45.00）kg/hm2的布氏白僵菌粉剂+3.6%杀虫双颗粒剂混合施用较为理想。     

The complex symbiotic relationships of bark beetles with microorganisms: a potential practical approach for biological control in forestry

Bark beetles, especially Dendroctonus species, are considered to be serious pests of the coniferous forests in North America. Bark beetle forest pests undergo population eruptions, causing region wide economic losses. In order to save forests, finding new and innovative environmentally friendly approaches in wood-boring insect pest management is more important than ever. Several biological control methods have been attempted over time to limit the damage and spreading of bark beetle epidemics. The use of entomopathogenic microorganisms against bark beetle populations is an attractive alternative tool for many biological control programmes in forestry. However, the effectiveness of these biological control agents is strongly affected by environmental factors, as well as by the susceptibility of the insect host. Bark beetle susceptibility to entomopathogens varies greatly between species. According to recent literature, bark beetles are engaged in symbiotic relationships with fungi and bacteria. These types of relationship are very complex and apparently involved in bark beetle defensive mechanisms against pathogens. The latest scientific discoveries in multipartite symbiosis have unravelled unexpected opportunities in bark beetle pest management, which are discussed in this article.     

Laboratory and field investigations using indigenous entomopathogenic nematodes for biological control of Plutella xylostella in Kenya

This study was undertaken to determine the potential utility of entomopathogenic nematodes for management of diamondback moth (DBM) larvae in Kenya. Five Kenyan EPN isolates, Heterorhabditis indica, Steinernema karii, Steinernema weiseri, Steinernema sp. and Heterorhabditis taysearae were tested for their ability to penetrate DBM and their speed of kill (LT₅₀). Heterorhabditis indica and S. weiseri were found to have the quickest rate of kill and S. weiseri was found to have the largest proportion of nematodes penetrating. Three of the isolates, Steinernema sp. (95), S. weiseri and H. indica, were used in a field experiment to test their ability to reduce DBM populations and damage to kale. All three nematodes caused significant reductions in populations of DBM and DBM damage, with the population reductions being similar to those caused by application of Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki. This study shows that EPNs have great potential that should be exploited in the management of DBM in Kenya.     

Early timing and new combinations to increase the efficacy of neonicotinoid-entomopathogenic nematode (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) combinations against white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

BACKGROUND: An investigation was carried out to determine whether new neonicotinoid-nematode combinations and earlier applications against younger larval stages could increase the efficacy of synergistic neonicotinoid-entomopathogenic nematode combinations against white grubs. RESULTS: In the laboratory, combinations of the neonicotinoids imidacloprid and clothianidin and the nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar and H. zealandica Poinar against third instars were compared. In Anomala orientalis (Waterhouse) and Popillia japonica Newman, H. bacteriophora-imidacloprid combinations showed the most consistent synergism but did not cause significantly higher mortality than H. zealandica-imidacloprid combinations. In Cyclocephala borealis Arrow, there was no clear trend as to which combinations caused the most consistent synergism, but H. zealandica-imidacloprid combinations tended to cause the highest mortalities. In the laboratory, imidacloprid-H. bacteriophora combinations provided more consistent synergism against third-instar than against second-instar A. orientalis, but mortality was higher in second instars. In field experiments, imidacloprid-H. bacteriophora combinations against A. orientalis and P. japonica provided more consistent synergism when applied in mid-September but more consistent control when applied in late August. CONCLUSIONS: Imidacloprid is a better synergist for entomopathogenic nematodes than clothianidin. Imidacloprid-nematode combinations are more effective against second instars than against third instars, allowing rate reductions of both agents to make this approach more competitive with full-rate applications of neonicotinoid alone.     

蛴螬感染嗜菌异小杆线虫后酶活性和能源物质含量变化

为探究昆虫病原线虫对蛴螬的致病机理,测定了蛴螬感染嗜菌异小杆线虫沧州品系 Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Cangzhou strain后其酚氧化酶（PO）、羧酸酯酶（CarE）活性以及血淋巴蛋白、海藻糖含量的变化。结果表明,线虫侵染后蛴螬 PO 和 CarE 活性大致表现出“升高-峰值-下降”的变化过程,华北大黑鳃金龟 Holotrichia oblita Faldermann、暗黑鳃金龟 H. parallela Motschulsky 和铜绿丽金龟 Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky 3种金龟子2龄幼虫PO活性分别在24、12、36 h达到最大并显著高于对照,CarE活性则分别在48、36、48 h达到最大且显著高于对照。注射线虫悬浮液至铜绿丽金龟3龄幼虫血腔后20 h,血淋巴蛋白含量最高且显著高于对照,28 h含量最低且显著低于对照;海藻糖含量在注射后20 h达到最高但与对照差异不显著,28 h含量最低且显著低于对照。两种酶活性以及能源物质含量的变化,表明嗜菌异小杆线虫入侵对蛴螬免疫系统和代谢过程产生了一定影响,也为揭示昆虫病原线虫对蛴螬的致病机理提供了一定的试验数据。     

金龟子绿僵菌CQMa128新制剂对花生蛴螬的田间防控效果

为明确金龟子绿僵菌CQMa128微粒剂和乳粉剂对花生蛴螬的田间防治效果,设计随机区组小区试验,采用绿僵菌微粒剂在花生播种期防治上一年的3龄蛴螬老熟幼虫;采用绿僵菌乳粉剂在花生幼果期防治当年的1～2龄蛴螬.同期调查绿僵菌新制剂的施用对蛴螬主要天敌臀钩土蜂的影响.金龟子绿僵菌CQMa128微粒剂(最适剂量375 kg/hm2)施药后30～40 d,平均校正防效为75.58％～80.03％;金龟子绿僵菌CQMa128乳粉剂(最适剂量7.5 kg/hm2)施药后15～20 d,平均校正防效为77.59％～86.46％.花生果荚收获期平均保果率达85.76％～87.13％,花生果荚鲜重平均增产量达832.5～916.4kg/hm2,控害保产效果显著.且绿僵菌新制剂的施用对臀钩土蜂的存活未见有明显不良影响.表明金龟子绿僵菌CQMa128新制剂能够时田间花生蛴螬进行持续有效的防控.     

Prospects for the use of biological control agents against Anoplophora in Europe

This review summarises the literature on the biological control of Anoplophora spp. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and discusses its potential for use in Europe. Entomopathogenic fungi: Beauveria brongniartii Petch (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) has already been developed into a commercial product in Japan, and fungal infection results in high mortality rates. Parasitic nematodes: Steinernema feltiae Filipjev (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser have potential for use as biopesticides as an alternative to chemical treatments. Parasitoids: a parasitoid of Anoplophora chinensis Forster, Aprostocetus anoplophorae Delvare (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), was discovered in Italy in 2002 and has been shown to be capable of parasitising up to 72% of A. chinensis eggs; some native European parasitoid species (e.g. Spathius erythrocephalus) also have potential to be used as biological control agents. Predators: two woodpecker (Piciformis: Picidae) species that are native to Europe, Dendrocopos major Beicki and Picus canus Gmelin, have been shown to be effective at controlling Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky in Chinese forests. The removal and destruction of infested and potentially infested trees is the main eradication strategy for Anoplophora spp. in Europe, but biological control agents could be used in the future to complement other management strategies, especially in locations where eradication is no longer possible. © 2014 Crown copyright. Pest Management Science © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry     

Selection of fungal biological control agents of Sclerotium cepivorum for control of white rot by sclerotial degradation in a UK soil

A range of fungal isolates was tested in a three-stage screening system for their ability to degrade sclerotia of Sclerotium cepivorum on agar and in soil, and to reduce white rot disease on onion seedlings. Biological control agents (BCAs) were identified that could degrade up to 60% of sclerotia in soil and significantly reduce white rot disease on onion seedlings. The efficacy of the BCAs was enhanced when applied as wheat bran cultures compared with spore suspensions, and two of the best BCAs from the screening procedures were both identified as Trichoderma viride (L4, S17A). When L4 and S17A were fluid-drilled in guar gum with bulb onion seed in the field white rot symptoms were significantly reduced, but stem base applications applied mid-season had little effect. The strategy of selecting and using BCAs that degrade sclerotia of S. cepivorum and integration with other control methods is discussed.     

昆虫病原线虫共生菌YL001细胞内代谢产物抑菌作用研究初报

以生物活性跟踪法测定了菌株代号为YL001的昆虫病原线虫共生菌Xenorhabdus nematophilus细胞内代谢产物的不同溶剂提取物及其不同馏分的抑菌活性。结果表明,YL001细胞内代谢产物的乙醇提取物和甲醇提取物的抑菌活性均高于石油醚提取物、乙酸乙酯提取物和正丁醇提取物,前两种提取物对番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea和辣椒疫霉病菌Phytophthora capsici的72 h菌丝生长抑制作用最强,在0.4 mol/mL浓度时抑制率均达100％。乙醇提取物经硅胶柱层析分离,洗出液合并后收集得到8个馏分。测定了各馏分对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用,结果表明:馏分F6的抑菌活性最高,在0.5 mol/mL浓度时,96 h的菌丝生长抑制率可达96.09%;提取物的活性段主要集中在馏分F6、F7和F8。活体组织法测定结果表明,其乙醇提取物在10 mg/mL的剂量下对番茄灰霉病的保护效果为64.81%,治疗效果为62.03%。     

我国作物病虫害生物防治研究与应用最新进展

本文总结了近5年来我国在作物病虫害生物防治研究和应用方面的最新进展, 包括作物害虫、病害(真菌、细菌和病毒病)和线虫的生物防治、植物免疫和昆虫性信息素的研究和应用, 以及新方法和新技术在作物病虫控制中的应用。同时, 与国外的研究进展进行了比较, 指出了存在的主要问题、发展趋势与对策建议。     

Prospects for the biological control of Tuta absoluta in tomatoes of the Mediterranean basin

Since its detection in the Mediterranean basin at the end of 2006 and later in other European countries, the South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), has become a serious threat to tomato crops. In newly infested areas, it is especially problematic during the first years of its presence. Nevertheless, after 2–3 years, the incidence of T. absoluta has become less severe in certain areas. There are several factors contributing to this decline, such as the increase in growers' knowledge of pest behaviour and biology and the correct application of integrated pest control strategies. The impact of opportunistic native natural enemies (fortuitous biological control) should be considered as one of the key factors in this decline. In this review, available information on indigenous natural enemies is updated, and the current pest management approaches used against T. absoluta are addressed. Finally, future scenarios for biological control of this pest are discussed. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry