The dimpling bug,Campylomma austrina Malipatil (Hemiptera: Miridae): the damage and its relationship with ants in mango orchards in the Northern Territory of Australia

The dimpling bug, Campylomma austrina Malipatil, has been recognised since 2002 as a serious mango pest in the Northern Territory, Australia. To fully understand the damage the bug causes and its relationship with ants, field experiments were conducted in five mango orchards in the Darwin area from 2001 to 2003 along with laboratory rearing trials. The latter revealed that the dimpling bug sucked sap mainly from the ovary of the flowers. As the ovary ripened, each puncture resulted in a black pimple on the skin of the marble-sized fruit (<5 mm in diameter). All of the most heavily damaged marble-sized fruits (>10 pimples/fruitlet) dropped from the trees. A field survey and field experiments showed that marble-sized fruit damage levels on trees bearing abundant weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius, were similar to those protected by chemical insecticides, however both suffered less damage than trees bearing fewer or no weaver ants or black ants, Iridomyrmex sp. We propose that the weaver ant is an efficient bio-control agent of the dimpling bug, and to limit the bug damage, high levels of weaver ant populations are required in mango orchards.     

Determination and management of weaver ant,Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), marks on mango fruit in the Northern Territory of Australia

Weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius), can be used to manage insect pests in mango orchards in the Northern Territory of Australia, but previously unidentified black marks on fruit can reduce fruit marketability. To determine the cause of the marks, and to reduce the number of fruits by such marks, field experiments were conducted in three mango orchards in the Darwin area of Australia in 2001 and 2002. The results from netting bag-rearing showed that the black marks on fruit were due to the deposition of weaver ant formic acid, and fighting between weaver ant colonies was the major cause of the deposition. In treatments without isolation of weaver ant colonies, an average of 4.8% of fruits with the ant marks were downgraded, and this damage level was reduced to 2.1% in treatments with isolation of weaver ant colonies. Because of weaver ant foraging behaviour, this small proportion of downgraded fruits was unavoidable, but the benefits of the ants as biocontrol agents against a range of pests outweighs the cost of the damage the ants cause.     

A comparison of the effects of the nematodes Radopholus similis and Pratylenchus goodeyi on growth,root health and yield of an East African highland cooking banana (Musa AAA-group)

We combined two protein-marking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) with a predator gut content ELISA to monitor the movement and feeding activity of commercially-purchased Hippodamia convergens Guèrin-Mèneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) under realistic field conditions during two field seasons in central Arizona. The protein-marking ELISAs were used to differentiate released H. convergens from the native beetles. Commercially purchased beetles marked with rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) were released into cotton fields and chicken IgG marked beetles were released into adjacent cantaloupe fields. Results showed that the total native beetle abundance in each crop was about the same size. The recovery rates after 15 days for the released beetles were less than 1.0% over all the releases, indicating that they dispersed readily from the release site. Of the recaptured beetles containing rabbit IgG (cotton), 82.2% were recovered in cotton and 11.8% moved to cantaloupe. Of those containing chicken IgG (cantaloupe), 66.5% were recovered in cantaloupe and 33.5% moved to cotton. A predator gut content ELISA was used to determine if there were differences in the frequency of predation of released versus indigenous H. convergens on the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows &; Perring (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). The proportion of beetles containing whitefly antigens was always higher for the released beetles than for their native counterparts. Our results demonstrate an approach to combine protein marking and predator gut content ELISAs that allows the simultaneous comparison of feeding and intercrop movement of native and commercially-obtained biological control agents.     

黄猄蚁史料及其用于柑桔害虫防治的研究

黄蚁是柑桔害虫的重要天敌。 1 70 0年前我国就开始利用其防治害虫 ,是世界上生物防治最古老的实例。本文简述我国利用该天敌的早期文献 ,以及其生物学和防治害虫技术的研究结果。     

Implications of on-farm research for local knowledge related to fruit flies and the weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda in mango production

We interviewed half of the mango-growers in northern Benin, including 15 farmers involved in a regional fruit fly project, and held focus group discussions with women fruit-pickers. They were asked about pest management and their knowledge of a weaver ant, Oecophylla longinoda. All considered low yields due to fruit flies to be the principal constraint upon mango production, estimating economic losses to be between 20 and 45%. None could recognize damage during the first 2 days after fruit fly egg deposition. On-farm research persuaded farmers to stop using insecticides and it also changed negative perceptions of Oecophylla. Over 80% of the farmers involved in on-farm research, compared to 25% of those not involved, reported Oecophylla to be beneficial. All fruit-pickers knew that ants protected mango from fruit flies, with 60% attributing better mango quality in terms of appearance, shelf-life and sweetness to the presence of Oecophylla. Nevertheless, 40% of the pickers still considered weaver ants a nuisance pest during harvest. Ways of reducing this nuisance need to be developed for Oecophylla to gain wider acceptance by mango-growers.     

昆明市白车轴草上蓟马种群动态调查

对昆明市白车轴草上蓟马种类及其周年种群动态进行了调查。白车轴草上蓟马主要有西花蓟马(Fran-kliniella occidentalis)、丽花蓟马(F.intonsa)、八节黄蓟马(Thrips flavidulus)、端大蓟马(Megalurothrips distalis)、稻单管蓟马(Haplothrips aculeatus)和烟蓟马(T.tabaci),有时会出现黄胸蓟马(T.hawaiiensis)、玉米黄呆蓟马(Anaphothrips obscurus)、苏丹呆蓟马(A.sudanensis)和云南纹蓟马(Aeolothrips yunnanensis)。本文分析了前6种蓟马的周年种群动态,重点阐述了外来有害生物西花蓟马,该虫主要在3~6月发生,是此期间白车轴草上的蓟马优势种。     

桃小食心虫成虫种群动态监测与防治指标

为明确桃小食心虫Carposina sasakii Matsumura成虫的种群动态变化,2002—2014年在陕西省礼泉县当地具有代表性的苹果园中,采用性诱剂诱捕器对桃小食心虫成虫的种群动态进行系统监测,并于2010年和2011年的7—8月桃小食心虫成虫盛发期,系统调查了成虫发生量与苹果着卵量的关系,建立基于性诱剂监测的桃小食心虫成虫防治指标。结果显示,苹果园桃小食心虫成虫的种群动态、始见期和终见期在年度之间差异很大,每年主要集中在6—8月发生;桃小食心虫成虫每年出现多次无规律的高峰,但第1代成虫高峰期发生的早晚与越冬代成虫高峰期出现的早晚有密切联系,即越冬代成虫高峰期出现早,则第1代成虫高峰期出现也就相对较早,且越冬代成虫发生量明显多于第1代成虫。性诱剂诱捕的成虫与卵果率之间呈极显著的对数关系,当以卵果率1%或2%为防治指标时,性诱剂诱捕器诱蛾量为8.3头/诱捕器·日或30.0头/诱捕器·日。     

南方小花蝽和黄蓟马的种群动态及捕食功能反应

为明确南方小花蝽和黄蓟马在冬季蚕豆植株上的发生情况及南方小花蝽对黄蓟马的室内捕食控害能力,本试验采用五点取样盘拍法调查了蚕豆植株上黄蓟马及其天敌南方小花蝽的种群密度;在实验室内用捕食功能反应法研究了南方小花蝽雌成虫对黄蓟马成虫和2龄若虫的捕食功能、寻找效应及其自身密度对捕食黄蓟马的干扰反应.结果表明:黄蓟马在3月初达种...     

Population dynamics of Apodemus agrarius Pallas and its economic threshold in the paddy region

Abstract

Investigations were conducted in the double or middle season paddy regions from 1988 to 1990; main results showed that the population of Apodemus agrarius reached maximal reproductive rate between April and May, and between September and October each year. Their maximal population size occurred in July and between October and November each year. At different stages of the rice, mouse density (X) was significantly related to loss rate of the rice (Y). Studies on imitation mouse damage on rice indicated that the rice, damaged by the mice in tillering stage, possessed a certain capacity for compensation. When the mouse damage rate approached yield loss rate in the booting or spiked stage the rice plant lost this compensatory capacity. It will be seen from the above that early spring is the most available, feasible time for mice control. Under the current production level the economic thresholds of mouse density are 3% in spring, 5% for early and middle‐season rice and 7% for later rice.     

黄猄蚁饥渴耐受能力的初步研究

在实验室恒温条件下,通过完全饥渴、清水和蜂蜜水处理3种方式对黄猄蚁工蚁进行了饥渴耐受能力的测定。结果表明,完全饥渴处理的黄猄蚁工蚁平均存活时间为81.38h(24～132h),清水处理的黄猄蚁工蚁平均存活时间为92.25h(48～156h),两者差异显著(P<0.05)。蜂蜜水处理死亡的黄猄蚁工蚁平均存活时间为118.43h(60～156h),与完全饥渴和清水处理的黄猄蚁工蚁存活时间差异极显著(P<0.01)。在试验观察结束(156h)时,完全饥渴和清水处理的黄猄蚁工蚁全部死亡,而蜂蜜水处理的黄猄蚁工蚁仍有75存活。     

Variability in reproductive fitness and virulence of four Radopholus similis nematode populations associated with plantains and banana (Musa spp.) in Uganda

Burrowing nematodes (Radopholus similis) are among the most serious nematode pests affecting banana and plantain (Musa spp.). In Uganda, bananas, which are known locally as “matooke”, are the main staple. Radopholus similis populations collected in four banana-growing locations (Namulonge, Mbarara, Ikulwe and Mukono) were cultured monoxenically on carrot discs, and we compared the variability in reproductive fitness and virulence (as a function of time and inoculum level) of different populations of R. similis from Uganda. Their level of pathogenicity was determined by assessing the nematode reproductive ratio; that is, final population divided by the initial population. These in vitro experiments showed that the R. similis population from Mbarara had the highest reproduction ratio, while the population from Mukono had the lowest reproduction ratio. This assessment along with pathogenicity experiments on host Musa plants provides a means for defining pathogenicity groups among R. similis populations.     

Potential physical and chemical barriers to infection by the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis in roots of susceptible and resistant banana (Musa spp.)

Resistance in banana roots against the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis has been correlated in the past with the phenylpropanoid pathway of secondary metabolism, but quantitative chemical analyses to support histological data are lacking. Therefore, healthy and infected roots of two susceptible (Grande naine and Obino l'ewai) and three resistant cultivars (Yangambi km5, Pisang jari buaya and Calcutta 4) were extracted and chemically analysed for their lignin content and phenylpropanoid profile using a quantitative lignin assay, high performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Through histochemical staining phenylpropanoids were localized in root tissue. Compared to the susceptible cultivars, the resistant cultivars had constitutively significantly higher levels of lignin in the vascular bundle and cell-wall bound ferulic acid esters in the cortex. Infection-induced lignification was observed in the vascular bundles of all cultivars. The catecholamine dopamine was identified as a major metabolite in banana roots. Levels varied from 2·8 to 8·4 mg per g root fresh weight and were significantly higher in the resistant cultivars. Other compounds, tentatively identified as anthocyanidin-related, were present in high quantities and may, besides dopamine, make up the substrates for polyphenol oxidation products in necrotic tissue.     

芒果蓟马种类及常见药剂对优势种的田间防效

通过对云南省华坪县芒果蓟马种类进行详细调查,结果发现:为害芒果的蓟马种类主要有12种,其中西花蓟马(Frankliniella occidentalis)是华坪县芒果园蓟马的绝对优势种.对常见芒果蓟马成虫种类编制了简明的检索表.通过5种常见药剂对优势种进行田间防效评价,结果表明,50％甲基嘧啶磷乳油的速效性和持效性最好,可用于西花蓟马的大面积防治.     

苜蓿蓟马的发生规律和药剂防治试验

在陕西关中地区研究了苜蓿蓟马优势种群、种群数量、危害特征、田间消长规律等。结果显示:牛角花齿蓟马(Odontothripsloti)是优势种;蓟马主要危害第二、三茬苜蓿,7～8月份是苜蓿蓟马若虫的发生危害高峰期。选用高效氯氰菊酯、吡虫啉、艾美乐和围打蓟虱蚜4种药剂防效比较表明,高效氯氰菊酯的防治效果最好,持效期长,成本低。     

上海地区悬铃木方翅网蝽种群动态及防治指标

定期调查了悬铃木方翅网蝽的虫口密度和悬铃木叶片的受害情况,利用悬铃木效益成本比,计算悬铃木方翅网蝽的经济允许损失水平,结合虫口密度与危害指数回归方程,确定了悬铃木方翅网蝽的防治指标.结果表明:悬铃木方翅网蝽卵、若虫、成虫1年有5个相对明显的高峰期,4月中下旬虫口密度开始上升,7月下旬至9月中旬为种群发生高峰.悬铃木方翅网蝽的经济允许损失水平为36.77％,其百叶虫量与危害指数间呈显著的Logistic回归,其关系式为Y=0.928 4/(1+e0.895 2-0.001 9x),防治指标为250头成若虫/百叶.根据“早防旱治”原则,在上海地区,悬铃木方翅网蝽在4月中下旬虫口密度达到防治指标时,需及时开展防治.     

Terbufos biodegradability and efficacy against Radopholus similis in soils from banana cultivation having different histories of nematicide use,and the effect of terbufos on plant growth of in vitro-propagated Musa AAA cv. Grande Naine

The aims of this investigation were to: (1) determine whether there is enhanced biodegradability of terbufos in soils of banana plantations infested with Radopholus similis; (2) whether nematicide use history affects the degree of biodegradation; and (3) establish whether terbufos has phytotoxic side-effects on banana root growth. A greenhouse bioassay, using soils collected from different banana fields in Costa Rica, revealed that terbufos underwent enhanced biodegradation in the soil of a plantation having a long history of terbufos use. In the soils of two other plantations, where terbufos had never been used, and in another where the most recent terbufos application had occurred over a year before soil collection, high nematicide activity against R. similis was obtained even 60 days after application. Our study demonstrated that terbufos efficacy lasted longer in soils with no or low history of terbufos than in soils that had been treated several times. Terbufos did not reduce root fresh weight of in vitro-propagated bananas, and its positive effect was related to a control of R. similis.     

Effects of three microbial broth cultures and an organic amendment on growth and populations of free living and plant-parasitic nematodes on banana

The effect of 24 treatment combinations of cultures of Streptomyces costaricanus sp. nov. (ATCC55274), Bacillus thuringiensis (ATCC55273) and a strain of Paecilomyces marquandii, nematicide (cadusaphos), and/or wheat mash on growth and response of potted banana plants (Musa AAA) and populations of Radopholus similis, Helicotylenchus multicinctus and free living nematodes were studied in Río Frío, Costa Rica. The best plant responses (height, leaf numbers, healthy root weight), lowest numbers of plant parasitic nematodes and highest numbers of free living nematodes were observed for treatments containing wheat as a component. Two treatments, viz. wheat + Streptomyces costaricanus (200-ml culture) and wheat + P. marquandii (200-ml culture), gave the overall best results. Numbers of free living nematodes increased up to 1500-fold only for treatments containing wheat. Significant positive correlations existed between numbers of free living nematodes and shoot weight, healthy root biomass, plant height, and leaf numbers. Non-wheat treatments, including nematicide only, gave the poorest responses in general. Observations of nematodes sampled 50 days following planting in wheat-containing treatments showed most of the free-living nematodes ( 90%) to be infected by nematophagous fungi (species not recorded). The results show that an organic amendment to soil, with or without a microbial component, can be an effective inducer of processes that regulate plant-parasitic nematode populations in soil.     

Seasonal abundance of different stages of the citrus thrips,Scirtothrips aurantii, on two mango cultivars in South Africa

The citrus thrips,Scirtothrips aurantii Faure (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is a pest of mango in South Africa. The aim of the study was to monitor the different stages ofS. aurantii in mango orchards throughout the year. Populations ofS. aurantii were monitored using different methods,i.e., yellow sticky traps, dispersal/emergence traps, counts on fruit and in flowers. Eggs and emergence holes on the new leaves were recorded. The number of adults increased at the end of flowering (September) and remained at high levels until fruiting (November). Low numbers were present from May to August. Much higher population levels were present during 1995/96 than during the 1996/97 season. There was higher infestation present on the cultivar ‘Sensation’ than on ‘Zill’.S. aurantii was present on the fruit for only a short period (less than 10 weeks) during the season and the population was maintained on flush that was present throughout the year.     

设施葡萄上蓟马种群消长规律和空间分布

为摸清宁夏设施葡萄上蓟马种群消长规律和空间分布,于2011年进行了调查研究。从各项聚集度指标、空间分布型适合度卡方(χ2)检验及单因素随机区组设计分析看,蓟马在设施葡萄上均呈聚集分布,棚内北、南间差异极显著,虫口分布具有北侧聚集的特点。以虫态来说,在整个葡萄生育期除3月下旬一次大量孵化时期以若虫为害为主外,其他时期均以成虫为害为主,尤其在种群稳定阶段,3月17日左右成虫虫口数量达到高峰,若虫也在3月24日左右急剧增加达到高峰;4月初之后若虫消退,以少量成虫为害。从虫口量比例看,蓟马种群的空间分布,呈现出在大棚北侧、中上层居多的特点。     

稻象甲的防治指标和防治适期研究

根据稻象甲虫量与水稻产量的关系 ,结合现行的稻谷价格 ,产量水平和防治费用等因素 ,进行了稻象甲危害损失的测定 ,制定了稻象甲的防治指标。采用累积虫日作为防治指数 ,确定了在江西境内稻象甲的防治适期