Host specificity of Fusarium oxysporum Schlect (isolate PSM 197), a potential mycoherbicide for controlling Striga spp. in West Africa

The ability of Fusarium oxysporum (PSM 197), a potential mycoherbicide for control of Striga hermonthica, to control different Striga species (S. hermonthica, S. asiatica and S. gesneroides) and another parasitic weed, Alectra vogelli, was investigated under glasshouse conditions. Significant reductions in the total number of emerged plants of S. asiatica (91.3%), S. gesneroides (81.8%) and S. hermonthica (94.3%) were achieved in the presence of F. oxysporum (PSM 197). The pathogen only caused a reduction of 8.5% in A. vogelli. This high susceptibility of the three Striga species provides a possible opportunity to control these parasites simultaneously with this mycoherbicide.     

Investigations on the Biological Control of Some Insect Pests in Bolivia

Abstract

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of organic amendments and captafol on the parasitic potential of Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson against Meloidogyne incognita in sterile field soil. Tomato cv. Moneymaker plants were used as a host. Organic matter from Tagetes minuta L., Ricinus communis L. and Datura strammonium L. stimulated egg parasitism, while the fungicide captafol inhibited it. Galling intensity and the population of juveniles were significantly lower in soils amended with organic matter. However, no significant differences were detected among the different organic additives. The amended soils supported plants with significantly heavier shoots and roots. The implications of these results on the management of root‐knot nematodes are discussed.     

栽培食用菌害虫生物防治技术研究与应用

利用无害化技术控制栽培食用菌害虫是当前食用菌安全生产亟待解决的问题之一。作者查阅了近20年来栽培食用菌主要害虫生物防治技术研究与应用文献,归纳报道较多的、作者认为有可能成为生产应用的技术成果,并就本研究组的研究结果和对已有生防技术优缺点的认识,提出在我国开展栽培食用菌主要害虫生物防治技术研究与应用的建议。     

Economically Important Leatherjackets of Grassland and Cereals: Biology, Impact and Control

Despite the large number of cranefly species only two have been convincingly associated with crop damage. The larvae of Tipula paludosa are commonly found as pests in both grassland and spring cereals whereas those of T. oleracea are only established as pests of winter cereals following crops of oilseed rape in the rotation. The latter, however, is probably the species involved in opportunistic situations involving various minor crops. These epidemiological contrasts are attributable to differences in the morphology and behaviour of the adults of the two species in relation to crop rotations. Larvae are sufficiently similar as to cause confusion in identification and this has hampered development of a clear picture of the ecology of the two species. Little is known about the distribution of T. oleracea larvae but T. paludosa larvae are largely regulated by climatic factors, especially rainfall, although the operation of these varies across the distribution range. Many natural enemies have been identified but a commercially viable control method using them has not yet been developed for either species. Control of T. paludosa is relatively easy using broad-spectrum insecticides but inconsistent kills have been observed with winter pesticide applications against T. oleracea. Determination of those fields requiring applications in advance of the damage remains the major problem, especially in grassland and winter cereals, to be resolved for the management of leatherjacket pests.     

吴茱萸病虫害防治研究进展

概述了吴茱萸主要病虫害种类,介绍其了预测预报、农业防治、物理防治、化学防治等防治方法,并提出了生物防治技术和基因工程技术在其病虫害研究中的应用前景.     

菌物在害虫、植病和杂草治理中的现状和未来

综述了利用菌物防治害虫、植病和杂草的现状,以及未来发展的方向     

生物多样性在害虫控制中的生态功能与机理

生态学的有害生物治（EBPM）或生态管理（EPM）是新世纪农业有害生物防治的新对策。应用系统工程的原理和方法改变农田生态系统生物多样性,进行害虫生态控制将越来越受到人们的重视。通过农田生态系统生物多样性、调节农田生态系统多样性对天敌和害虫的影响以及生物多样性控制害虫的机制及生物多样性在害虫生态控制中的利用前景4个方面,论述农田生态系统生物多样性在害虫控制中的生态功能与机理。     

Insect Growth Regulators and their Potential in the Management of Stored-product Insect Pests

Concern about the impact of pesticides on both health and environment has resulted in the search for alternative control measures for stored-product insect pest. Amongst such alternatives are insect growth regulators (IGRs), a class of biorational compounds that disrupt the normal development of insects. Because of their selectivity of action, these compounds appear to fit the requirements for Third Generation Pesticides, environmentally benign and safer grain protectants. IGRs have been developed commercially and are being used to control insect pests in agriculture, forestry, public health and stored products. IGRs affect the biology of treated insects, for example, both embryonic and post-embryonic development, reproduction, behaviour and mortality. Abnormal morphogenesis is the observed effect of IGR action on the insects. Many of them are more potent than current insecticides, even against the eggs.Compared with the conventional insecticides, IGRs do not exhibit quick knock-down in insects or cause mortality, but the long-term exposure to these compounds largely stops the population growth, as a result of the effects mentioned in both the parents and progeny.The present paper focuses on the previous works on different IGRs available commercially. Also, their possible role in the management of stored-product insect pests has been discussed.     

人工移植索线虫怀卵雌虫防治玉米害虫

利用人工移植索线虫怀卵雌虫进行了防治玉米害虫的试验。1999年4月下旬向供试区每m^2移植咸阳多索线虫和地老虎六索线虫的怀卵雌虫各两条，5月份小区内索线虫对小地老虎的感染率达16．1％；6月份索线虫对黄胫小车蝗、短额负蝗、中华蚱蜢的感染率分别为10．7％、10．3％、12．9％和8．9％；8月下旬至9月初仍可见上述4种蝗虫以及长翅素木蝗和疣蝗被感染，感染率分别为10．9％、18．1％、17．0％、21．0％、22．2％和33．3％。11月底在试验区挖土调查，发现土壤中有索线虫33．3条／m^3，说明索线虫已开始在试验区孳生定居。     

苹果主要病虫害全程生物农药防控效果

为研究苹果主要病虫害全程生物农药防控效果,2020、2021年在苹果休眠期使用石硫合剂和腐殖酸铜,在生长期选择多种生物农药,包括苦参碱、中生菌素、多抗霉素、大黄素甲醚、枯草芽胞杆菌、苏云金芽胞杆菌和鱼藤酮等,监测了苹果斑点落叶病、褐斑病、苹果黄蚜和苹果小卷叶蛾的发生与为害。结果显示,2020年全程喷施生物农药对苹果斑点落叶病、褐斑病、苹果黄蚜和苹果小卷叶蛾的防治效果最低值分别为82.08%、80.07%、86.04%和86.77%;2021年则分别为87.90%、86.90%、89.67%和88.25%,均接近于化学农药为主的防控区。同时,生物农药防控区未出现任何药害。研究表明苹果全生育期喷施生物农药,可有效控制苹果主要病虫害,对苹果园化学农药减施增效具有重要指导意义。     

生物农药在我国小麦病虫害防治中的登记情况、研究现状及发展建议

本文对我国当前小麦病虫害防治药剂中的生物农药登记情况进行了总结,综述了未登记品种在小麦上的研究现状,并提出发展建议。     

抗虫棉棉田害虫发生特点及防治对策

近几年 ,转Ｂ .ｔ.基因抗虫棉 (下称抗虫棉 )在临清市得到了大面积推广。主要品种为新棉 33Ｂ、荷棉 3号。由于抗棉铃虫效果好 ,缓解了棉铃虫防治的压力 ,减少了防治成本和农药的使用量。但由于抗虫棉的大面积推广种植 ,使棉田生态环境发生了很大变化 ,这势必引起害虫种群及为害程度的变化。为此 ,从 1 997年开始 ,我们对抗虫棉棉田害虫的发生情况进行了大量的调查研究 ,初步掌握了抗虫棉棉田害虫的动态变化规律 ,为综合防治提供了理论依据。现简要报道如下 :1　抗虫棉棉田害虫的发生特点1 .1　抗虫棉对棉铃虫、玉米螟等鳞翅目害虫表现出突…     

神农架林区马铃薯病虫草害发生及无公害防治措施

神农架林区地处鄂西北山区,是大巴山东延余脉。山体由南向北逐渐降低,气温偏凉多雨,夏无酷热,适宜马铃薯生长。农民习惯于早春播种,初夏收获。退耕还林后全区总耕地面积近7000hm2,其中马铃薯种植面积2000hm2以上,是林区主要的夏粮作物,也是重要的蔬菜品种,种植品种主要是米拉、鄂马铃薯3号、“红眉眼”、“大红袍”等,667m2产1000～2500kg。     

河南省粮食作物重大病虫发生趋势及防治对策

1改革开放以来病虫害防治在粮食生产的作用改革开放以来,我省病虫害防治工作取得了很大成绩,对粮食增产的科技贡献率随着生产水平的不断提高和防治技术的普及推广明显增加。     

叙永县水稻重大病虫害组合用药技术示范效果初报

为了保证对农田生态和稻米食用安全,降低用药成本,2011年在叙永县实施了水稻重大病虫害组合用药技术示范。示范结果表明:在水稻分蘖末期施用拜耳组合药剂氟虫双酰胺.阿维菌素100克/升悬浮剂30mL/667m2+肟菌.戊唑醇75%水分散粒剂10g/667m2、孕穗末期施用拜耳组合药剂吡虫啉70%水分散粒剂4g/667m2+肟菌.戊唑醇75%水分散粒剂15g/667m2,对水稻重大病虫害(二化螟、稻纵卷叶螟、白背飞虱、稻瘟病、纹枯病)防效表现较好,平均防效可达88.76%。该组合药剂高效低毒,可以在叙永县作为防治水稻重大病虫害药剂推广应用。     

天敌动物对害虫控制作用的评估方法及其应用策略

客观评估天敌动物的控害作用是害虫生物防治研究和实践的重要一环。评估方法可概括为田间系统调查及相关分析、直接观察法、食痕法及标记法、天敌排除或添加法、实验种群观察法、生命表分析法。文中对这些方法及其最新进展做一简介 ,提出选用方法的基本策略。     

美国杂交杏李园主要害虫和天敌的生态位

美国杂交杏李园害虫中桃蚜[Myzus persicae(Sulzer)]与山楂叶螨(Tetranychus viennensis Zacher)的生态位宽度较宽,占据空间较大,为害虫优势种群,在空间维度上害虫之间存在较大竞争;大草蛉(Chrysopa septempenctata Wesmael)在各期的生态位宽度最大,说明大草蛉是重要的优势天敌,且天敌与主要害虫在空间上相遇机率较大;天敌之间生态位重叠指数较高,表明主要天敌之间存在明显的相互竞争关系;美国杂交杏李园天敌对主要害虫在时间维度上有较强的追随效应和控制作用。     

Factors in the Success and Failure of Microbial Controlagents for Soil Dwelling Pests

The soil, being rich in microbes, should be an ideal environment in which to practise microbial control of insect pests, but relatively few organisms have been developed into successful microbial control agents for soil pests. Difficulty arises in implementation of microbial control, as the soil is a highly complex, competitive environment where survival of applied microbes is by no means assured. In addition, soil dwelling pests appear to show a high level of resistance to broad spectrum pathogens and microbial toxins. However, some significant successes have been achieved with bacteria, fungi and nematodes for control of a range of soil inhabiting pest species. The successful microbial controls are based on highly specific microbial/insect interactions where co-evolved pathogens can overcome the host's defences. These agents also have the ability to persist in the soil, either through the inherent stability of the organism or from recycling through the host population. While strain selection for high levels of pathogenicity and environmental competence is the essential first step in microbial control of soil dwelling pests, it must be followed by development of efficient production systems and quality control measures to ensure application of standardised, high quality products. Success in microbial control of soil dwelling pests depends on an appropriate combination of these factors, with failure likely to occur if any one of these essential components is overlooked.     

稻鸭共育对稻田杂草和病虫害的生物防治效应

本文研究稻田全天放鸭对水稻病、虫、杂草的防治效果。试验结果表明,稻鸭共育后12和42d,共育田水稻基部飞虱、叶蝉的总量比不养鸭稻田平均减少63．8％和77．3％;稻鸭共育后10和40d,共育田杂草比不养鸭稻田平均减少50．6％和94．2％;分蘖高峰期和齐穗期的纹枯病病情指数,稻鸭共育田比不养鸭稻田分别低67．1％和52．5％。另外,稻鸭共育田的害虫天敌蜘蛛数量明显增加,比常规种稻田多1．66～2．61倍,这也显著改善了稻田的生态环境,抑制了水稻害虫的危害。