油菜菌核病抗药性监测与综合治理研究初报

1995～2001年以5μg/ml为检测标准,对通州地区油菜菌核病抗药性进行了室内测定和田间试验.结果表明,油菜菌核病已在大范围内对多菌灵产生抗性,导致其防效显著下降,其中抗性比例最高达100%.离体和活体抗性程度测定表明,其抗性菌株皆为高抗菌株,EC50>100μg/ml,MIC(最低抑制浓度)＞ 1 000ug/ml.为了解决此问题,筛选出高效的防治药剂菌核净、万霉灵、使百克,提出了油菜菌核病的最佳防治适期.     

杨梅白腐病预防药剂的筛选与防治技术集成

杨梅白腐病是影响杨梅产量和品质的一个重要因素,研究该病害的防治技术,对于保障杨梅生产安全、增加农民收入具有重要意义。本文通过田间试验评价了7种药剂对杨梅白腐病的预防效果,结果表明,供试药剂对白腐病均有一定的防效。其中,6%寡糖·链蛋白WP、8%对氯苯氧乙酸钠SP和29%吡萘·嘧菌酯SC对白腐病的预防效果在80%以上;40%戊唑·腐霉利SC、38%吡唑·啶酰菌胺SC和35%氟菌·戊唑醇SC的预防效果在杨梅成熟前期较好,能达到80%以上,但持效性不长;13.3%抑霉唑硫酸盐SG的预防效果不佳,在杨梅成熟期阶段最高防效只有65.5%。建议在实际生产中预防杨梅白腐病选用6%寡糖·链蛋白WP、8%对氯苯氧乙酸钠SP和29%吡萘·嘧菌酯SC。平衡施肥、避雨栽培、疏花疏果和药剂防治相结合的综合防控技术可有效降低白腐病的发生危害。     

Do some IPM concepts contribute to the development of fungicide resistance? Lessons learned from the apple scab pathosystem in the United States

One goal of integrated pest management (IPM) as it is currently practiced is an overall reduction in fungicide use in the management of plant disease. Repeated and long‐term success of the early broad‐spectrum fungicides led to optimism about the capabilities of fungicides, but to an underestimation of the risk of fungicide resistance within agriculture. In 1913, Paul Ehrlich recognized that it was best to ‘hit hard and hit early’ to prevent microbes from evolving resistance to treatment. This tenet conflicts with the fungicide reduction strategies that have been widely promoted over the past 40 years as integral to IPM. The authors hypothesize that the approaches used to implement IPM have contributed to fungicide resistance problems and may still be driving that process in apple scab management and in IPM requests for proposals. This paper also proposes that IPM as it is currently practiced for plant diseases of perennial systems has been based on the wrong model, and that conceptual shifts in thinking are needed to address the problem of fungicide resistance. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

Induced resistance: a tool for fungicide resistance management

Induced resistance to the apple scab fungus Venturia inaequalis was demonstrated in greenhouse tests with 12-day-old seedlings of the apple cultivar Golden Delicious treated with methyl 2,6-dichloro-isonicotinate or 3,5-dichlorosalicylic acid prior to inoculation with the causal fungus. Studies of the dose-response of flusilazole on induced resistant plants revealed synergistic effects between both crop protection principles. Therefore, the use of such resistance-inducing compounds in the field might allow a reduction in the number of fungicide applications, and possibly a reduction in dose, thus resulting in improved efficacy of fungicides. There was also evidence that induced resistance could prove to be a valid strategy for the treatment of pathogen populations with reduced sensitivity to a given fungicide. © 1998 SCI     

松花菜花球腐烂病病原分离鉴定及室内药剂筛选

松花菜花球腐烂病是近年来发生在浙江省松花菜种植区的一种严重病害,主要危害松花菜花球、花梗,引起花球变褐腐烂,花梗发黑枯萎,造成严重经济损失。通过对松花菜花球腐烂病典型症状样本的采集,病原菌的分离、纯化,致病性测定,形态观察,16SrDNA序列分析,脂肪酸分析和Biolog鉴定,明确病原菌为野油菜黄单胞菌野油菜致病变种Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris(Pammel)Dye。选择8种杀菌剂采用K-B灭菌滤纸片法对病菌进行室内抑菌测定,结果表明,72%农用硫酸链霉素和PHMB对该病菌有较强的抑制作用,其次中生菌素和三氯异氰尿酸也有一定的抑制作用。     

PCR detection of Pseudoperonospora humuli in air samples from hop yards

Downy mildew of hop, caused by Pseudoperonospora humuli , is an important disease in most regions of hop production and is managed largely with regular fungicide applications. A PCR assay specific to P . humuli and the related organism P .  cubensis was developed and used to monitor airborne inoculum in hop yards to initiate fungicide applications. The PCR amplified as little as 1 fg of genomic DNA of P . humuli , and yielded an amplicon in 70% of reactions when DNA was extracted from single sporangia. In the presence of 25 mg of soil, an amplicon was amplified in 90% of reactions when DNA was extracted from 10 or more sporangia. During nine location-years of validation, PCR detection of the pathogen in air samples occurred no later than 8 days after the appearance of trace levels of disease signs and/or detection of airborne spores in a volumetric spore sampler. Inoculum was detected on average 4·5 days before (range −8 to 14 days) the first appearance of basal spikes in six commercial yards, or 1·3 days after (range −5 to 1 days) sporangia were detected in a volumetric spore sampler in experimental plots. In commercial yards, use of PCR to initiate the first fungicide application led to enhanced disease control or a reduction in fungicide use in four of six yards compared to growers' standard practices. These results indicate that the efficiency and efficacy of hop downy mildew management can be improved when control measures are timed according to first detection of inoculum.     

5种杀菌剂对青贮玉米3种病害的田间防治效果

为有效防治青贮玉米Zea mays Linn.锈病、小斑病和大斑病, 筛选出低毒、无公害的高效防治杀菌剂, 选用哈茨木霉水分散粒剂(1亿cfu/g)、枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂(1 000亿孢子/g)、37%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂、15%三唑酮可湿性粉剂和80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂5种杀菌剂进行田间药效试验。结果表明, 1亿cfu/g哈茨木霉WG对青贮玉米3种病害的田间防效最优, 37%苯醚甲环唑WG对小斑病的防效最好, 15%三唑酮WP对锈病的防效最理想, 80%代森锰锌WP对大斑病的防效最优。     

向日葵镰刀菌病害研究进展及其综合防治

美国、印度、突尼斯等国已有由镰刀菌引起的向日葵病害的相关报道,但我国尚未见系统研究和报道。本文综述了向日葵镰刀菌病害的病原、症状和危害、国外种传镰刀菌的检测、种传镰刀菌的致病性和对种子发芽的影响以及综合防治方法。     

桃褐腐病菌抗药性分子机理研究进展

桃褐腐病是严重危害桃生产的重要病害之一。在实际生产中,该病害的控制主要以化学防治为主。由于杀菌剂的大量使用,桃褐腐病菌已对几类常用的杀菌剂产生了不同程度的抗药性。本文就桃褐腐病菌(Moniliniaspp.)对生产上使用的几大类杀菌剂的抗药性情况及抗药性分子机制研究进展进行简单概述和分析,以供国内同行借鉴与参考。     

油菜菌核病抗药性监测与综合治理技术的研究

1996~2002年以5μg/mL为检测标准,对通州市油菜菌核病抗药性进行了室内测定和田间试验,结果表明,油菜菌核病已在大范围内对多菌灵及其混配剂产生抗性,导致其防效显著下降,其中抗性比例最高达100%。离体和活体抗性程度测定表明,其抗性菌株皆为高抗菌株,EC50>100μg/mL,MIC(最小抑制浓度)>1000μg/mL。为了解决此问题,筛选出了高效的防治药剂菌核净、万霉灵、使百克;提出了油菜菌核病的最佳防治适期,形成了油菜菌核病抗性治理的综合配套技术,并进行了较大面积的示范推广,取得了显著的效益。     

植物病原真菌对杀菌剂抗性的研究进展

科学施用杀菌剂是植物病害综合治理的重要措施之一, 然而由于杀菌剂的长期使用, 病菌抗药性问题逐渐加重, 严重影响药剂的防治效果和使用寿命。近年来, 随着分子生物学技术的快速发展, 人们对杀菌剂抗性机制有了更深入的理解, 并开发出了病菌抗药基因型快速检测的方法。本文总结了植物病原真菌对苯并咪唑类杀菌剂(BZD)、肌球蛋白合成抑制剂、甾醇脱甲基抑制剂(DMI)、QoI类抑制剂、琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂（SDHI）和二甲酰亚胺类杀菌剂(DC)的抗药性现状与抗性机制。在此基础上, 介绍了聚合酶链反应(PCR)、限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)、等位基因特异性PCR和环介导等温扩增(LAMP)技术在杀菌剂抗性快速检测方面的研究进展。此外, 对抗药性治理对策进行了讨论和展望。     

槟榔黄化病病原研究及防控中存在的问题及展望

槟榔黄化病是一种由植原体引起的毁灭性病害,现已成为严重制约中国海南槟榔产业健康发展的瓶颈.本文详细介绍了黄化病病原研究方面的进展并分析了存在的问题和争议,归纳了防控中存在的问题;预测了中国槟榔产业发展前景及槟榔黄化病发展趋势,进而对政府、科研院所、高等院校、企业和农户5方提出了建议.最后,对槟榔黄化病治理作了展望.